Objective: Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor-related leukoencephalopathy (CSF1R-L) is a rare adult-onset leukoencephalopathy. Reports of CSF1R-L patients from the Indian subcontinent remain limited. We aimed to report four patients with genetically confirmed CSF1R-L from four Asian Indian families and described their clinical, molecular, and radiological features. Methods: All patients underwent clinical examination, brain magnetic resonance imaging, and whole-exome sequencing to identify causative variants in the CSF1R gene. We also reviewed published reports of Indian patients with CSF1R-L. Results: The age at enrollment ranged from 34 to 40 years. The duration of symptoms ranged from 11 months to 2 years. The chief clinical phenotype in three patients was a rapidly evolving cognitive-behavioral syndrome combined with atypical parkinsonism, and asymmetrical spastic tetraparesis was observed in one patient. We identified four different variants (three missense variants and one in-frame deletion). Radiological findings revealed white matter involvement and diffusion restriction involving the subcortical white matter and pyramidal tracts. Conclusion We expand the literature on CSF1R-L patients from India by reporting four new cases.

Objective: Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor-related leukoencephalopathy (CSF1R-L) is a rare adult-onset leukoencephalopathy. Reports of CSF1R-L patients from the Indian subcontinent remain limited. We aimed to report four patients with genetically confirmed CSF1R-L from four Asian Indian families and described their clinical, molecular, and radiological features. Methods: All patients underwent clinical examination, brain magnetic resonance imaging, and whole-exome sequencing to identify causative variants in the CSF1R gene. We also reviewed published reports of Indian patients with CSF1R-L. Results: The age at enrollment ranged from 34 to 40 years. The duration of symptoms ranged from 11 months to 2 years. The chief clinical phenotype in three patients was a rapidly evolving cognitive-behavioral syndrome combined with atypical parkinsonism, and asymmetrical spastic tetraparesis was observed in one patient. We identified four different variants (three missense variants and one in-frame deletion). Radiological findings revealed white matter involvement and diffusion restriction involving the subcortical white matter and pyramidal tracts. Conclusion We expand the literature on CSF1R-L patients from India by reporting four new cases.

Objective: Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor-related leukoencephalopathy (CSF1R-L) is a rare adult-onset leukoencephalopathy. Reports of CSF1R-L patients from the Indian subcontinent remain limited. We aimed to report four patients with genetically confirmed CSF1R-L from four Asian Indian families and described their clinical, molecular, and radiological features. Methods: All patients underwent clinical examination, brain magnetic resonance imaging, and whole-exome sequencing to identify causative variants in the CSF1R gene. We also reviewed published reports of Indian patients with CSF1R-L. Results: The age at enrollment ranged from 34 to 40 years. The duration of symptoms ranged from 11 months to 2 years. The chief clinical phenotype in three patients was a rapidly evolving cognitive-behavioral syndrome combined with atypical parkinsonism, and asymmetrical spastic tetraparesis was observed in one patient. We identified four different variants (three missense variants and one in-frame deletion). Radiological findings revealed white matter involvement and diffusion restriction involving the subcortical white matter and pyramidal tracts. Conclusion We expand the literature on CSF1R-L patients from India by reporting four new cases.

Background: Remimazolam is an ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine characterized by rapid onset and recovery with minimal accumulation after continuous infusion. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate whether remimazolam use results in better postoperative recovery as compared to inhalational anesthetics. Methods: Databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus were searched up to August 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in adult patients comparing remimazolam with volatile agents were included. The primary outcome was incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) at 24 h. Secondary outcomes included use of rescue antiemetics and analgesics, pain scores, intraoperative hypotension, and other postoperative recovery parameters. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was performed to validate the robustness of the primary outcome. Results: Twelve RCTs involving 853 patients were analyzed. Remimazolam significantly reduced the incidence of PONV (relative risk [RR] 0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.27–0.96; I² = 43%; P = 0.04) and need for rescue antiemetics (RR 0.30; 95% CI 0.10–0.89; I² = 0%; P = 0.03) compared to inhalational agents. No significant differences were found in postoperative pain scores (standardized mean difference –0.17; P = 0.11) or analgesic requirement (RR 0.95; P = 0.82). Remimazolam was associated with a significantly lower incidence of intraoperative hypotension (RR 0.58; P = 0.01). Time to extubation, sedation scores, and post-anesthesia care unit stay were comparable. TSA confirmed that the required information size for the primary outcome was reached, indicating statistical conclusiveness. Conclusions Remimazolam use is associated with significantly reduced PONV, rescue antiemetic use, and intraoperative hypotension compared to inhalational agents. TSA confirms the robustness of these findings.

Objective: Spinal cord injury (SCI), one of the major disabilities concerning central nervous system injury, results in permanent tissue loss and neurological impairment. The existing therapeutic options for SCI are limited and predominantly consist of chemical compounds. In this study, we delved into the neuroprotective effects of myricetin, a natural flavonoid compound, and the underlying mechanisms, specifically in the context of SCI, utilizing an in vivo model. Previously, our investigations revealed an elevation in the phosphorylated form of Lin-11, Isl-1, and Mec-3 kinase1 (LIMK1) at chronic time points postinjury, coinciding with neuronal loss and scar formation. Our primary objective here was to assess the potential neuroprotective properties of myricetin in SCI and to ascertain if these effects were linked to LIMK inhibition, a hitherto unexamined pathway to date. Methods: Computational docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies were performed to assess myricetin’s potential to bind with LIMK. Then, using a rat contusion model, SCI was induced and different molecular techniques (Western blot, Evans Blue assay, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry) were performed to determine the effects of myricetin. Results: Remarkably, computational docking models identified myricetin as having a better interaction profile with LIMK than standard. Subsequent to myricetin treatment, a significant downregulation in phosphorylated LIMK expression was observed at chronic time points. This reduction correlated with a notable decrease in glial and fibrotic scar formation, and enhanced neuroprotection indicating a positive outcome in vivo. Conclusion In summary, our findings underscore myricetin’s potential as a bioactive compound capable of attenuating SCI-induced injury cascades by targeting the LIMK pathway.

Objective: Spinal cord injury (SCI), one of the major disabilities concerning central nervous system injury, results in permanent tissue loss and neurological impairment. The existing therapeutic options for SCI are limited and predominantly consist of chemical compounds. In this study, we delved into the neuroprotective effects of myricetin, a natural flavonoid compound, and the underlying mechanisms, specifically in the context of SCI, utilizing an in vivo model. Previously, our investigations revealed an elevation in the phosphorylated form of Lin-11, Isl-1, and Mec-3 kinase1 (LIMK1) at chronic time points postinjury, coinciding with neuronal loss and scar formation. Our primary objective here was to assess the potential neuroprotective properties of myricetin in SCI and to ascertain if these effects were linked to LIMK inhibition, a hitherto unexamined pathway to date. Methods: Computational docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies were performed to assess myricetin’s potential to bind with LIMK. Then, using a rat contusion model, SCI was induced and different molecular techniques (Western blot, Evans Blue assay, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry) were performed to determine the effects of myricetin. Results: Remarkably, computational docking models identified myricetin as having a better interaction profile with LIMK than standard. Subsequent to myricetin treatment, a significant downregulation in phosphorylated LIMK expression was observed at chronic time points. This reduction correlated with a notable decrease in glial and fibrotic scar formation, and enhanced neuroprotection indicating a positive outcome in vivo. Conclusion In summary, our findings underscore myricetin’s potential as a bioactive compound capable of attenuating SCI-induced injury cascades by targeting the LIMK pathway.

Objective: Spinal cord injury (SCI), one of the major disabilities concerning central nervous system injury, results in permanent tissue loss and neurological impairment. The existing therapeutic options for SCI are limited and predominantly consist of chemical compounds. In this study, we delved into the neuroprotective effects of myricetin, a natural flavonoid compound, and the underlying mechanisms, specifically in the context of SCI, utilizing an in vivo model. Previously, our investigations revealed an elevation in the phosphorylated form of Lin-11, Isl-1, and Mec-3 kinase1 (LIMK1) at chronic time points postinjury, coinciding with neuronal loss and scar formation. Our primary objective here was to assess the potential neuroprotective properties of myricetin in SCI and to ascertain if these effects were linked to LIMK inhibition, a hitherto unexamined pathway to date. Methods: Computational docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies were performed to assess myricetin’s potential to bind with LIMK. Then, using a rat contusion model, SCI was induced and different molecular techniques (Western blot, Evans Blue assay, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry) were performed to determine the effects of myricetin. Results: Remarkably, computational docking models identified myricetin as having a better interaction profile with LIMK than standard. Subsequent to myricetin treatment, a significant downregulation in phosphorylated LIMK expression was observed at chronic time points. This reduction correlated with a notable decrease in glial and fibrotic scar formation, and enhanced neuroprotection indicating a positive outcome in vivo. Conclusion In summary, our findings underscore myricetin’s potential as a bioactive compound capable of attenuating SCI-induced injury cascades by targeting the LIMK pathway.

Objective: Spinal cord injury (SCI), one of the major disabilities concerning central nervous system injury, results in permanent tissue loss and neurological impairment. The existing therapeutic options for SCI are limited and predominantly consist of chemical compounds. In this study, we delved into the neuroprotective effects of myricetin, a natural flavonoid compound, and the underlying mechanisms, specifically in the context of SCI, utilizing an in vivo model. Previously, our investigations revealed an elevation in the phosphorylated form of Lin-11, Isl-1, and Mec-3 kinase1 (LIMK1) at chronic time points postinjury, coinciding with neuronal loss and scar formation. Our primary objective here was to assess the potential neuroprotective properties of myricetin in SCI and to ascertain if these effects were linked to LIMK inhibition, a hitherto unexamined pathway to date. Methods: Computational docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies were performed to assess myricetin’s potential to bind with LIMK. Then, using a rat contusion model, SCI was induced and different molecular techniques (Western blot, Evans Blue assay, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry) were performed to determine the effects of myricetin. Results: Remarkably, computational docking models identified myricetin as having a better interaction profile with LIMK than standard. Subsequent to myricetin treatment, a significant downregulation in phosphorylated LIMK expression was observed at chronic time points. This reduction correlated with a notable decrease in glial and fibrotic scar formation, and enhanced neuroprotection indicating a positive outcome in vivo. Conclusion In summary, our findings underscore myricetin’s potential as a bioactive compound capable of attenuating SCI-induced injury cascades by targeting the LIMK pathway.

Objective: Spinal cord injury (SCI), one of the major disabilities concerning central nervous system injury, results in permanent tissue loss and neurological impairment. The existing therapeutic options for SCI are limited and predominantly consist of chemical compounds. In this study, we delved into the neuroprotective effects of myricetin, a natural flavonoid compound, and the underlying mechanisms, specifically in the context of SCI, utilizing an in vivo model. Previously, our investigations revealed an elevation in the phosphorylated form of Lin-11, Isl-1, and Mec-3 kinase1 (LIMK1) at chronic time points postinjury, coinciding with neuronal loss and scar formation. Our primary objective here was to assess the potential neuroprotective properties of myricetin in SCI and to ascertain if these effects were linked to LIMK inhibition, a hitherto unexamined pathway to date. Methods: Computational docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies were performed to assess myricetin’s potential to bind with LIMK. Then, using a rat contusion model, SCI was induced and different molecular techniques (Western blot, Evans Blue assay, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry) were performed to determine the effects of myricetin. Results: Remarkably, computational docking models identified myricetin as having a better interaction profile with LIMK than standard. Subsequent to myricetin treatment, a significant downregulation in phosphorylated LIMK expression was observed at chronic time points. This reduction correlated with a notable decrease in glial and fibrotic scar formation, and enhanced neuroprotection indicating a positive outcome in vivo. Conclusion In summary, our findings underscore myricetin’s potential as a bioactive compound capable of attenuating SCI-induced injury cascades by targeting the LIMK pathway.

Methods: In this prospective study, a total of 1,120 pedicle screws were placed in the freehand group (n=175), 1,250 in the fluoroscopyassisted group (n=172), and 1,225 in the robotic-assisted group (n=180). Surgical parameters and screw accuracy were analyzed between the three groups. The preoperative plan overlapped with the postoperative O-arm scan to determine if the screws were executed as planned. Results: The frequency of clinically acceptable screw placement (Gertzbein-Robbins grades A and B) in the freehand, fluoroscopy-assisted, and robotic-assisted groups were 97.7%, 98.6%, and 99.34%, respectively. With robotic assistance, an experience-neutralizing effect implied that surgeons with varying levels of experience achieved comparable pedicle screw accuracy, blood loss, O-arm time, robot time, and time per screw. No significant difference in these parameters was found between surgeries commencing before and after 2 PM. No significant differences were noted between the planned and executed screw trajectories in the robotic-assisted group irrespective of surgical experience. Conclusions The third-generation robotic-assisted pedicle screw placement system used in conjunction with intraoperative threedimensional O-arm imaging consistently demonstrates safe and accurate screw placement with an experience-neutralizing effect.