Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus), known for its beneficial effects on gut and vaginal microflora, is considered a low-pathogenicity organism with the propensity to cause infection in immunocompromised patients. To our knowledge, no cases have been reported in liver transplant recipients (LTR). Here, we report the first case with L. rhamnosus intra-abdominal infection and pleural empyema in a LTR, along with review of the literature. The isolate found in peritoneal and pleural fluid cultures exhibited complete resistance to routinely prescribed antibiotics in LTR. The majority of infections documented in the literature occur in individuals with chronic health conditions, and are linked to high mortality rates. In conclusion, while L. rhamnosus is an opportunistic pathogen, this and previous documented examples underscore the need of heightened recognition of its potential as a pathogen, and its resistance in immunocompromised patients. In order to get a more favourable result, it is crucial to initiate tailored early antimicrobial therapy alongside efficient source control.

Pulmonary hydatid cyst (PHC) in pregnancy is a very rare pathology. We report here a case of ruptured PHC during pregnancy in a 26-year old Syrian (refugee) woman who presented with complaints of productive cough with metallic taste and dyspnoea. PHC was suspected due to her clinical and radiological findings. Interestingly, the sputum examination confirmed the diagnosis as numerous protoscoleces were present. Serology for Echinococcus infection revealed positive at high titre. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment by providing care improves the patient outcome. Parasitological examination of the respiratory specimen in suspected ruptured PHC is desirable as a valuable detection tool.