Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused unprecedented disruptions in the lives of people, inducing a change in social behavior because of quarantine and physical distancing measures for health safety. It greatly affected not only the general population but also the healthcare system, forcing healthcare providers and consumers to adjust from the traditional mode of in-person consultation to telemedicine to enable safe and prompt delivery of adequate and efficient patient care. A 35-year-old female was diagnosed with acromegaly secondary to pituitary macroadenoma, presenting as a 10-year history of weight gain, amenorrhea, hand and feet enlargement, coarse facial features, and bilateral vision loss. Patient then underwent craniotomy, right petrosal cranialization of frontal sinus, and tumor excision during the height of the pandemic in a COVID-19 referral center. Post-operatively, she was assisted in all activities of daily living. She was discharged after a few days of in-patient rehabilitation in order to decrease risk of contracting COVID-19. Telerehabilitation was then done using both asynchronous and synchronous methods while the patient stayed at home. Given the patient’s functional and visual disabilities, it was a challenge to do the traditional telerehabilitation techniques that highly rely on intact visual senses. We hereby share our experiences in providing virtual care amid these challenges towards achieving the patient’s optimal rehabilitation goals.

Objective: This study aims to report the demographic features of patients with acromegaly the disease burden, and the corresponding treatment patterns and outcomes in Malaysia. Methodology: This is a retrospective study that included patients from the Malaysian Acromegaly registry who were diagnosed with acromegaly from 1970 onwards. Data collected included patient demographics, clinical manifestations of acromegaly, biochemical results and imaging findings. Information regarding treatment modalities and their outcomes was also obtained. Results: Registry data was collected from 2013 to 2016 and included 140 patients with acromegaly from 12 participating hospitals. Median disease duration was 5.5 years (range 1.0 – 41.0 years). Most patients had macroadenoma (67%), while 15% were diagnosed with microadenoma. Hypertension (49.3%), diabetes (37.1%) and hypopituitarism (27.9%) were the most common co-morbidities for patients with acromegaly. Majority of patients had surgical intervention as primary treatment (65.9%) while 20.7% were treated medically, mainly with dopamine agonists (18.5%). Most patients had inadequate disease control after first-line treatment regardless of treatment modality (79.4%). Conclusion This registry study provides epidemiological data on patients with acromegaly in Malaysia and serves as an initial step for further population-based studies.
acromegaly ; treatment outcomes

ABSTRACT Acromegaly is a devastating chronic slowly progressive disease. Its early diagnosis is a challenging issue that necessitates clinical suspicion of signs and symptoms as a first step. This report introduces an unusual early sign in the oral cavity that lead to the early diagnosis of an acromegaly case. A case of a healthy 40-year-old male patient presented with progressively growing multiple hard swellings in the upper and lower jaws. Clinical examination revealed bony hard multiple small spiky exostosis-like swellings, located at the maxillary and mandibular alveolar bones. An array of investigations revealed a 2-mm diameter pituitary tumour in MRI of sella. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first report of spiky exostosis-like growths in the alveolar bone as an early sign of acromegaly. In this case, thorough examination of oral signs and symptoms was the first step for early diagnosis and hence, better prognosis for acromegaly.
Acromegaly--diagnosis

The Korean Endocrine Society (KES) published clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acromegaly in 2011. Since then, the number of acromegaly cases, publications on studies addressing medical treatment of acromegaly, and demands for improvements in insurance coverage have been dramatically increasing. In 2017, the KES Committee of Health Insurance decided to publish a position statement regarding the use of somatostatin analogues in acromegaly. Accordingly, consensus opinions for the position statement were collected after intensive review of the relevant literature and discussions among experts affiliated with the KES, and the Korean Neuroendocrine Study Group. This position statement includes the characteristics, indications, dose, interval (including extended dose interval in case of lanreotide autogel), switching and preoperative use of somatostatin analogues in medical treatment of acromegaly. The recommended approach is based on the expert opinions in case of insufficient clinical evidence, and where discrepancies among the expert opinions were found, the experts voted to determine the recommended approach.
Acromegaly ; Consensus ; Expert Testimony ; Insurance Coverage ; Insurance, Health ; Octreotide ; Somatostatin

In Malaysia, acromegaly is under-recognised with only 10-15% of the expected number of cases from prevalence estimates, having been diagnosed and managed in established endocrine centres with access to multidisciplinary care. This is mainly due to lack of awareness and standardised approach in diagnosing this disease resulting in delay in diagnosis and management with suboptimal treatment outcomes. This first Malaysian consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of acromegaly addresses these issues and is based on current best practices and latest available evidence so as to reduce the disease burden on acromegaly patients managed in the Malaysian healthcare system.

Introduction: This is a case of patient with giant pituitary adenoma (GPA) presenting with acromegalic features, minimal symptoms of mass effect who underwent surgical resection via transcranial approach with minimal surgical morbidity. Case: A 40-year-old female presented with typical acromegalic features over 14 years, occasional mild frontal headaches and blurred vision. She had elevated growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Cranial MRI revealed a 6.4x7x5.5 cm lobulated pituitary mass with cystic degeneration, areas of necrosis with mass effect on several intracranial structures. Excision via craniotomy reduced mass size to 5.9x5.8x4.7 cm. Histopathology revealed a mixed GH- and prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma. She was maintained on bromocriptine and underwent radiotherapy. Repeat IGF-1 levels remained elevated but symptoms did not progress Conclusion This is a case of a patient with GPA with minimal symptom of mass effect, with no hormonal improvement post-surgery and radiotherapy. Ideally, a multi-staged surgery can be done with optimization of medical management. In the absence of these medications locally and reluctance of patient for re-surgery, the team opted to monitor tumor size, hormone levels and maximize management of co-morbidities.
Acromegaly ; Pituitary Neoplasms

Acromegaly is a rare endocrine disorder caused by excessive secretion of the growth hormone. There is a wide range of clinical manifestations from somatic symptoms to respiratory or cardiac failure. Among them, cardiovascular involvement is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. There are relatively few cases reporting cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) findings of cardiomyopathy in patients with acromegaly. Thus, we report a case of acromegaly showing dilated cardiomyopathy focusing on the findings of CMR.
Acromegaly ; Cardiomyopathies ; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated ; Growth Hormone ; Heart Failure ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mortality

Acromegaly is a chronic disorder caused by excessive growth hormone (GH) secretion. In most cases, the excess GH originates from GH-producing pituitary adenomas. Surgery is the preferred first-line treatment for patients with acromegaly, but medical management is considered when the disease persists after surgery or in cases where patients refuse surgery or are poor candidates for surgery. Somatostatin analogues are commonly used to treat acromegaly. The Korean Endocrine Society and the Korean Neuroendocrine Study Group have developed a position statement for the use of somatostatin analogues in the medical treatment of acromegaly. This position statement is based on evidence from the current literature and expert opinions. In the case of discrepancies among expert opinions, the experts voted to determine the recommended approach.
Acromegaly ; Expert Testimony ; Growth Hormone ; Humans ; Octreotide ; Pituitary Neoplasms ; Somatostatin

Management of pituitary tumors is multidisciplinary, with medical therapy playing an increasingly important role. With the exception of prolactin-secreting tumors, surgery is still considered the first-line treatment for the majority of pituitary adenomas. However, medical/pharmacological therapy plays an important role in controlling hormone-producing pituitary adenomas, especially for patients with acromegaly and Cushing disease (CD). In the case of non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFAs), pharmacological therapy plays a minor role, the main objective of which is to reduce tumor growth, but this role requires further studies. For pituitary carcinomas and atypical adenomas, medical therapy, including chemotherapy, acts as an adjuvant to surgery and radiation therapy, which is often required to control these aggressive tumors. In the last decade, knowledge about the pathophysiological mechanisms of various pituitary adenomas has increased, thus novel medical therapies that target specific pathways implicated in tumor synthesis and hormonal over secretion are now available. Advancement in patient selection and determination of prognostic factors has also helped to individualize therapy for patients with pituitary tumors. Improvements in biochemical and “tumor mass” disease control can positively affect patient quality of life, comorbidities and overall survival. In this review, the medical armamentarium for treating CD, acromegaly, prolactinomas, NFA, and carcinomas/aggressive atypical adenomas will be presented. Pharmacological therapies, including doses, mode of administration, efficacy, adverse effects, and use in special circumstances are provided. Medical therapies currently under clinical investigation are also briefly discussed.
Acromegaly ; Adenoma ; Comorbidity ; Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Patient Selection ; Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion ; Pituitary Neoplasms* ; Prolactinoma ; Quality of Life

Impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance are the two main mechanisms leading to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Insulin exerts multiple effects upon target cells, especially skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. In general, insulin promotes storage of glucose and inhibits the breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose. The counter regulatory hormones glucagon, catecholamine, cortisol and growth hormone are released during hypoglycemia and under other stress conditions. These hormones have insulin-antagonistic effects both in the liver and in the peripheral tissues. A significant number of endocrine disorders is associated with varying degrees of glucose intolerance, with which sustained excess of these hormones is associated. Indeed, type 2 diabetes is frequently observed in patients with various hormonal diseases including acromegaly, Cushing syndrome, pheochromocytoma, hyperthyroidism, and glucagonoma. In particular, improvement of glycemic control following treatment for these hormonal diseases confirms a causal relationship between excess of these hormones and diabetes. In this review, there will be a discussion over these endocrine diseases in relation to diabetes.
Acromegaly ; Adipose Tissue ; Cushing Syndrome ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Endocrine System Diseases* ; Glucagon ; Glucagonoma ; Glucose ; Glucose Intolerance ; Glycogen ; Growth Hormone ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone ; Hyperthyroidism ; Hypoglycemia ; Insulin ; Insulin Resistance ; Liver ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Pheochromocytoma