Background: Chronic gastric disorders, including Helicobacter pylori-related diseases, remain an important health issue. In classical Mongolian medical sources, gastric disorders are described through concepts such as gastric parasitic disease, badgan worm and tsankh. However, these descriptions have not been sufficiently synthesized through a source-based approach. Aim: This study aimed to systematically summarize terminology, etiology, pathogenesis, classification, symptoms, treatment principles, prescriptions and medicinal raw materials related to gastric parasitic disease in traditional Mongolian medical sources, and to cautiously compare selected concepts with modern knowledge of H.pylori. Materials and Methods: A qualitative source-study design was used. Classical and commentary sources, including Bumshi, the Four Medical Tantras, Moon King of Therapy, Altan Khadmal, Bider-Onbo, Managlkhantav, Four Nectars, Uvdisyn Dalai and Mash Gaikhamshigt Khurimyn San, were reviewed. Textual analysis, thematic coding, content analysis, hermeneutic interpretation and comparative analysis were applied. A limited comparison with H.pylori morphology, pathogenesis and symptoms, as well as selected research directions on ingredients of Ruda-6, was included. Results: The sources describe gastric parasitic disease as a condition associated with badgan predominance, digestive weakness, putrefactive processes and accumulation in the stomach. Traditional descriptions such as twisted, thin, long and bundled forms were not considered identical to H.pylori, but they may be compared cautiously with the spiral and motile characteristics of the bacterium at a descriptive level. Repeated symptoms included epigastric pain, stabbing or twisting pain, bitter or sour regurgitation, vomiting, indigestion and weakness. Treatment principles mainly included resolving putrefaction, pacifying the worm, supporting digestion and restoring the balance of badgan. Some medicinal materials used in Ruda-6 have been discussed in modern research in relation to antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory or gastroprotective effects, which may provide a basis for further experimental studies. Conclusion The traditional concept of gastric parasitic disease has a relatively comprehensive structure in terms of terminology, pathogenesis, symptoms, treatment principles, medicinal raw materials, and prescription use. This study systematizes information from traditional sources and related works and, without directly equating it with H. pylori, provides a basis for comparative interpretation and a foundational resource for future classification, pharmacological, and clinical research.

Objective: To check the effects of the vaccines on the hematopoietic system and weight of mice after immunization. Methods: The study was done with the Expanded Programme on Immunization vaccines donated by the Ministries of Health of Abia and Imo States of Nigeria. The vaccines were collected from the cold-chain stores and transported in vaccine carriers to the cold-chain facility in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital within 3 hours of collection. They were used to immunize a total of 160 mice. The Ethics Committee of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi of Anambra State, Nigeria approved the protocol. Results: Mice body weight changes test showed that the mice all had increased body weight at Days 3 and 7 post-immunization and none died during the 7 d post-immunization observation. The percentage weight gains of the mice compared with the control were 69%, 70%, 64%, 63%, 65% and 68% for oral polio vaccine, diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus, bacillus Calmette- Guérin, measles, yellow fever and hepatitis B vaccines respectively collected from Imo State. The mice immunized with oral polio vaccine, pentavalent, bacillus Calmette-Guérin, measles, yellow fever and hepatitis B vaccines collected from Abia State had 123%, 114%, 121%, 116%, 142% and 119% weight gain respectively compared with the control. Leukocytosis promoting toxicity test showed that none of the vaccines was able to induce proliferation of leukocytes up to ten folds. Leukopenic toxicity test showed that all the vaccines had an leukopenic toxicity test value higher than 80% of the control (physiological saline). Conclusions: The vaccine samples tested were safe and did not affect the hematopoietic system adversely. The storage conditions of the vaccines in the States' cold-chain stores had not compromised the safety of the vaccines.

Intestinal helminths and schistosomiasis among school children were investigated in an urban and some rural communities of Ogun State, southwest Nigeria. Fecal samples of 1,059 subjects (524 males, 535 females) aged 3-18 years were examined using direct smear and brine concentration methods between June 2005 and November 2006. The pooled prevalence of infection was 66.2%. Ascaris lumbricoides showed the highest prevalence (53.4%) (P < 0.001) followed by hookworms (17.8%), Trichuris trichiura (10.4%), Taenia sp. (9.6%), Schistosoma mansoni (2.3%), Strongyloides stercoralis (0.7%), Schistosoma haematobium (0.6%), and Enterobius vermicularis (0.3%). The prevalences of A. lumbricoides, hookworms, Taenia sp., S. mansoni, and S. stercoralis in the urban centre were similar (P > 0.05) to those in the rural communities. The fertile and infertile egg ratios of A. lumbricoides in the urban centre and the rural communities were 13: 1 and 3.7: 1, respectively. Each helminth had similar prevalences among both genders (P > 0.05). The prevalence of A. lumbricoides increased significantly with age (P < 0.001). The commonest double infections were Ascaris and hookworms, while the commonest triple infections were Ascaris, hookworms, and Trichuris. The study demonstrates the need for urgent intervention programmes against intestinal helminthiases and schistosomiasis in the study area.
Adolescent ; Age Factors ; Animals ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Feces/parasitology ; Female ; Helminthiasis/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Humans ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Male ; Nigeria/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Questionnaires ; Rural Population ; Schistosomiasis/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Sex Factors ; Urban Population