OLIGOSACCHARIDES IN MILK: EXPLORING NOVEL ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES AGAINST CANDIDA ALBICANS AND CANDIDA KRUSEI With the increasing antifungal resistance and prevalence of candidiasis, the aim of this research is to evaluate the potential inhibitory effects and synergistic activities of oligosaccharides present in milk with azoles in inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans and Candida krusei. The oligosaccharides were derived from breast milk (OH), bovine (OB), goat (OG), and formula milk (OF), then confirmed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Disk diffusion and microdilution were used to evaluate the antifungal potency of oligosaccharides using disk diffusion and microdilution. The oligosaccharides only showed antifungal activity in microdilution. The statistical analysis showed moderate variability in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and higher fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) values. A significantly wide range of MIC in the microdilution assay indicated the effectiveness of this antifungal agent varied across different samples. In the combination test, antagonistic activity was observed between fluconazole and oligosaccharides against C. albicans ATCC 90028. Further research is needed to study the mechanisms of antifungal activity and synergism between oligosaccharides and azoles against Candida species.

Introduction: Hyperlipidemia is a condition that may lead to many illnesses. The worldwide prevalence of hyperlipidemia is still relatively high. Lactoferrin is a glycoprotein found in mammals and fishes’ epithelial mucosa cells, also known for its protective roles. Objective: This study aims to d Objective: This study aims to discover the histopathologic changes in rat’s liver after the intervention of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kgBW lactoferrin. Method: This study involved 30 Sprague-Dawley rats divided into six groups: normal, negative control, statin-treated, dose 1, dose 2, and dose 3. The normal group was given standard feed, while the other groups were hyperlipidemic induced by a high cholesterol diet. The intervention for the statin-treated group was 1.5 mg/kgBW statin, while dose 1, 2, and 3 were respectively given 100 mg/kgBW, 200 mg/kgBW, and 400 mg/kgBW of lactoferrin. After six weeks, all rats were dissected, and the livers’ histopathologic slides were scored with Manja Roenigk scoring. Result: Lactoferrin improved the fatty liver condition. The statistical test results showed that 200 mg/kgBW of lactoferrin caused a significant change in the rats’ liver structures (p < 0.05). Conclusion 200 mg/kgBW of lactoferrin significantly improved the histopathologic structure of fatty liver
Histology