Myopia, particularly high myopia, is a significant risk factor for several ocular pathologies including cataract, glaucoma, and retinal detachment. Excessive axial elongation associated with high myopia can induce biomechanical stretching, increasing the risk of serious complications like posterior staphyloma and myopic maculopathy. Global meta-analyses estimate that approximately 10 million people were visually impaired due to myopic maculopathy in 2015, with 3 million being blind. Recent nationwide surveys in South Korea revealed a prevalence of 65.4% for myopia and 6.9% for high myopia in children and adolescents, highlighting the urgent need for effective management. Delaying the onset and slowing the progression of myopia during childhood and adolescence is crucial for reducing the potential lifetime risk of these complications. This consensus statement, prepared by the Korean Myopia Society for the Korean Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (KAPOS), reviews the current evidence for myopia control interventions and provides management strategies applicable to the South Korean clinical setting. Key interventions covered include lifestyle modifications (outdoor time, near work adjustment), optical methods (myopia-control spectacle lenses, dual-focus soft contact lenses, orthokeratology), and pharmacologic treatment (low-concentration atropine), as well as combination therapies. The statement also addresses patient selection, treatment outcome evaluation using spherical equivalent and axial length changes, and the crucial aspects related to treatment cessation and the rebound effect.

Background: Haemophilus influenzae is the causative pathogen for various infectious diseases, such as respiratory infections, otitis media, sinusitis, and meningitis. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and molecular characteristics of β-lactam resistance in non-typeable H. influenzae isolates in South Korea. Methods: In total, 115 non-duplicated H. influenzae isolates were included in this study.Bacterial identification and serotyping were performed using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of bexA, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using the broth microdilution method.The production of β-lactamase was determined using nitrocefin disks. The presence of blaTEM and blaROB was confirmed using PCR. ftsI was analyzed to identify amino acid mutations in penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 3. Results: Resistance rates to ampicillin, amoxicillin–clavulanate, and cefuroxime were 67.8%, 13.9%, and 32.2%, respectively. None of the isolates were resistant to cefotaxime or ceftriaxone. Among 78 ampicillin-resistant isolates, 71 were β-lactamase-producing ampicillinresistant (BLPAR), and 7 were β-lactamase-non-producing ampicillin-resistant. All BLPAR isolates carried blaTEM, and none carried blaROB. Among 16 amoxicillin–clavulanate-resistant isolates, 15 β-lactamase producers harbored blaTEM. Four to 7 PBP3 mutations per isolate were detected in all 16 non-β-lactamase-producing ampicillin-resistant or cephalosporinresistant isolates. Conclusion Beta-lactam resistance in non-typeable H. influenzae isolates is highly prevalent in South Korea, primarily because of blaTEM and various PBP3 mutations. Therefore, continuous monitoring of antimicrobial resistance rates and mechanisms in non-typeable H.influenzae is necessary.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) and its associated risk factors among pregnant Korean women, as UI significantly impacts their quality of life. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving singleton pregnant women was conducted between April and December 2023. Data were collected using a questionnaire assessing demographic information and UI symptoms. The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-UI short form was used to diagnose UI. Results: A total of 824 pregnant women from three centers participated, with an overall prenatal UI prevalence of 40.2% (331/824). Stress UI was most common (77.1%), followed by mixed UI (16.9%), and urgency UI (6.0%). Risk factors for UI included prior delivery mode, specifically vaginal delivery (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 5.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.40-22.50; P=0.015) and combined vaginal and cesarean delivery (aOR, 23.14; 95% CI, 1.77-302.74; P=0.017). Additionally, second trimester (aOR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.19-3.32; P=0.009) and third trimester (aOR, 4.44; 95% CI, 2.65-7.40; P<0.001) were associated with increased UI risk. Conversely, drinking alcohol before pregnancy was a protective factor (aOR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.53-0.99; P=0.046). Conclusion Approximately 40% of Korean pregnant women experience prenatal UI. Prior delivery mode and advanced gastrointestinal age are significant risk factors. Further research with postpartum and long-term follow-ups is needed.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) and its associated risk factors among pregnant Korean women, as UI significantly impacts their quality of life. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving singleton pregnant women was conducted between April and December 2023. Data were collected using a questionnaire assessing demographic information and UI symptoms. The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-UI short form was used to diagnose UI. Results: A total of 824 pregnant women from three centers participated, with an overall prenatal UI prevalence of 40.2% (331/824). Stress UI was most common (77.1%), followed by mixed UI (16.9%), and urgency UI (6.0%). Risk factors for UI included prior delivery mode, specifically vaginal delivery (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 5.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.40-22.50; P=0.015) and combined vaginal and cesarean delivery (aOR, 23.14; 95% CI, 1.77-302.74; P=0.017). Additionally, second trimester (aOR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.19-3.32; P=0.009) and third trimester (aOR, 4.44; 95% CI, 2.65-7.40; P<0.001) were associated with increased UI risk. Conversely, drinking alcohol before pregnancy was a protective factor (aOR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.53-0.99; P=0.046). Conclusion Approximately 40% of Korean pregnant women experience prenatal UI. Prior delivery mode and advanced gastrointestinal age are significant risk factors. Further research with postpartum and long-term follow-ups is needed.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) and its associated risk factors among pregnant Korean women, as UI significantly impacts their quality of life. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving singleton pregnant women was conducted between April and December 2023. Data were collected using a questionnaire assessing demographic information and UI symptoms. The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-UI short form was used to diagnose UI. Results: A total of 824 pregnant women from three centers participated, with an overall prenatal UI prevalence of 40.2% (331/824). Stress UI was most common (77.1%), followed by mixed UI (16.9%), and urgency UI (6.0%). Risk factors for UI included prior delivery mode, specifically vaginal delivery (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 5.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.40-22.50; P=0.015) and combined vaginal and cesarean delivery (aOR, 23.14; 95% CI, 1.77-302.74; P=0.017). Additionally, second trimester (aOR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.19-3.32; P=0.009) and third trimester (aOR, 4.44; 95% CI, 2.65-7.40; P<0.001) were associated with increased UI risk. Conversely, drinking alcohol before pregnancy was a protective factor (aOR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.53-0.99; P=0.046). Conclusion Approximately 40% of Korean pregnant women experience prenatal UI. Prior delivery mode and advanced gastrointestinal age are significant risk factors. Further research with postpartum and long-term follow-ups is needed.