Backround: The university period is a unique phase in students’ lives, often marked by independent living, changes in lifestyle, diet, sleep patterns, increased psychological stress, and the development of unhealthy behaviors. Among students, particularly those studying in the medical field, research on dietary habits and influencing factors is scarce in our country, which serves as the rationale for this study. Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the dietary habits of medical students and the factors influencing them, including sleep, impulsivity, depression, anxiety, and stress. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 358 students from years 1 to 6 across 7 schools of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS). Data were collected using internationally standardized and validated questionnaires, including the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire Revised-18 (TFEQ-R18), the Short UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale-20 (SUPPS-P-20), the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0. Results: In terms of eating behavior, uncontrolled eating (UE) and cognitive restraint (CR) were similar between male and female students, while emotional eating (EE) was more prevalent among male students. Students’ eating behaviors were associated with body mass index (BMI). As BMI increased, levels of depression, anxiety, and stress also tended to rise. Sensation-seeking and positive urgency were higher among female students. Overall, 83.5% of students had poor sleep quality, which contributed to increased depression, anxiety, stress, and impulsivity. Psychological burden and impulsivity were independent of the field of study but decreased as students progressed through their academic years, while sleep quality improved. Conclusion The dietary habits of medical students were similar across genders but varied by academic year and field of study. Poor sleep quality, observed in 83.5% of students, was associated with increased depression, anxiety, stress, and impulsivity. Psychological burden and impulsivity were unrelated to the field of study but decreased with advancing academic years, alongside improved sleep quality. As BMI increased, cognitive restraint in eating behaviors decreased.

Background: The assessment of patients’ quality of life has emerged as a critical metric in evaluating healthcare services. Internationally, numerous studies have been conducted to assess the QoL of individuals diagnosed with pulmonary embolism through the development of standardized questionnaires and their association with various clinical parameters. Aim: To adapt a standardized questionnaire for assessing the quality of life following a pulmonary embolism and to evaluate the quality of life of affected patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 33 patients diagnosed with pulmonary embolism and hospitalized in the Department of Pulmonology at the Third State Central Hospital in Mongolia between August 2022 and December 2023 were included in the study. An observational cross-sectional study design was used. Inclusion criteria encompassed all patients diagnosed with PE during the study period, while exclusion criteria included individuals with severe comorbidities, those aged over 85 years, and those who declined participation. QoL was assessed using the Pulmonary Embolism Quality of Life (PEmb-QoL) questionnaire, which consists of 39 questions categorized into six domains. Higher scores indicate poorer QoL. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 16. Results: The average age of the participants was 61±15 years, and 18 (54.5%) were female. The median duration of anticoagulant therapy was 170 days (range: 27–2555 days), and the average monthly expenditure on medication was 80,000 MNT (range: 63,000–400,000 MNT). The overall mean QoL score was 69.7±23.2. The median scores for the six domains were as follows: frequency of complaints 1.6 (IQR 1.5-1.9; max 5 score), activities of daily living limitations 1.5 (1.3–1.8; max 3 score), work-related problems 1.7 (1.5–2.0; max 2 score), social limitations 2.0 (2.0–3.0; max 5 score), intensity of complaints 3.0 (3.0–4.0; max 6 score), emotional complaints 2.0 (1.5–2.4; max 6 score). The internal consistency reliability of the questionnaire was assessed, with the symptom frequency category scoring well (α=0.74), while the other categories had excellent reliability (α>0.85). A weak positive correlation was observed between overall QoL scores and age, while a weak negative correlation was identified with body mass index (r=0.14 & r= -0.13, P>0.05). Conclusion The study findings indicate a low QoL among PE patients, emphasizing the necessity for enhancements in post-diagnosis medical care and long-term management strategies to improve patient outcomes.

Background: The annual incidence of pulmonary thromboembolism is reported to be 39–115 cases per 100,000 population, with rates of 60–120/100,000 in Western countries and 10–20/100,000 in Asian countries. In Mongolia, few studies revealed the prevalence of risk factors and clinical manifestations of acute pulmonary embolism. Over the past 30 years, the incidence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases, which are mainly triggered by lifestyle and social parameters, has rose. Moreover, environmental conditions such as cold climate, hypoxia, and blood hyperviscosit may contribute to higher incidences of acute pulmonary embolism in high-altitude regions. This condition is potentially fatal and can become impair quality of life. Aim: We aimed to compare risk factors and clinical characteristics based on age and sex, and to evaluate laboratory findings and diagnostic tests among Mongolian patients diagnosed with acute pulmonary embolism. Materials and Methods: This retrospective research included total 232 patients meeting inclusion criteria. The information was collected from patient histories, including general demographics, risk factors, comorbidities, symptoms, and physical examination findings. Laboratory analyses included complete blood count, coagulation profile, and immunological markers (D-dimer, NT-proBNP, troponin, protein C, homocysteine, and C-reactive protein), as well as selected imaging parameters. We used Wells and Geneva scoring systems to assess probability of acute pulmonary embolism and Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index to determine disease severity. Differences by age and sex were analyzed using independent t-tests for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables. Results: Among participants with acute pulmonary embolism, the prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use was significantly higher among males (p<0.001). Among comorbidities, arterial hypertension and other pulmonary diseases were more common in males, whereas cardiac diseases were more frequent in females (p=0.028). Participants aged 65 years and older showed higher rates of comorbid conditions and regular medication use (p<0.001). The most common symptoms were dyspnea (90.9%), chest pain (74.2%), cough (70.5%), leg pain (38.9%), hemoptysis (20.7%), and cyanosis (9.3%). According to sPESI scoring, 69.8% (n=162) were at high risk of death within 30 days, with no significant difference by sex. However, mortality risk within 30 days was significantly higher in participants aged 65 years and above (p<0.001). As increasing age, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio were elevated, indicating an acute inflammatory response (p=0.001). Contrast-enhanced CT scans revealed that 95 participants (44.2%) had main pulmonary artery involvement, with no significant sex difference, though involvement of the main pulmonary artery was more frequent in those aged 65 and older. Conclusion Dyspnea, chest pain, and cough were the most common symptoms among patients diagnosed with acute pulmonary embolism. The 30-day mortality risk associated with it was higher among males and increased with advancing age.

Introduction : Water is a vital resource for human existence and is essential for daily food processing, preparation, washing, hygiene, and sanitation. Furthermore, providing the population with safe drinking water is one of the pressing problems of the world and some regions.
In recent years, population density and the scale of commercial and industrial activities, as well as clean and dirty water consumption were increased in the capital city. As a result of these, ground and surface water resources are becoming scarce and polluted.
Therefore, assessment of daily drinking and residential water consumption of Ulaanbaatar should be determined to use drinking water properly in daily life and water loss. This study assessed the actual amount of households’ daily water consumption. Goal: The purpose of this study is to determine the daily consumption of drinking water for households in ger areas and apartments in Ulaanbaatar. Materials and Method: This study covers 30 households in ger areas and 15 apartment households, in Ulaanbaatar. Household members performed 6-10 types of measurements every day, within 7 days. As a result of these measurements, actual consumption of water quantity used for drinking and household purposes was calculated. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS Version 21 to calculate the true probability of difference between parameters. Result: 67.9% of the households in the ger areas were 4-5 family members. The average daily household consumption of drinking and domestic water were 68.3 ± 3.57 L (95% 61.3-75.3), the minimum consumption was 12 L, and the maximum was 227 L. Average of the household water consumption water was 97.6-108.9 liters during the weekends, and water consumption was statistically higher than weekdays (p=0.001; p=0.01).
The water consumption of residential households with 3 family members accounted for the majority (30.8%) in this study. The average daily consumption of drinking and domestic water was 297.67±19.7 liters. There was no statistically significant difference (p=0.96) in week. The average daily water consumption including drinking and residential was 270.3-335.97 L.
The total daily drinking and residential water consumption per person was 15.57 L for households in ger areas and 90 L for apartment households. Calculating the daily water consumption of households in ger areas, 60.3% of it is used for laundry, washing dishes, food preparation, washing face and hands, and clothes, 31% for drinking, and 8.7% for outdoor water use. While apartment households, approximately 94.1%, were used for household and 5.9% for drinking purposes. Research ethics approval : This study was discussed at the meeting of the Academic Council of the National Center for Public Health. In addition, this study was carried out according to the methods and methods discussed and approved at the meeting of the Medical Ethics Control Committee of the Ministry of Health (Resolution No. 08). Conclusion The total daily consumption of drinking and residential water per person were 15.57 litres for the households in the ger areas and 90 litres for the apartment households. It implies that it does not exceed the WHO recommendations

The clinical sign of children’s kidney and urinary tract petrification diseases and the result of eswl Background: A substance exchange disorder where stones form in the kidney or urinary tract with a tendency toward inheritance is called urinary tract petrification disease. In many countries throughout the world, the incidence of urinary tract petrification disease is one to fifteen percent. Urinary tract permeability disease affects 7% of people under the age of 17. Due to the unique nature of the habitat, the incidence of urinary tract petrification disease is higher in India, Thailand, Scandinavian countries, and the Caucasian, Ural, Siberia, and Equator areas. However, the incidence of urinary tract petrification disease spread is two to three percent for children, but the reoccurance risk is 6.5–54 percent. In our country’s case, J. Horloo’s 1993 research indicates that 4.1 to 4.7 percent of kidney and urinary tract patients have urinary tract disease. During urinary tract disease, the common symptoms are abdominal pain, macro- and microhematuria, and kidney and renal bacterial infection. But in younger children, those symptoms are quite grim. In the last 15 years, mongolian’s urine’s oxalate stone’s volume increased by 5 times and mixed stones decreased by 2.5 times. The research of G. Erdenetsetseg’s 1990–1998 study on 305 children and the 2001–2003 study on 161 children indicate that the incidence of urinary tract disease is high between ages 1-3, and 65 percent of the stones consist of calcium oxalate. In 1980, German scientists invented the stone crushing technology using electrohydraulic shockwaves, which turned out to be a beneficial treatment for kidney surgery practice. The National Hospital for Maternal and Child Health's kidney surgery team had 17 surgeries in 2015, 19 surgeries in 2016, 24 surgeries in 2017, and 28 surgeries in 2018, and all of those surgeries were done and treated open. In the last 10 years of our country, children’s urinary tract petrification disease has gradually increased, but research on those diseases risks and factors is lacking. Also, the stone crushing method is necessary for our country’s children's treatment. That’s why we decided to do research on the risk factors of urinary tract disease and its relation to the stone crushing method. Aim: Describe the features of children’s kidney and urinary tract petrification disease and study the stone crushing method’s results. Materials and methods: The study was done between December of 2019 and April of 2022, with the assistance of NCMCH's children's kidney surgery team. Within the parameter of the first objective, within the group of cases of kidney and urinary tract disease, there were 13 children under the age of 17. The research study was conducted cross sectional. The research results were processed by the SPSS 25 program. On the seventh meeting of the health ministry, we got the acceptance of a research patent with the assistance of EHEMUT. Results: The research group consisted of 13 children ages 0–17. The average age of participants was 10.6+-4.2.74. 4 percent of it consisted of men. The research of symptoms showed that back pain n = 13 (100), right side abdominal pain n = 13 (100), disurie n = 3 (23.1), mouth drying n = 2 (15.4), nausea n = 3 (23.1), urine with blood n = 10 (76.9), urine with smell n = 9 (69.2). The position of the stone consisted of 8 (61.5) in the kidney cup, 8 in the kidney cradle. Showing it in which kidney showed that 8 (61.5) were in the right kidney, 3 (23.1) in the left kidney, and 2 (15.4) in both kidneys. The density of the stones was n = 265.8+ 41.9 on average. Kidney stone coming out time was measured by Caplan-Myer’s survivability scale. The stones on the right side of the kidney came out within 14 days on average, while the left and both-sided kidney stones came out within 30 days. Conclusions: 1. Showing the number of stones and locations indicates that 8 (61.5) were in the right kidney, 3 (23.1) in the left kidney, and 2 (15.4) in both kidneys. 2. The results of Caplan-Meyer's scale indicate that kidney stones within the right kidney came out within 14 days, and left- or both-sided stones came out within 30 days.

Introduction: Mongolia’s capital hosts about half the country’s total population, and its air pollution ranks among the highest in the world during winter. Air pollution is linked to reduced fetal growth, preterm birth, low birth weight, impaired cognitive intra-uterine development, impaired cognitive development, and even spontaneous abortion. Antenatal care includes fetal development monitoring, prevention of anemia, immunization against infectious diseases, prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, and any health risk factors such as environmental pollution.
Health care measures for pregnant women and children under one year of age have the potential to be highly effective because they are directly aimed at reducing pneumonia in children. As such, we need to conduct this survey to determine whether pregnant women were satisfied with the information and advice on air pollution prevention provided by health facilities and to take evidence-based measures. Materials and Methods : The survey data were collected using quantitative and qualitative research methods. In this study, a total of 958 pregnant women participated from Songinokhairkhan district, Bayanzurkh district, and Bayankhongor province center. The overall satisfaction of health services is calculated using the three dimensions namely: satisfaction with health service, operation, and environment of the Health Organization. Satisfaction scores were assessed using an even-point scale. These are “Very Dissatisfied-1 point”, “Dissatisfied-2 point”, “Satisfied-3 point”, “Very satisfied-4 point”. The results were calculated after entering the survey data into SPSS-23, creating a database, and performing error control. The research methodology was discussed at the meeting of the Academic Council of the National Center for Public Health on December 25, 2019, and the methodology was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the MOH (Stagnant №2). Results : The survey covered 958 pregnant women aged 16-45 in Bayanzurkh district Songinokhairkhan district, and Bayankhongor province. During antenatal care visits, the majority of pregnant women (BZD- 56.9%, SKHD- 68.3%, BKH province - 86.7%) were advised by their health specialists to go outside for fresh air, while women in Ulaanbaatar (BZD- 18.9%, SKHD- 24.7%) received the information and advice at the lowest percentage. Pregnant women in Ulaanbaatar were less involved in air pollution training than in Bayankhongor. Participants in the air pollution prevention training rated it as “satisfied” regardless of location. 37.2% of pregnant women obtained information on protecting their health from air pollution from the board of Family Health Center and 34% from their district health centers. 86.1% of the participants were able to obtain information on air pollution on their own, while 86% of them got information from their family and friends. Conclusion The percentage of pregnant women getting medical advice, training, and information on air pollution prevention from hospitals during their antenatal care visits was the highest in rural areas. Moreover, their level of satisfaction with counseling had been rated as “satisfied”. Pregnant women often seek information on air pollution prevention from non-professional sources, such as their family and friends.

Background: Numerous studies among the western population have been demonstrated that the intolerance of uncertainty can cause mental disorders such as OCD, anxiety disorder major depressive disorder. The lack of research in this field among the eastern population, especially the Mongolians, is the basis of our study. Material and Methods The study was designed as a cross-sectional study with a self-report questionnaire and conducted between December 5th and February 5th of 2022. The Intolerance of Uncertainty scale (IUS-12) is for measuring intolerance of uncertainty, Patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9), and Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-7) were used to measuring mental health among study participants. The present study was undertaken following ethical approval from the MNUMS scientific research ethics committee (approval number: 2021/3-06). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 24. Purpose: The current study was aimed to explore the impact of intolerance of uncertainty on students’ mental health. Results: Total of 3137 students (2440 Chinese, 697 Mongolian), 65.7% of them were female students participated in the current study. The mean score of IUS-12 was 33.53±7.72 among Chinese students, while 38.65±8.48 among Mongolians. This reveals the statistically significant (p=0.003) difference intolerance level between Chinese and Mongolian students. Moreover, Chinese students were less depressed and less anxious than Mongolian students. The anxiety and depression level was directly impacted by the influence of intolerance of uncertainty. Conclusion Chinese students are more tolerant toward uncertainties than Mongolian students. The intolerance of uncertainty causes depression and anxiety, regardless of nationality.

Introduction: Within the framework of health sector reform, the development of the organization, the responsibility of doctors and medical professionals, and the improvement of ethics, quality and safety of care and services are top priorities. Customer satisfaction is important for the implementation of this operation based on results and quality. The WHO Recommendation states that health professionals have a key role to play in providing information and advice to citizens and their families on how to prevent, mitigate and address air pollution, and how to inform the general public and decision-makers. ADB, the Ministry of Health, and UNICEF report that information and promotional materials on air pollution prevention are scarce and do not provide advice to clients. Therefore, it is the reason for conducting a survey to determine the level of satisfaction of clients receiving child health care. Materials and methods: The survey data were collected using quantitative and qualitative research methods. In this study, totally 1160 guardians of children aged 0-5 participated from Songinokhairkhan and Bayanzurkh district and Bayankhongor aimag center. The overall satisfaction of health services is calculated using the three dimensions namely: satisfaction with health service, operation and environment of Health Organization. Satisfaction scores were assessed using an even-point scale. These are “Very Dissatisfied-1 point”, “Dissatisfied-2 point”, “Satisfied-3 point”, “Very satisfied-4 point”. The results were calculated after entering the survey data into SPSS-23, creating a database, and performing error control. Research methodology discussed at the meeting of the Academic Council of the National Center for Public Health on December 25, 2019, and the methodology was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the MOH (Stagnant №2). Results: 84.7 percent of the respondents were parents of children aged 0-5 years. Their average age is 34, most of them have higher education, and 43.0 percent of them have a household income of 500,000-1 million MNT. Guardians of children aged 0-5 years in Bayanzurkh District were “dissatisfied” with the Family Health Center’s dressing room, wardrobe, toilet and parking lot. Guardians of children aged 0-5 years in Songinokhairkhan district were “dissatisfied” in the parking lot and toilet of the health organization. Guardians of children aged 0-5 years in Bayankhongor aimag were satisfied with the services, operation and environment of the health organization. Studies have shown that 76.5 percent of the guardians did not receive air pollution risk training. As for difficulties in preventing air pollution, 31.4 percent of the surveyed population answered that they cannot change their living and working environment to prevent air pollution. Conclusion It shows the health care organizations need to improve the hospital environment as well as to provide training how to protect children from air pollution risk for guardians.

Introduction: Air pollution has become one of the major problems in socio-economic and health issues in Mongolia. Among the various hazards of particulate matter (PM) pollutants, microorganisms in PM2.5 and PM10 are thought to be responsible for various allergies and for the spread of respiratory diseases. Recent studies have shown that PM2.5 particles can cause chronic heart failure, heart arrhythmias, and strokes, as well as lung damage, cirrhosis, inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders. Furthermore, some studies have concluded that PM2.5 particles in the environment are a risk factor for gastrointestinal, liver, colon, and lung cancer as well as it affects the growth and metastasis of various cancer cells caused by other factors. In our country, the health effects of air pollution and the relationship between the pathogenesis of cancer research are scarce. Therefore, the study of the effects of PM2.5 particles on cancer cell proliferation, migration (metastasis) can provide a significant role for cancer treatment, diagnosis, and prevention. Purpose: Determining the effects of PM2.5 particles on cancer cell proliferation, migration (metastasis) in in-vitro Material and Methods: A human liver cancer cell line (HepG2), human gastric cancer cell line (AGS) were obtained from the central scientific research laboratory in the Institute of medical sciences. HepG2, AGS cells were seeded at a concentration of 1*105 cells/mL in a culture flask and cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% antibiotic mix (penicillin, streptomycin) in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37 °C. The cytotoxic effect of PM 2.5 in AGS, HepG2 cells were evaluated by MTT, CCK8 assays. AGS, HepG2 cells were incubated in 96 well plates for 24h then treated with different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 μg ) of Bayankhoshuu, Buhiin urguu, and Zaisan samples for 24h, respectively. Results: Concentrations of 10, 25, and 50 μg/ml of samples collected from the Bukhiin urguu and Zaisan in March increased HepG2 cell growth, while doses of 25, 50 μg/ml of samples collected from Bayankhoshuu in March and December increased HepG2 cell growth. Therefore, concentrations of 25 and 50 μg/ml of samples collected from Bayankhoshuu in March increased AGS cell growth, while concentrations of 25, 100 and μg/ml of samples collected in December increased AGS cell growth. However, no cytotoxic effect was observed in the sample collected from Zaisan in March, whereas the PM2.5 sample enhanced AGS cell growth in dose dependent manner in December.(p <0.05) Conclusion High levels of heavy metals were detected in samples collected in December from Bayankhoshuu, Bukhiin urguu and Zaisan of Ulaanbaatar. Concentration of 25 μg/ml of samples collected from the Bukhiin urguu and Zaisan in March increased HepG2 cell growth. Concentrations of 25 μg/ml of PM2.5 collected from three regions around Ulaanbaatar increased HepG2 and AGS cell migration.

The result of a study of prevalence, type and degrees Of hearing impairment in newborns and infants Introduction: Significant bilateral hearing loss is the most common congenital disorder of the newborn, occurring 2-3 times per 1000 live infants. In December 2012, for the first time in Mongolia, neonatal hearing screening was introduced at the National Center for Maternal and Child Health. We aimed at investigated the outcomes of neonatal hearing screening and diagnostics of type and degree of hearing loss in neonates and infants. Materials and methods: During the study period, 2019-2020, a total of 70,614 infants born in Urguu, Khuree, Amgalan maternity hospitals, Baganuur district health center, Intermed hospital, and the National Center for Maternal and Child Health were included in the prospective cohort study. The study was performed in three phases, following the clinical guidelines for neonatal hearing screening. Results from the well-baby newborn hearing screening program and diagnostic follow-up of referred children from 2019 to 2021 were included in calculating prevalence rates. Hearing loss was classified according to the degree and type. Results: A total of 94.1% of 70,614 children eligible for screening were included. A prevalence rate of bilateral hearing loss 2.23 per 1000 children was found. A prevalence rate of bilateral severe and profound hearing loss 1 per 1000 children was found. The mild sensorineural hearing loss 28 (26.0%) was most common in children, followed by moderate 19 (17,6%), severe 21 (19.4%), profound 19 (17.6%) and deaf 21 (19.4%). Conclusions: The coverage of hearing screening in maternity hospitals in Ulaanbaatar is relatively good (94.1%), but there is a repeat screening (62.1%) and follow-up and diagnostic tests (49.9%). shows that the system needs to be improved. Because of the well-by hearing screening program, reported results approximate prevalence rates of permanent hearing loss by severity.