BACKGROUND:The specific molecular mechanisms underlying common degenerative bone diseases,such as osteoarthritis,osteoporosis,and intervertebral disc degeneration,are currently unclear and may involve endoplasmic reticulum stress.At present,research on the systematic role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pathogenesis of these common skeletal diseases and related therapeutic progress is relatively limited. OBJECTIVE:To review the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in common degenerative bone diseases,explore the molecular mechanisms of these diseases in depth,and provide new ideas and perspectives for prevention and treatment of these diseases. METHODS:Relevant literature from 2000 to 2024 was searched in CNKI,WanFang,VIP,PubMed and Web of Science databases using the search terms of"endoplasmic reticulum stress,bone disease,unfolded protein response,osteoarthritis,osteoporosis,intervertebral disc degeneration,autophagy,apoptosis,ferroptosis,pyroptosis"in Chinese and English.After removal of duplicates and older literature,a total of 115 articles met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Endoplasmic reticulum stress has a dual effect in regulating cell physiology.Mild endoplasmic reticulum stress promotes osteogenic differentiation and extracellular matrix synthesis;however,persistent excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress leads to cell death.Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell autophagy and apoptosis are closely related to osteoarthritis,osteoporosis,and intervertebral disc degeneration.Aging,drug side effects,metabolic disorders,calcium imbalance,poor lifestyle habits and other reasons may lead to long-term activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress,which causes bone remodeling disorders,cartilage damage,nucleus pulposus cell death and other pathological manifestations,ultimately leading to the occurrence of osteoarthritis,osteoporosis and intervertebral disc degeneration.Intervention in the relevant mechanisms triggering endoplasmic reticulum stress is expected to play a role in the prevention and treatment of common degenerative bone diseases,such as osteoarthritis,osteoporosis and intervertebral disc degeneration.

[Objective] To analyze the loss rate of platelet donors and evaluate the strategies for establishing a platelet donor bank. [Methods] A total of 1 443 donors who joined the HLA and HPA gene donor bank for platelets in Henan Province from 2018 to 2020 were included in this study. Data on the total number of apheresis platelet donations, annual donation frequency, age at enrollment, donation habits (including the number of platelets donated per session and whether they had previously donated whole blood), and enrollment location were collected from the platelet donor information management system. Donor loss was determined based on the date of their last donation. The loss rates of different groups under various conditions were compared to assess the enrollment strategies. [Results] By the time the platelet bank was officially operational in 2022, 421 donors had been lost, resulting in an loss rate of 29% (421/1 443). By the end of 2023, the overall cumulative loss rate reached 52% (746/1 443). The loss rate was lower than the overall level in groups meeting any of the following conditions: total apheresis platelet donations exceeding 50, annual donation frequency of 10 or more, age at enrollment of 40 years or older, donation of more than a single therapeutic dose per session, or a history of whole blood donation two or more times. Additionally, loss rates varied across different enrollment locations, with higher enrollment numbers generally associated with higher loss rates. [Conclusion] Through a comprehensive analysis of donor loss, our center has adjusted its strategies for establishing the donor pool. These findings also provide valuable insights for other blood collection and supply institutions in building platelet donor banks.

Objective:To investigate the drug resistance gene characteristics, plasmid characteristics and genome tracing of Shigella sonnei causing a bacillary dysentery outbreak in Shandong Province. Methods:Sixty-five Shigella sonnei strains isolated from a 2021 outbreak in a county of Shandong Province were analyzed using antimicrobial susceptibility testing, whole genome sequencing (WGS), characterization of resistance and virulence genes, plasmid profiling, core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST), and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. Results:All isolates had the same resistance phenotype and genotypes and were multidrug-resistant ESBL-producing Shigella sonnei, carrying important virulence genes. Plasmid analysis revealed a conserved genetic arrangement, pil( M/ N/ O2/ P)-tra( F/ H/ J/ K/ N/ O/ P/ Q)-IS Ecp1- blaCTX-M-14-Tn 903- yub( J/ I/ F/ G/ E/ D), and shared across strains from diverse regions and bacterial species. The cgMLST and SNP analyses demonstrated concordant clustering, with all 65 outbreak-related strains forming a single cluster alongside human-derived strains from Guangxi. Conclusion:The ESBL-producing Shigella sonnei responsible for the outbreak shares a homologous relationship with Guangxi human-derived strains, and the detected resistance plasmids and virulence genes underscore the need to strengthen drug resistance surveillance and genome tracing.

Objective:To investigate the drug resistance gene characteristics, plasmid characteristics and genome tracing of Shigella sonnei causing a bacillary dysentery outbreak in Shandong Province. Methods:Sixty-five Shigella sonnei strains isolated from a 2021 outbreak in a county of Shandong Province were analyzed using antimicrobial susceptibility testing, whole genome sequencing (WGS), characterization of resistance and virulence genes, plasmid profiling, core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST), and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. Results:All isolates had the same resistance phenotype and genotypes and were multidrug-resistant ESBL-producing Shigella sonnei, carrying important virulence genes. Plasmid analysis revealed a conserved genetic arrangement, pil( M/ N/ O2/ P)-tra( F/ H/ J/ K/ N/ O/ P/ Q)-IS Ecp1- blaCTX-M-14-Tn 903- yub( J/ I/ F/ G/ E/ D), and shared across strains from diverse regions and bacterial species. The cgMLST and SNP analyses demonstrated concordant clustering, with all 65 outbreak-related strains forming a single cluster alongside human-derived strains from Guangxi. Conclusion:The ESBL-producing Shigella sonnei responsible for the outbreak shares a homologous relationship with Guangxi human-derived strains, and the detected resistance plasmids and virulence genes underscore the need to strengthen drug resistance surveillance and genome tracing.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of sweet potato leaf extract on production per-formance,systematic and mammary gland oxidative stress status and rumen microbiota of dairy goats fed high concentrate diets.Twenty Guanzhong dairy goats with same parity,similar lactation period(120±15)d and healthy body condition were selected and randomly divided into four groups:low-concentrate(LC),low-concentrate supplemented with 1％sweet potato leaf extract(LCS),high-concentrate(HC)and high-concentrate supplemented with 1％sweet potato leaf ex-tract(HCS).The experimental period was 35 days.The results showed that in the third week,milk yield in the HCS group was significantly higher than that in the LC and LCS groups(P＜0.05).The content of lipopolysaccharide in the rumen fluid of the HC group was significantly higher than that of the other three groups(P＜0.05),the content of malondialdehyde in the serum of the HC group was significantly higher than that of the LCS group(P＜0.05),the content of reactive oxygen species,protein carbonyl,8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in the milk of the HC group was sig-nificantly higher than that of the LC and LCS groups(P＜0.05),GSH-Px in HCS group was sig-nificantly higher than that in the other three groups(P＜0.05).After the addition of sweet potato leaf extract,there was an increasing trend in the content of Anabaena phylum at the phylum level.In the joint analysis of genera,rumen fluid LPS showed highly significant negative correlation with Succiniclasticum(P＜0.01)and negative correlation with Prevotella(P＜0.05).Valeric acid was negatively correlated with Prevotella(P＜0.05).The pH value was negatively correlated with Treponema(P＜0.05).Butyric acid was positively correlated with Anaeroplasma(P＜0.05).In conclusion,the addition of sweet potato leaf extract to the diet can increase milk production and al-leviate the state of mammary gland oxidative stress,as well as improving rumen microbial diversi-ty of dairy goats.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of sweet potato leaf extract on production per-formance,systematic and mammary gland oxidative stress status and rumen microbiota of dairy goats fed high concentrate diets.Twenty Guanzhong dairy goats with same parity,similar lactation period(120±15)d and healthy body condition were selected and randomly divided into four groups:low-concentrate(LC),low-concentrate supplemented with 1％sweet potato leaf extract(LCS),high-concentrate(HC)and high-concentrate supplemented with 1％sweet potato leaf ex-tract(HCS).The experimental period was 35 days.The results showed that in the third week,milk yield in the HCS group was significantly higher than that in the LC and LCS groups(P＜0.05).The content of lipopolysaccharide in the rumen fluid of the HC group was significantly higher than that of the other three groups(P＜0.05),the content of malondialdehyde in the serum of the HC group was significantly higher than that of the LCS group(P＜0.05),the content of reactive oxygen species,protein carbonyl,8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in the milk of the HC group was sig-nificantly higher than that of the LC and LCS groups(P＜0.05),GSH-Px in HCS group was sig-nificantly higher than that in the other three groups(P＜0.05).After the addition of sweet potato leaf extract,there was an increasing trend in the content of Anabaena phylum at the phylum level.In the joint analysis of genera,rumen fluid LPS showed highly significant negative correlation with Succiniclasticum(P＜0.01)and negative correlation with Prevotella(P＜0.05).Valeric acid was negatively correlated with Prevotella(P＜0.05).The pH value was negatively correlated with Treponema(P＜0.05).Butyric acid was positively correlated with Anaeroplasma(P＜0.05).In conclusion,the addition of sweet potato leaf extract to the diet can increase milk production and al-leviate the state of mammary gland oxidative stress,as well as improving rumen microbial diversi-ty of dairy goats.

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (ADSC) has become a research hotspot in the field of regenerative medicine and stem cells in recent years because of its rich stock, easy access and low immunogenicity. ADSC can regulate immune system not only directly by interacting with immune cells, such as T cells, macrophages and B cells, but also indirectly via secreting soluble cytokines, such as interleukin (IL), growth factors and extracellular vesicles. Meanwhile, the immunomodulatory effects of ADSC have been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo experiments and applied to treat various of immune-related diseases with good results, such as systemic scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus and atopic dermatitis, etc. In this article, the direct and indirect immunomodulatory mechanisms and clinical applications of ADSC are described, its research direction and application prospect are also prospected.

Objective:To investigate the drug resistance status and genomic characterization of Proteus mirabilis (PM) isolated from outpatient cases with diarrhea in Tai′an City and Laizhou City, Shandong Province. Methods:A total of 510 fecal samples were collected from 510 patients with acute diarrhea admitted to 43 sentinel hospitals in Tai′an City and Laizhou City, Shandong Province, between January 2021 and December 2022. The samples were cultured and isolated to identify Proteus spp. by direct inoculation, the drug susceptibility testing was performed by microbroth dilution method, and resistance genes and virulence genes were obtained by whole genome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis, thereby revealing the genetic environment surrounding the blaOXA-1 and blaCTX-M-65 genes. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis and core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) were conducted on the current strains and 100 PM isolates downloaded from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database via customizable methods utilizing RidomSeqSphere+ software, with the objective of exploring the phylogenetic relationships among the strains. Results:A total of 35 strains of Proteus were isolated from 510 fecal samples, including 31 strains of PM with a detection rate of 6.08% (31/510) and four strains of Proteus vulgaris.The multidrug resistance rate of PM was 100.00% (31/31).The 35 isolates carried a total of 43 resistance genotypes.Thirteen strains of PM carried blaOXA-1, six strains carried both blaOXA-1 and blaCTX-M-65, and 15 PM strains carried at least 15 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The virulence genes included ureA, mrpA, ZapA, hpmA and so on. blaOXA-1 and blaCTX-M-65 genes were surrounded by mobile elements such as Tn3, ISL3 and IS6. cgMLST showed consistency with the SNP clustering results. Isolate 2022LZ41 from Laizhou City clustered with isolates 2022TA018, 2022TA017 and 2022TA019 from Tai′an City, with the number of allelic differences ranging from zero to two, and the Laizhou City isolate 2022LZ40 was highly genetically related to strain CRK0056 (human, USA, 2015). Conclusions:PM isolated from patients with diarrhea is multidrug-resistant, carrying many resistance and virulence genes.The presence of mobile genetic elements can lead to horizontal transfer of resistance genes.

This study aimed to explore the effects of akebiaquinata and dandelion extracts in impro-ving intestinal redox homeostasis in weaned rabbits.In the trial,120 35-day-old Ira rabbits weig-hing(1.22±0.08)kg were randomly divided into 4 groups according to the two-factor design,namely group C(basal diet),group D(basal diet+0.5％dandelion extract),group A(basal diet+0.5％akebiaquinata extract),and group DA(basal diet+0.5％dandelion extract+0.5％akebia-quinata extract),with 10 replicates in each group.The adapt period was one week and the experi-mental period was four weeks.At the last day,serum,liver tissue,jejunum and ileal mucosa samples were collected and stored for measurement.The results showed that:(1)First week,the average daily weight gain of group C was significantly lower than that of group D and group A(P＜0.05),and the feed weight ratio was significantly higher than that of group D and group A(P＜0.05).(2)The content of reactive oxygen species(ROS)in liver and serum was significantly reduced in akebiaquinata extract(P＜0.01),and the content of serum ROS in dandelion extract was significantly reduced(P＜0.01),and there were significant and extremely significant interac-tions in liver and serum,respectively.Extracts of akebiaquinata and dandelion were effective in re-ducing the levels of oxidative damage markers in tissues and serum,but increasing the content of malondialdehyde in liver tissues.(3)Akebiaquinata extract significantly increased the activity of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)and total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)in serum(P＜0.01),and significantly reduced the activity of T-AOC in liver(P＜0.01)and superoxide dismutase in je-junum and liver(P＜0.05).Dandelion extract significantly increased the activity of T-AOC in ser-um and GSH-Px in jejunum(P＜0.05).The extracts of akebiaquinata and dandelion had a signifi-cant interaction effect on peroxidase in serum(P＜0.05).(4)The expression of Kelch-like ECH-as-sociated protein 1(Keap1)and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1(NQO1)genes in the jejunum was significantly and extremely significantly reduced by akebiaquinata extract.The extracts of ake-biaquinata and dandelion had significant interaction effects on ileal NQO1,Heme oxygenase1 and Superoxide dismutase 2(P＜0.05)and Keap1(P＜0.01).The expression of NQO1 gene in liver tis-sue was significantly reduced by akebiaquinata extract(P＜0.05).Dandelion and Akebiaquinata ex-tracts can reduce the content of reactive oxygen species in vivo and alleviate oxidative damage.At the same time,dandelion and akebiaquinata extract can work together to regulate antioxidant gene expression and antioxidant enzyme activity through the Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway to maintain intestinal redox homeostasis and relieve intestinal oxidative stress.

ObjectiveTo investigate risk factors for postoperative sore throat in patients with double-lumen endotracheal intubation. MethodsThe data used in this post-hoc analysis were prospectively collected from a randomized， controlled trial. Age from 18 to 65 years old， ASAI-Ⅲ patients undergoing general anesthesia with a double-lumen endotracheal tube were enrolled. The perioperative data collected retrospectively were as follows： gender， age， smoking history， endotracheal tube diameter， duration of endotracheal tube， dose of Sufentanil， use of Flurbiprofen Axetil， cough after extubation， etc..Dynamometer was applied to assess extubation force. According to occurrence of postoperative sore throat， patients were divided into two groups： those who experienced sore throats and those who did not. Comparative analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to screen the risk factors. ROC curve was used for predicting the predictive value of risk factors. ResultsAmong the 163 patients ， 74 （45.4%） had postoperative sore throat vs 89 （54.6%） not had. Multivariate logistic regression showed female ［OR95%CI=3.83（1.73， 8.50）， P=0.000 1］ and extubation force ［OR95%CI=1.78（1.45， 2.17）， P＜0.001］ were independent risk factors for postoperative sore throat. AUC value showed the extubation force was 0.773［95%CI（0.701， 0.846）， P＜0.001］. Youden index was 0.447， and the cut-off valve of extubation force was 13N. ConclusionFemale and extubation force were risk factors for sore throat in patients with double lumen endotracheal intubation.