Aims: This study was aimed to characterize laccase from a selected fungal strain and examine the enzyme’s ability to remove lignin from paper pulp. Methodology and results: Twelve fungal strains were screened for laccase production, resulting in the selection of Trichoderma sp. UBDFT12. The highest laccase activity (103 U/L) was observed from the culture filtrate on the fourth day of incubation. The optimum temperature and pH for the enzyme were 40 °C and pH 4, respectively. However, the enzyme stability was found to be reduced with time after 1 h incubation. At 1 mM, it was found that AgNO3, CaCO3, CuSO4, KCl, MgSO4, MnSO4 and ZnSO4 increased the laccase activity to 107, 107, 111, 112, 106, 105 and 107%, respectively, whereas FeSO4 and NH4Cl reduced the activity to 84 and 99%, respectively. The addition of 1% H2O2, 1% NaCl, 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 10 mM EDTA, 1 mM phenanthroline and 10 mM phenanthroline reduced the activity to 95, 73, 0, 79, 79, 73 and 37%, respectively. The culture filtrate was partially purified via ammonium sulphate precipitation and the recovered enzyme had a specific activity of 0.176 U/mg. Using sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), the molecular weight of the enzyme was approximately 65 kDa and its activity was confirmed by zymography. The culture filtrate was also found to be able to remove lignin from different types of paper pulp. Conclusion, significance and impact of study Laccase produced by Trichoderma sp. UBDFT12 was found to have the ability to remove lignin from paper pulp.

Introduction: Social media and Internet use during disasters have been proven to be useful tools in helping public health agencies to respond to pandemics. However, this tool can also be the culprit in the spread of misinformation to the public. This study aims to identify the public health impact of misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic using the socio-ecological model. Methods: A systematic review guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was initially undertaken by searching relevant articles published from January to November 2020 in several electronic databases including Medline, PubMed, and Springer link. All publications produced in English regarding the impact of misinformation during the COVID-19 outbreak were included except review articles. Results: Eleven articles were identified from these databases. The public health impact of misinformation from these articles was analysed and discussed according to the domains of the socio-ecological model. It was found that various elements of misinformation on the COVID-19 pandemic caused a significant impact on the individual, interpersonal, organisational, community, and policy levels across various nations. Conclusion: This study concludes that addressing misinformation during a pandemic such as the COVID-19 phenomenon is an important measure to improve public health response in mitigating the spread of pandemics.

Introduction: During this pandemic, overcrowding in classroom caused by a lack of educational facilities and poor indoor air quality are the main causes of respiratory diseases among children and adolescents. Therefore, it is essential to measure and assess the indoor air quality where children spend extended periods of time such as school. Materials and methods: This study covered four schools with old buildings and four schools with new buildings in Bayanzurkh, Sukhbaatar, Khan-Uul, Chingeltei district of Ulaanbaatar. We collected PM10 and PM2.5, carbon dioxide, air temperature, humidity, and microbiological count from chosen classrooms and compared to the MNS4585:2016 standard. SPSS-24 was used to do statistical analysis on the information gathered during the evaluation. Results and Discussion: The 24-hour average PM2.5 concentration was 64.3 (95% CI: 64.1-64.5) mcg/m3, which was 4.3 times higher than the WHO guideline value and 1.3 times higher than the MNS4585:2016 standard. The 24-hour average PM10 concentration was 85.3 (95 % CI: 85.1-85.6) mcg/m3, which is 1.9 times higher than WHO guideline value. In older school buildings, the 24-hour average PM2.5 concentration was 5.6 times higher than the WHO guideline value and 1.7 times higher than the MNS4585:2016; the average PM10 concentration was 2.8 times higher than the WHO guideline value and 1.3 times higher than the MNS4585:2016. The air temperature and carbon dioxide concentration in classroom was met the MNS4585: 2016. The average relative humidity of all schools is 24.2±6.5%, which is 14-16% lower than the MNS4585: 2016. Conclusion The indoor air quality of the school in new and old buildings was similar poor, therefore a variety of steps are needed to improve it.

Toxoplasma gondii consists of three genotypes, namely genotype I, II and III. Based on its virulence, T. gondii can be divided into virulent and avirulent strains. This study intends to evaluate an alternative method for predicting T. gondii virulence using hierarchical cluster analysis based on complete coding sequences (CDS) of sag1, gra7 and rop18 genes. Dendrogram was constructed using UPGMA with a Kimura 80 nucleotide distance measurement. The results showed that the prediction errors of T. gondii virulence using sag1, gra7 and rop18 were 7.41%, 6.89% and 9.1%, respectively. Analysis based on CDS of gra7 and rop18 was able to differentiate avirulent strains into genotypes II and III, whereas sag1 failed to differentiate.

Introduction: According to the predefined 2010 World Health Organisation criteria, serrated colonic polyps (SCP) are pathologically classified into hyperplastic polyp (HP), sessile serrated adenoma/polyp (SSA/P) with or without cytological dysplasia and traditional serrated adenoma (TSA). Sessile serrated adenoma/polyp is acknowledged as a precursor of colorectal carcinoma through the serrated neoplastic pathway. Hyperplastic polyps display similar histological features to SSA/P, in comparison to other types of SCP. It is noteworthy to discriminate between HP and SSA/P, since only the latter has a malignant potential. Method: A total of 198 cases of SCP were identified and the slides were reexamined and reclassified accordingly. Analysis on the proportion of SSA/P among SCP and underdiagnosed cases of SSA/P was performed. The association between SSA/P and non-SSA/P with demographic data and colonoscopic findings were also studied. Results: From the 198 cases of SCP, 164, 29 and five cases were reclassified as HP, SSA/P and TSA respectively. Sixteen cases of SSA/P were underdiagnosed as HP. From among 29 cases of SSA/P, the majority were ≥ 65 years old (17; 58.6%), male (21; 72.4 %) and Chinese (17; 58.6%). Most of the SSA/P (16; 55.2 %) were located in the right colon and measured ≥ 10mm (9; 31%) in size. Location (p=0.004) and size (p=0.013) of the colonoscopic findings were significantly associated with SSA/P. Conclusion: Underdiagnosed cases of SSA/P among HP were identified most likely because of the resemblance of their histological features. The location and size of SCP may suggest the probability of SSA/P.

INTRODUCTION: This study explored attitudes towards vasectomy and its acceptance as a method of contraception among clinical-year medical students, and determined the association between their demographic characteristics, and attitudes and acceptance. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among clinical-year medical students from a Malaysian private medical college using a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: There were 330 participants with a female preponderance and a mean age of 22.0 ± 1.1 years. The largest proportion of respondents were from Year 3. The vast majority were ethnically Malay (91.8%) and followed Islam (92.4%). Overall, 60.9% of participants had a positive attitude towards vasectomy and 76.0% showed good acceptance. Gender, academic year, ethnicity and religion variables were not associated with attitudes and acceptance (p > 0.05). A significantly higher proportion of male respondents thought that vasectomy was religiously forbidden and would give a bad impression. A significantly higher proportion of Year 5 students agreed to the statement 'I would recommend vasectomy to relatives, friends and people close to me' compared to Year 3 and 4 students. CONCLUSION Students' perception of vasectomy as a contraceptive method was encouraging. Our results suggest that their knowledge improved as medical training progressed, and attitudes evolved for the better irrespective of their traditional, cultural and religious beliefs - highlighting the importance of providing students with evidence-based learning about male sterilisation, which is more cost-effective and is associated with lower morbidity than female sterilisation. A qualitative study involving students from different ethnicities and religions would provide a better understanding of this subject.
Adult ; Attitude of Health Personnel ; Contraception ; methods ; psychology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Malaysia ; Male ; Religion and Medicine ; Schools, Medical ; Students, Medical ; psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Vasectomy ; psychology ; Young Adult

In Malaysia, dengue fever is a common vector-borne disease. Most cases of dengue fever are reported in residential areas. Children are at high risk to be infected because they spend a lot of time around their housing area for outdoor activities. Such areas may have a high number of Aedes mosquitoes. As schools are equipped with infrastructure and medium for effective educational purposes, school represent the most suitable facilities for learning and teaching process. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the level of knowledge among students in Hulu Langat on Aedes mosquitoes, dengue fever, and Zika virus. The study also reported on the demographic factors which affected the knowledge level. Based on sample size calculation using G*Power v3.1 software, a total of 171 respondents were needed from the two primary schools involved in the study. Data collection was conducted using a pre-tested questionnaire that consisted of two main sections on demography and knowledge about Aedes mosquitoes, dengue fever and Zika virus. From the total score of 55, the mean knowledge score is 34.2 ± 8.38. Based on the median value of 36.0, about 50.9% of respondents had satisfactory knowledge. From the study, it was found that students from School A, students who had been watching video related to Aedes mosquito, and those with history of dengue infection among family members had a significantly better knowledge score (p < 0.01). In conclusion, knowledge about Aedes mosquitoes and related illnesses need to be enhanced through a comprehensive module and effective educational materials that can serve as a reliable source of information for primary school students.

Infective endocarditis during breastfeeding is rare. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the second recorded case of infective endocarditis in a lactating mother. It is known that women of child-bearing age are susceptible to infective endocarditis during pregnancy when the immune system is compromised.1 Nevertheless, past cases were also exposed to a systemic infection via milk infected by their infant’s oral commensal. Streptococcus mitis (S.Mitis) endocarditis in pregnancy has also been reported, whereby a lady delivered via caesarean section and underwent mitral valve reconstruction and annuloplasty.1 S. mitis is considered a pioneer streptococci commensal in human oral mucosa, appearing as early as 1-3 days after delivery.2 As a child grows, their oral mucosa will be colonized by more viridans streptococci, including the teeth, oropharynx and nasopharynx. In a mother who breastfeeds, a crack in the nipple and breast engorgement can be predisposing factors for systemic infection stemming from an infant’s oral commensal. Both cases of breastfeeding-related infective endocarditis caused by pioneer streptococcus viridans, S.mitis in our report and S.salivarius3 in the previous report, affected the left-sided valves