Background/Aims: This study investigated the clinical efficacy of low-dose mepolizumab (100 mg) in controlling severe eosinophilic asthma, aiming to induce eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) remission and reduce systemic steroid usage. Additionally, we constructed a basic frame for our longitudinal EGPA cohort by collecting serial blood samples before, during, and after mepolizumab treatment in EGPA patients. Methods: We conducted a 2-year prospective observational cohort study in patients with uncontrolled severe eosinophilic asthma and refractory EGPA who used systemic steroids (≥ 7.5 mg/day of prednisolone) or other immunosuppressant drugs for at least 6 months. All patients were treated with 100 mg of mepolizumab every 4 weeks for 1 year to control severe eosinophilic asthma and then were followed for an additional 1 year to monitor their disease course. We analyzed total systemic steroid use and EGPA remission/relapse during the study period. Results: Three EGPA patients were included in this study and completed 16 study visits over a 2-year period. After 1 year of treatment with mepolizumab (100 mg monthly), all 3 patients were able to reduce their maintenance dose of systemic steroids, with 2 patients completely discontinuing use. These 2 patients achieved EGPA remission during mepolizumab treatment, and their remission status remained stable for 1 year after they stopped receiving the medication. Conclusions Low-dose mepolizumab treatment demonstrated clinical efficacy in reducing the maintenance dose of systemic steroids required for severe refractory EGPA. While not all patients achieved EGPA remission with low-dose mepolizumab, some did, and their remission persisted even after treatment discontinuation.

This study examined the inhibitory effects of pluviatolide, a lignan derived from Podophyllum hexandrum, on mast cell activation and IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity, focusing on FcεRI-dependent and calcium-mediated pathways. Using bone marrowderived mast cells (BMMCs) and rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-2H3 cells, we found that pluviatolide significantly decreased β-hexosaminidase release and suppressed the expression and secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 in a concentration-dependent manner, without causing cytotoxicity. While we initially hypothesized that it would selectively modulate antigen-specific FcεRI signaling, pluviatolide also inhibited degranulation induced by calcium ionophore and thapsigargin, indicating its effects extend to receptorindependent, Ca2+-dependent activation mechanisms. Immunoblot analyses revealed decreased phosphorylation of proximal kinases (Lyn, Syk), adaptor proteins (LAT, PLCγ1), MAPKs (ERK1/2, JNK, p38), and NF-κB p65. In a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) mouse model, oral administration of pluviatolide significantly reduced Evans blue extravasation and mast cell degranulation in ear tissues. These findings demonstrate that pluviatolide suppresses both early and late-phase mast cell responses through multi-nodal inhibition of activation pathways, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic candidate for both IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated allergic disorders.

Purpose: Alectinib has been approved for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)–positive non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) at 300 mg twice daily in Japan, lower than global standard of 600 mg twice daily. This study evaluated the clinical relevance of the reduced dose by comparing outcomes between the two doses. Materials and Methods: This study included patients with advanced ALK-positive NSCLC who received alectinib at Samsung Medical Center, Korea. The progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival, cumulative incidence of central nervous system (CNS) progression, and safety profiles were retrospectively reviewed and compared. Results: Among 306 patients, 32 and 274 received alectinib at either 300 or 600 mg twice daily, respectively. The 300 mg group showed a slight but not significant advantage in PFS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.44 to 1.51; p=0.51) and overall survival (HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.20 to 1.21; p=0.13). Superior outcome with 300 mg was remarkable in patients with lower body weight (≤ 60 kg), but diminished in patients with higher body weights. Patients with baseline brain metastasis in the 300 mg group exhibited a slight increase in incidence of CNS failure (HR, 1.76; 95% CI, 0.53 to 5.8; p=0.36). Although the safety profiles were mostly mild, adverse events were more frequent in the 600 mg group, 50% of which requiring dose reduction. Conclusion Alectinib at 300 mg twice daily seems an acceptable dose in East Asians with ALK-positive NSCLC. Notably, our data favor 300 mg twice daily in patients with lower body weight and no baseline brain metastasis, considering the more tolerable safety profiles and the potential to reduce medical costs.

Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are an important treatment option for ulcerative colitis, providing rapid onset of action, oral administration, and efficacy even after biologic failure. The 3 approved agents—tofacitinib, filgotinib, and upadacitinib—differ in JAK isoform selectivity, leading to clinically meaningful differences in efficacy and safety. Evidence from network meta-analyses, clinical trials, and real-world studies consistently shows that upadacitinib provides the highest efficacy for induction and maintenance of remission, whereas filgotinib demonstrates the most favorable safety profile. The strong efficacy of upadacitinib and tofacitinib is particularly relevant in patients with severe disease, including acute severe ulcerative colitis, and upadacitinib maintains high efficacy regardless of prior advanced therapy exposure. JAK inhibitors also benefit extraintestinal manifestations. Although risks such as herpes zoster, serious infection, thromboembolism, and major cardiovascular events differ among agents, long-term data suggest generally acceptable safety when used appropriately. Intraclass JAK-to-JAK cycling is feasible, with about half of patients achieving steroid-free clinical remission in retrospective cohorts. Based on mechanistic, clinical, and real-world evidence, filgotinib may be a first-line option for patients with lower disease activity or when safety is a priority, whereas upadacitinib or tofacitinib may be preferred in higher disease activity. Strategically selecting agents may improve durability and outcomes.

Purpose: To investigate the outcomes of brolucizumab reinjection after intraocular inflammation (IOI) development. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed patients with brolucizumab injections from April 2021 to January 2024. Patients who developed IOI after brolucizumab were included and categorized into subgroups depending on reinjection, discontinuation, and further IOI development. Results: A total of 472 eyes of 432 patients received brolucizumab injections. Thirty-eight cases developed IOI at least once, and 25 continued brolucizumab. Sixteen cases had no more IOI events, and nine experienced a second or more IOI events. Among the nine cases, three maintained brolucizumab injections despite IOI recurrence. The incidence of IOI was 8.1% based on the number of eyes (38 of 472 eyes) and 2.0% based on the number of brolucizumab injections (50 of 2,468 injections). The incidence of occlusive retinal vasculitis was 0.2% (1 of 472 eyes). The recurrence rate was 23.7% (9 of 38 eyes). The average number of injections between the first brolucizumab injection and the injection date on which IOI first developed was 2.15 times in the no-reinjection group, 3.44 times in the no-IOI-recurrence group, and 2.0 times in the second-IOI-episode group. Time to IOI occurrence in cases with first IOI episode was 18.60 ± 16.73 days, with 15 cases developing IOI within 1 week. Conclusions This study elucidates the real-world incidence of brolucizumab associated IOIs, with a description of information related to reinjections after the IOI episodes. A comprehensive understanding of brolucizumab reinjection is essential for its optimal utilization.

Purpose: Radio-Tartaglia syndrome (RTS; Mendelian Inheritance in Man [MIM]: 619312) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder with few reported cases and limited research. It has recently been reported that the clinical features of RTS overlap with those of 1p36 deletion syndrome (1p36DS), a common chromosomal deletion characterized by clinical and molecular heterogeneity. This study aims to report on a Korean patient with RTS and compare the clinical and molecular features with those of patients with 1p36DS. Methods: A 3-year-old boy was brought to the hospital and underwent whole genome sequencing to evaluate developmental delay and multiple anomalies. This led to the identification of a de novo truncating variant in SPEN. We retrospectively investigated cases of 1p36DS that were either newly diagnosed at our institution or previously reported in the literature and databases. Results: The clinical profile of RTS includes developmental delay/intellectual disability, hypotonia, feeding difficulties, congenital heart defects, and facial dysmorphisms. SPEN is frequently found within the deleted region associated with 1p36DS. However, in all reported Korean cases of 1p36DS, the deletions were distal and did not involve SPEN; despite this, the clinical features of the disorder overlap considerably with those of RTS. Conclusion SPEN is a newly identified gene that plays a role in various developmental processes. Therefore, it is essential to include SPEN in genetic testing when diagnosing patients suspected of having a neurodevelopmental disorder. Additional research is required to explore the molecular and clinical features, as well as the prognosis, of patients with either an isolated SPEN mutation or one that co-occurs with 1p36DS.

Purpose: To investigate the outcomes of brolucizumab reinjection after intraocular inflammation (IOI) development. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed patients with brolucizumab injections from April 2021 to January 2024. Patients who developed IOI after brolucizumab were included and categorized into subgroups depending on reinjection, discontinuation, and further IOI development. Results: A total of 472 eyes of 432 patients received brolucizumab injections. Thirty-eight cases developed IOI at least once, and 25 continued brolucizumab. Sixteen cases had no more IOI events, and nine experienced a second or more IOI events. Among the nine cases, three maintained brolucizumab injections despite IOI recurrence. The incidence of IOI was 8.1% based on the number of eyes (38 of 472 eyes) and 2.0% based on the number of brolucizumab injections (50 of 2,468 injections). The incidence of occlusive retinal vasculitis was 0.2% (1 of 472 eyes). The recurrence rate was 23.7% (9 of 38 eyes). The average number of injections between the first brolucizumab injection and the injection date on which IOI first developed was 2.15 times in the no-reinjection group, 3.44 times in the no-IOI-recurrence group, and 2.0 times in the second-IOI-episode group. Time to IOI occurrence in cases with first IOI episode was 18.60 ± 16.73 days, with 15 cases developing IOI within 1 week. Conclusions This study elucidates the real-world incidence of brolucizumab associated IOIs, with a description of information related to reinjections after the IOI episodes. A comprehensive understanding of brolucizumab reinjection is essential for its optimal utilization.

Microglial activation during aging is associated with neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. Galectin-3 plays a crucial role in microglial activation and phagocytosis. However, the role of galectin-3 in the aged brain is not completely understood. In the present study, we investigated aging-related mechanisms and microglial galectin-3 expression in the mouse hippocampus using female 6-, 12-, and 24-month-old C57BL/6 mice. Western blot analysis revealed neurodegeneration, blood-brain barrier leakage, and increased levels of neuroinflammation-related proteins in 24-month-old mice compared to 6- and 12-month-old mice. Immunohistochemistry revealed an increase in activated microglia in the hippocampus of 24-month-old mice compared to 6- and 12-month-old mice. Furthermore, we found more galectin-3 and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2-positive microglia in 24-month-old mice compared to 6- and 12-month-old mice. Using primary mouse microglial cells, galectin -3 was also increased by lipopolysaccharide treatment. These findings suggest that galectin-3 may play an important role in microglial activation and neuroinflammation during brain aging.

Purpose: To investigate the outcomes of brolucizumab reinjection after intraocular inflammation (IOI) development. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed patients with brolucizumab injections from April 2021 to January 2024. Patients who developed IOI after brolucizumab were included and categorized into subgroups depending on reinjection, discontinuation, and further IOI development. Results: A total of 472 eyes of 432 patients received brolucizumab injections. Thirty-eight cases developed IOI at least once, and 25 continued brolucizumab. Sixteen cases had no more IOI events, and nine experienced a second or more IOI events. Among the nine cases, three maintained brolucizumab injections despite IOI recurrence. The incidence of IOI was 8.1% based on the number of eyes (38 of 472 eyes) and 2.0% based on the number of brolucizumab injections (50 of 2,468 injections). The incidence of occlusive retinal vasculitis was 0.2% (1 of 472 eyes). The recurrence rate was 23.7% (9 of 38 eyes). The average number of injections between the first brolucizumab injection and the injection date on which IOI first developed was 2.15 times in the no-reinjection group, 3.44 times in the no-IOI-recurrence group, and 2.0 times in the second-IOI-episode group. Time to IOI occurrence in cases with first IOI episode was 18.60 ± 16.73 days, with 15 cases developing IOI within 1 week. Conclusions This study elucidates the real-world incidence of brolucizumab associated IOIs, with a description of information related to reinjections after the IOI episodes. A comprehensive understanding of brolucizumab reinjection is essential for its optimal utilization.

Microglial activation during aging is associated with neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. Galectin-3 plays a crucial role in microglial activation and phagocytosis. However, the role of galectin-3 in the aged brain is not completely understood. In the present study, we investigated aging-related mechanisms and microglial galectin-3 expression in the mouse hippocampus using female 6-, 12-, and 24-month-old C57BL/6 mice. Western blot analysis revealed neurodegeneration, blood-brain barrier leakage, and increased levels of neuroinflammation-related proteins in 24-month-old mice compared to 6- and 12-month-old mice. Immunohistochemistry revealed an increase in activated microglia in the hippocampus of 24-month-old mice compared to 6- and 12-month-old mice. Furthermore, we found more galectin-3 and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2-positive microglia in 24-month-old mice compared to 6- and 12-month-old mice. Using primary mouse microglial cells, galectin -3 was also increased by lipopolysaccharide treatment. These findings suggest that galectin-3 may play an important role in microglial activation and neuroinflammation during brain aging.