BACKGROUND: Organic chemicals have been known to cause allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis; however, the possibility that they do not cause irreversible pulmonary fibrosis has not been considered. Polyacrylic acid (PAA), an organic chemical, has caused irreversible progressive pulmonary fibrosis in exposed workers, indicating its potential to induce pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Although intratracheal instillation studies are commonly used for evaluating lung pathology, traditional methods face challenges with chemical substances, particularly nanoparticles, which tend to aggregate in suspension and prevent uniform pulmonary distribution. Such aggregation alters the qualitative and quantitative responses to lung injury, limiting accurate assessment of lung pathology. To overcome this limitation, we developed a 'molecular dispersion method' that uses pH modification to negative charges to PAA particles, maintaining their dispersion. Using this method, we investigated the effects of PAA on pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in a rat model. METHODS: F344 rats were intratracheally instilled with PAA using molecular dispersion (0.1 mg/rat, 1.0 mg/rat), PAA without molecular dispersion (1.0 mg/rat), and normal saline (control group). Rats were sacrificed at 3 days, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after exposure to examine inflammatory and fibrotic responses. RESULTS: PAA caused persistent increases in neutrophil influx in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from 3 days to 1 month following instillation. In histopathological findings, the group with molecular dispersion had almost no inflammatory masses in the lung tissue compared to the group without molecular dispersion, and exhibited relatively uniform dispersion. CONCLUSION Intratracheal instillation of dispersed PAA induced neutrophil inflammation and fibrosis in the rat lung, suggesting that PAA might have pulmonary inflammogenicity and fibrogenicity. Intrapulmonary dispersion of PAA particles following intratracheal instillation studies using the molecular dispersion method was similar to that following inhalation studies.
Animals ; Rats, Inbred F344 ; Acrylic Resins/adverse effects* ; Rats ; Inhalation Exposure/adverse effects* ; Male ; Pulmonary Fibrosis/pathology* ; Pneumonia/pathology* ; Lung/pathology* ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology*

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the safety and efficiency of acellular dermal matrix combined with implant in correcting the secondary deformity post polyacrylamide hydrogel removal.

METHODSA retrospective study enrolling 23 female patients (42 breasts) who received breast deformity correction from June 2008 to June 2012 with acellular dermal matrix and implant were performed.

RESULTSOne patient suffered bilateral seroma and 1 patient suffered infection in one side. None of the implants were removed. Patients were followed up for (15.0±11.7) months (range: 3-36 months), and the results were satisfactory.

CONCLUSIONAcelluar dermal matrix and implant can be safely used simultaneously in correcting the secondary breast deformity post polyacrylamide hydrogel removal.

Acellular Dermis ; Acrylic Resins ; adverse effects ; Adult ; Allografts ; Breast ; abnormalities ; Breast Implantation ; methods ; Breast Implants ; adverse effects ; Device Removal ; adverse effects ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications ; surgery ; Retrospective Studies

Acrylic Resins ; adverse effects ; Adult ; Breast Neoplasms ; etiology ; Female ; Fibroma ; etiology ; Humans ; Mammaplasty ; adverse effects

OBJECTIVETo explore the relationship between mammaplasty and results after polyacrylamide hydrophilic gel (PAHG) removal from breast.

METHODSFrom Feb. 2003 to Aug. 2009, 130 patients with bilateral breast augmentation by PAHG injection were treated. Preoperative ultrasound examination and MRI were performed to know the distribution of PAHG and infiltration at the surrounding tissue. According to the conditions after removal, the patients were received implant augmentation immediately, or at the second stage, or no implant.

RESULTSThe patients were followed up for 3 months at the most with a very satisfactory rate of 63.84% (83/120), a satisfactory rate of 31.53% (41/120) and a unsatisfactory rate of 4.63% (6/120). Slight capsular contracture (Baker I) occurred in 5 cases with 6 breasts in satisfactory group. All the patients in unsatisfactory groups who selected unsuitable implants by themselves were re-operated to take out the implants. 3 cases with much residue PAHG insisted to receive breast implants. Among them, 2 cases achieved acceptable results even the surface of the breasts were not smooth. No other complication happened.

CONCLUSIONSThe breast reaugmentation after PAHG removal should be performed based on the deformity and condition of breast. Both cosmetic result and psychological relief could be obtained after mammaplasty.

Acrylic Resins ; adverse effects ; Adult ; Breast Implants ; adverse effects ; Device Removal ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mammaplasty ; methods ; Middle Aged

OBJECTIVETo investigate the correction of secondary breast deformities after removement of injected polyacrylamide hydrophilic gel (PAHG).

METHODSFrom March 2003 to March 2008, 100 patients with bilateral breast augmentation with injected PAHG underwent operation to remove the PAHG. The age of patients ranged from 35 to 50 years. Ultrasound and MRI were performed before operation to show the distribution of PAHG and the muscle infiltration around the PAHG. According to the PAHG distribution, muscle infiltration, skin elasticity, infection and PAHG residue, the patients were treated respectively with breast implants at the same stage or at the second stage, or without implants.

RESULTSThe patients were followed up for 3 months to 3 years. The percentage of satisfactory, median satisfactory and dissatisfactory was 90%, 9%, and 1%. In the median satisfactory group, 3 breasts in 3 cases showed slight capsular contracture (Baker II), 8 implants in 6 cases were palpable on the lower pole of the breasts. The middle-aged patient in dissatisfactory group was not satisfied with the high-projected implants shape which were chosen by herself and placed at the second stage. Then implants were removed. There was no complication of implant hernia, infection, wound disruption, or asymmetry.

CONCLUSIONSThe secondary breast deformities could be corrected by breast augmentation with implants. Both breast appearance and the psychological affection can be improved.

Acrylic Resins ; adverse effects ; Adult ; Breast Implantation ; adverse effects ; methods ; Breast Implants ; adverse effects ; Device Removal ; Female ; Humans ; Mammary Glands, Human ; abnormalities ; Middle Aged

A bronchial artery embolization (BAE) is an important therapeutic method used to control acute and chronic hemoptysis. We report a case of multiple micro-infarcts involving both the kidneys and spleen, following a BAE with 500-700 micrometer crossed-linked tris-acryl microspheres (Embospheres) in a patient with bronchial artery pulmonary vein shunts. The superior penetration characteristics of the microspheres may have resulted in the greater tendency to cross the bronchial artery pulmonary vein shunts, which subsequently caused the systemic infarcts in our patient. We propose the use of larger sized microspheres (700-900 micrometer), which may aid in avoiding this complication.
Acrylic Resins/*adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Adult ; *Bronchial Arteries ; Embolization, Therapeutic/*adverse effects ; Female ; Gelatin/*adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Hemoptysis/therapy ; Humans ; Infarction/*etiology/radiography ; Kidney/*blood supply ; Splenic Infarction/*etiology/radiography

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effective diagnostic method for the patients with polyacrylamide hydrogen injection for augmentation mammaplasty.

METHODSMRI scanning (layer thickness 1mm, t2 _ ps3d_ cor alignment) was performed on 23 patients with polyacrylamide hydrogen injection for augmentation mammaplasty. The data were imported into computer and processed. 3D reconstruction and analysis modules were run subsequently to do the volume reconstruction and surface reconstruction to obtain stereoscopic images of the gel and adjacent structures in virtual reality, and to calculate the volume of the hydrogel.

RESULTSAmong the 23 patients (46 breasts), the injected hydrogel with integrity capsule existed in retromammary space with no malposition in 5 cases (10 breasts). The capsule was not integrally formed and hydrogel was separately distributed with irregular edge in 6 patients (12 breasts). The pectoris major space, subcutaneous and gland invasion was found in 11 patients (22 breasts). Small amount of hydrogel sparsely distributed in mammary gland and degenerative muscular tissue in 1 patient (2 breasts) who had received extracting surgery before. The volume of hydrogel ranged from 220.309 ml to 372.371 ml (mean: 306.328 ml) in 22 untreated patients (44 breasts).

CONCLUSIONSThe volume and distribution of hydrogel can be known clearly by 3D MRI reconstruction technique. This feasible technique is helpful in removing the hydrogel completely.

Acrylic Resins ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Breast Implants ; adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; methods ; Mammaplasty ; adverse effects ; methods ; Postoperative Period ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo discuss the complications of breast augmentation with injected polyacrylamide hydrophilic gel (PAHG) in order to avoid further injury by taking treatment at the right moment.

METHODS90 patients with some side-effects after breast augmentation with injected polyacrylamide hydrophilic gel had been undergone the treatment in our hospital from 1999 to 2006. Their clinical data were analyzed.

RESULTSThe major complaints of the patients were feeling pain, multiple indurations, secondary deformity, PAHG displacement, low-grade fever of unknown reason, limitation of upper limb activity, spillage of milk and blood, ulceration and sinus tract of breast, inversion of nipple, infection. All patients were treated by surgical operations to remove the injected PAHG.

CONCLUSIONSThe complications are might not only related to the injected material but also caused by incorrect manipulation during operation. To do suction several times may cause the injected material distributed diffusely and the tissue was badly injured. Operation can remove the PAHG as completely as possible. It is a better treatment for the complications of PAHG injection for augmentation mammaplasty.

Acrylic Resins ; adverse effects ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Breast Implantation ; adverse effects ; Breast Implants ; adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo analyze the clinical manifestations and explore suitable treatments for the complications induced by polyacrylamide hydrogel(PAHG) injection for augmentation mammoplasty.

METHODSThe symptoms, physical signs and treatments of the 118 cases were analyzed and summarized.

RESULTSThe complications included in nodule formation (54.2%), pain (33.9%), PAHG migration (7.6%) and acute mastitis in lactation (4.3%). Satisfactory clinical treatment results have been obtained after suitable treatments.

CONCLUSIONSThe complications induced by PAHG injection for augmentation mammoplasty have increased following its widely use, the re-evaluation for this technique should be made, and more effective treatment should be considered.

Acrylic Resins ; adverse effects ; Adult ; Breast Implantation ; adverse effects ; Breast Implants ; adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications

OBJECTIVETo analyze ultrasonographic features for the complications of breast augmentation with polyamide hydrogel injection.

METHODSClinical study was made for 101 patients who had received the polyamide hydrogel injection for augmentation mammoplasty by using the ultrasonographic examination.

RESULTSThe 195 treated breasts in 98 patients suffered from injectable layer disorder, 1 breast for hematoma, 7 breasts in 5 patients for abscess (infection), 2 breasts in 2 patients for cancer and 3 breasts in 3 patients for fibroadenomas.

CONCLUSIONSUltrasonography may be of great diagnostic value for the complications of breast augmentation with polyamide hydrogel injection.

Acrylic Resins ; adverse effects ; Adult ; Breast Implants ; adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Mammaplasty ; adverse effects ; methods ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications ; diagnostic imaging ; Ultrasonography, Mammary ; Young Adult