Objectives: The association between dietary fat intake and sleep quality remains unclear. This study investigated the impact of both dietary fat quality and quantity on sleep quality. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, participants completed a food frequency questionnaire and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index to assess quantity and quality of fat intake and sleep quality. Results: A total of 1,904 participants (55% female) were included in the study. Participants in the highest tertile of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake, compared with those in the lowesttertile, had significantly higher total sleep quality scores (odds ratio [OR], 1.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.62) and longer sleep onset latency (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.08–1.83). Participants with higher animal fat intake exhibited higher total sleep quality scores (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.09–1.89) and increased sleep disturbances (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.02–1.83). Among women, thosein the highest tertile compared with the lowest tertile showed increased odds of higher totalsleep quality scores with total fat (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.04–1.82), PUFA (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.07–1.87), monounsaturated fatty acids (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.09–1.90), saturated fatty acid (OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.01–1.77), and animal fat (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.18–2.11). Conclusion These findings suggest that higher intakes of PUFA and animal fat are associated with higher total sleep quality scores. When stratified by sex, higher intake of total fat andunsaturated fats was associated with higher total sleep quality scores in women only.

Background/Aims: Accumulating evidence based on a few studies suggests a relationship between depression and functional constipation. This study examined whether depression is associated with a higher risk of functional constipation and whether it is gender specific. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 3,362 adults aged 18-55 years. In this study, functional gastrointestinal symptoms were determined using an Iranian reliable and valid version of the modified Rome III questionnaire. The Iranian validated version of the hospital anxiety and depression scale was used to evaluate the psychological health. Scores of eight or more on the depression subscale in the questionnaire were considered the presence of depression. Simple and multiple binary logistic regression were used for data analysis. Results: The mean±SD age of participants was 36.29±7.87 years, and 58.5% were female. The prevalence of depression and constipation in the study sample was 28.6% and 23.9%, respectively. In the full adjusted model, in the total sample, depressed people showed a significantly higher risk of constipation; adjusted OR (AOR), 1.69 (95% CI, 1.37-2.09). Although a significant association was observed between depression and constipation in both genders, the association was stronger in men than women (AOR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.50, 3.63 vs. AOR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.21, 1.99). Conclusions These study findings showed that depressed people are at a significantly higher risk of being affected by constipation. The current study findings justify the importance of mental health evaluations in all patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders, particularly among constipated individuals.

Background/Aims: Despite huge evidence on the link between adherence to dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) eating pattern and several metabolic abnormalities, the association of this diet with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has not been investigated so far. We aim to examine the association between adherence to the DASH diet and prevalence of IBS symptoms and subtypes in adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done among 3362 adult people in Isfahan, Iran. Usual dietary intakes were assessed using a validated 106-item dish-based semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. To investigate participants’ adherence to DASH-style diet, we created DASH score based on 8 main foods and nutrients emphasized or minimized in the DASH diet. Participants were classified into 3 categories according to their DASH-style diet scores. A validated modified Persian version of the Rome III questionnaire was applied for assessment of IBS. Results: Totally, 22.2% of study participants were affected by IBS. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, we found that participants in the highest tertile of DASH score had lower odds of IBS (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.50-0.83) compared with those in the lowest tertile. The same findings were also reached for IBS with constipation (OR for the highest vs the lowest tertile of DASH-style diet = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.38-0.85). No significant association was seen between adherence to DASH-style diet and IBS with diarrhea (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.83-2.06). Conclusions We found a significant inverse association between adherence to DASH dietary pattern and odds of IBS and IBS with constipation.Further prospective studies are required to confirm these findings.

OBJECTIVE: Major depressive disorder is the leading cause of disability around the world. The relationship between depression and dietary patterns has been reported in a few studies but with controversial results. This study aimed to investigate this relationship in an Iranian population. METHODS: In our study, 330 depressed patients (cases) and healthy people (controls) (1:2) were individually matched according to age, sex and area of residence. New cases of depression were recruited from two psychiatric clinics in Tehran. Interviewers went to each patient's residential area, and invited qualified individuals to participate in the study as controls. Food intake over the past year was collected using a validated semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were determined by the principal components method. Binary logistic regression was used to test the effect of dietary patterns on depression. RESULTS: We identified two major dietary patterns by using factor analysis: the healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns. We categorized the scores of these patterns to quartiles. After adjusting for non-depression drug use, job, marital status, children number, and body mass index, the relations of depression and quartiles of two dietary patterns are significant (p=0.04 & p=0.01, respectively). Compared with participants in the lowest quartile, those in the highest quartile had significantly lower odds ratio (OR) for depression in healthy dietary pattern, and higher OR for depression in unhealthy dietary pattern. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns may be associated with the risk of depression. The results can be used for developing interventions that aim to promote healthy eating for the prevention of depression.
Body Mass Index ; Case-Control Studies* ; Child ; Depression* ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Eating ; Epidemiology ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Marital Status ; Odds Ratio

Although several studies have assessed the influence of the glycemic index on body weight and blood pressure among adults, limited evidence exists for the pediatric age population. In the current study, we compared the effects of low glycemic index (LGI) diet to the healthy nutritional recommendation (HNR)-based diet on obesity and blood pressure among adolescent girls in pubertal ages. This 10-week parallel randomized clinical trial comprised of 50 overweight or obese and sexually mature girls less than 18 years of age years, who were randomly assigned to LGI or HNR-based diet. Macronutrient distribution was equivalently prescribed in both groups. Blood pressure, weight and waist circumference were measured at baseline and after intervention. Of the 50 participants, 41 subjects (include 82%) completed the study. The GI of the diet in the LGI group was 42.67 +/- 0.067. A within-group analysis illustrated that in comparison to the baseline values, the body weight and body mass index (not waist circumference and blood pressure) decreased significantly after the intervention in both groups (P = 0.0001). The percent changes of the body weight status, waist circumference and blood pressure were compared between the two groups and the findings did not show any difference between the LGI diet consumers and those in the HNR group. In comparison to the HNR, LGI diet could not change the weight and blood pressure following a 10-week intervention. Further longitudinal studies with a long-term follow up should be conducted in this regard.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Diet ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glycemic Index ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Waist Circumference