The critical shortage of liver transplant donors necessitates innovative solutions,with xeno-transplantation emerging as a promising alternative.Despite significant ethical,scientific,and practical challenges,recent advancements in liver xenotransplantation,particularly using pigs as donors for non-human primates(NHPs),have extended graft survival duration.However,life-threatening issues such as thrombocytopenia and coagulation disorders persist,limiting survival to under a month.Advances in genetic engineering have enabled the modification of pig genomes to match the human immune system better,targeting genes responsible for immune rejection and increasing compatibility.While these breakthroughs enhance the potential for human transplantation,the challenges of immune rejection and long-term functionality remain substantial.This review highlights recent progress in liver xeno-transplantation from pigs to NHPs and explores the implications for potential human clinical application.

Hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection is a significant health problem that can result in progression to liver cirrhosis,decompensation,and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).On a country level,the prevalence of chronic HBV infection varies between 0.1％and 35.0％,depending on the locality and the population being investigated.One-third of all liver cancer fatalities worldwide are attributable to HBV.The adoption of standard birth-dose immunization exerted the most significant impact on the decline of HBV prevalence.HCC incidence ranges from 0.01％to 1.40％in noncirrhotic patients and from 0.9％to 5.4％annually,in the settings of liver cirrhosis.Although antiviral therapy significantly reduces the risk of developing HBV-related HCC,studies have demonstrated that the risk persists,and that HCC screening is still essential.This review discusses the complex relationship between HBV infection and HCC,recent epidemiological data,different aspects of clinical disease characteristics,and the impact of antiviral therapy in this context.

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is the sixth most prevalent form of cancer globally and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality.The incidence of portal vein tumor thrombosis(PVTT)in HCC patients is 21％at one year and 46％at three years.The presence of PVTT has consistently been associated with a poor prognosis for HCC patients over the past decades.Notably,HCC prognosis is influenced not only by the presence of PVTT but also by the degree or extent of PVTT.Currently,there is a lack of global consensus or established protocols regarding the optimal management of HCC with associated PVTT.The Barcelona Clinic for Liver Cancer classifies HCC patients with PVTT as stage C,indicating an advanced stage,and limiting treatment recommendations for these patients to systemic therapy.In recent years,there has been an increase in the availability of therapeutic options for HCC patients with PVTT.Treat-ment modalities include systemic therapy,transarterial chemoembolization,surgical resection,stereo-tactic body radiotherapy,transarterial radioembolization,and liver transplantation.An ideal therapy for each patient necessitates a multidisciplinary approach.This review article presents the latest updates in managing HCC patients with PVTT.