Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD） is a chronic respiratory disease that poses a significant threat to global health， exhibiting high morbidity， disability and mortality rate， with its prevention and treatment situation becoming increasingly critical. The pathogenesis of COPD is complex， and the underlying cellular and molecular biological mechanisms remain incompletely elucidated. Programmed cell death （PCD） is the process wherein cells actively undergo demise to maintain internal environmental stability in response to certain signals or specific stimuli. Contemporary medical research indicates that the dysregulation of PCD patterns such as apoptosis， necroptosis， pyroptosis， autophagy， and ferroptosis is closely related to the onset and progression of COPD. Clarifying the molecular mechanisms of PCD in COPD may provide novel perspectives for in-depth understanding and prevention of the disease. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） is characterized by holistic regulation. In recent years， extensive research has been conducted in the TCM field focusing on modulating apoptosis， necroptosis， pyroptosis， autophagy， and ferroptosis for the treatment of COPD， yielding remarkable achievements. Therefore， this study systematically explored the molecular mechanism of PCD in COPD and reviewed the potential mechanisms and intervention status of TCM targeting PCD in COPD， aiming to provide insights and references for the clinical prevention， treatment and in-depth research of COPD.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD） is a chronic respiratory disease that poses a significant threat to global health， exhibiting high morbidity， disability and mortality rate， with its prevention and treatment situation becoming increasingly critical. The pathogenesis of COPD is complex， and the underlying cellular and molecular biological mechanisms remain incompletely elucidated. Programmed cell death （PCD） is the process wherein cells actively undergo demise to maintain internal environmental stability in response to certain signals or specific stimuli. Contemporary medical research indicates that the dysregulation of PCD patterns such as apoptosis， necroptosis， pyroptosis， autophagy， and ferroptosis is closely related to the onset and progression of COPD. Clarifying the molecular mechanisms of PCD in COPD may provide novel perspectives for in-depth understanding and prevention of the disease. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） is characterized by holistic regulation. In recent years， extensive research has been conducted in the TCM field focusing on modulating apoptosis， necroptosis， pyroptosis， autophagy， and ferroptosis for the treatment of COPD， yielding remarkable achievements. Therefore， this study systematically explored the molecular mechanism of PCD in COPD and reviewed the potential mechanisms and intervention status of TCM targeting PCD in COPD， aiming to provide insights and references for the clinical prevention， treatment and in-depth research of COPD.

Objective To understand the reliability of caloric test results through the analysis of the pod shape dia-gram types of caloric test and to provide a more accurate and reliable basis for vestibular system function evaluation.Meth-ods The results of caloric test in 528 patients from July 2021 to May 2022 in vertigo diagnosis and treatment center were analyzed.According to pod pattern and unilateral weakness(UW),the patients were divided into five groups:cold and warm test symmetrical group,left and right side asymmetry group,single value significant abnormal group,bilateral hypo-plasia group and pod morphology unable to be classified group.Unreliable data can be identified by comparing,explaining,and summarizing the results of UW of different groups,so as to reduce the interference of unreliable data to clinical diagno-sis and treatment.Results Cold and warm test symmetric group(n=439)included patients with symmetry of bilateral vestibular function(n=273)and decreased vestibular function of one side(n=166).Left and right symmetrical groups in-eluded pationts with bilateral symmetric vestibular function(n=11)and unilateral reduction(n=13).Single value signifi-cant abnormal group showed cases with unilateral vestibular function reduction(n=25)and bilateral symmetric vestibular function(n=11).Bilateral hypolasion group showed cases with bilateral symmetric vestibular function(n=25)and unilat-eral reduction(n=9).Pod morphology unclassified group(n=5)suggested varions interference factors.Conduson When the function of the peripheral vestibular is symmetrical and normal,we should be alert to the existence of temperature effect,and should consider the inspection of the perfusion apparatus and the calibration of the irrigation temperature.When the function of the peripheral vestibular shows unilateral weakness,repeating the irrigation is recommended when the single value of the caloric test significantly increases or decreases.If there is no change,repeating the irrigation at the same tem-perature in the other ear or even repeating the whole caloric test are recommended.The UW value could not truly reflect the state of peripheral vestibular function when the caoric test produces bilateral weakness.Therefore,water irrigation could be used to make a correct judgment based on the medical history and other auxiliary examinations.It is of great significance to judge the effectiveness of caloric test comprehensively by combining the morphology of pod diagram with UW value.

BACKGROUND:As a dominant breed pig in southwest China,the southern Yunnan small-ear pig has been widely used as an experimental animal in the basic research of other disciplines,but there are still no reports on its application in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. OBJECTIVE:To establish a large animal model of the southern Yunnan small-ear pig with anterior cruciate ligament with autologous Achilles tendon was established. METHODS:Twenty adult female Yunnan small-ear pigs were equally randomized into two groups.In the autologous Achilles tendon group,the right knee anterior cruciate ligament was reconstructed with autologous Achilles tendon as a graft,while in the sham-operated group,a similar operation was performed on the right knee without any treatment of the anterior cruciate ligament.General conditions of each pig were observed and recorded before and 12 months after surgery.Ligaments and grafts were taken for gross observation and MAS scoring.Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to observe morphological characteristics of ligaments.The staining and arrangement of type I and type Ⅲ collagen were evaluated by immunohistochemistry.Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the type,size,diameter,ratio,and distribution of collagen fibers in ligaments. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:All animals had normal diet and activity,good wound healing,no obvious inflammatory reaction,no local purulent infection,and no significant changes in mental and urinary conditions compared with those before surgery.The reconstructed cruciate ligament of the knee was intact,with no stiffness and normal range of motion.Both the anterior drawer and Lachman tests were negative.Gross observation of the graft:12 months after surgery,the grafts was in good position,with good integrity,obvious tension,ligament color close to the original anterior cruciate ligament,and complete surface synovial coverage.Most of the intraarticular ligaments in the autologous Achilles tendon group were defined as MAS I type and a few were defined as MAS Ⅱ type.In the sham-operated group,the intraarticular ligament was defined as MAS I type.Hematoxylin-eosin staining indicated that,12 months after surgery,collagen fibers in the autologous Achilles tendon group began to appear bundled,isotropic,and uniformly arranged,with more obvious isotropic corrugations,and the nuclei were mainly linear or spindle-shaped,which were similar to those in normal anterior cruciate ligament tissue of the sham-operated group.Immunohistochemistry results indicated that,12 months after surgery,there was a higher expression of type I collagen and significantly less expression of type Ⅲ collagen in the reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament in the autologous Achilles tendon group.The degree of type I and type Ⅲ staining was similar in the two groups.Under the transmission electron microscope,the diameter,arrangement and density of collagen fibers in the reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament of the autologous Achilles tendon group were similar to those of the original anterior cruciate ligament at 12 months after surgery,indicating that the ligament remodeling process had been basically completed in the autologous Achilles tendon group at 12 months after surgery.Through a comprehensive evaluation of animal general conditions,ligament general view,MAS score,hematoxylin-eosin staining,immunohistochemistry,and transmission electron microscopy observation,we successfully established a large animal model of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using autogenous Achilles tendon in southern Yunnan small-ear pigs,with good morphological,histological and ultrastructural results.

BACKGROUND:Prosthesis loosening and wear are still the main problems in the failure of total ankle replacement,which are closely related to the micro-motion of the implant-bone interface,the contact stress of the articular surface and joint motion.The design of artificial joint components,including insert and tibial/talar stem prosthesis,is a key factor affecting the force,motion,and micromotion of the contact interface of the ankle joint.The development of new inserts is of great significance to improve the survival rate of artificial ankle joints. OBJECTIVE:The finite element model of the total ankle replacement model was constructed to detect the biomechanical properties of the porous structure-optimized inserts,and the effect of the porous structure-optimized inserts on reducing prosthesis micromotion and improving the contact behavior of the articular surface was analyzed. METHODS:Based on the CT scan data of the right ankle joint of a healthy adult and the INBONE Ⅱ system product manual,a three-dimensional model including bone and artificial joint system was established,and the total ankle replacement model(model A)was obtained after osteotomy and prosthesis installation,and then through four new types of inserts,G50,G60,D50,and D60,were obtained by transforming the porous structure of the original insert,and the original one was replaced with different inserts to establish an optimized total ankle replacement model(models B-E)corresponding to the inserts.The gait loads were applied on the five models to simulate the gait conditions.The differences in micromotion and articular surface contact behaviors at the implant-bone interface of all five models were compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)In the gait cycle,the micromotion of the prosthesis of the four optimized total ankle replacement models was lower than that of the original model.Compared with model A,the micromotion of the prosthesis in models B-E decreased by 5.4%,10.1%,8.1%,and 20.9%,respectively.The high micromotion area of t ??he tibial groove dome in the optimized model was significantly smaller than that of the original model.(2)The four optimized models obtained a larger articular surface contact area.Compared with model A,the average contact area of t ??he inserts in models B-E increased by 11.8%,14.7%,8.1%,and 32.6%,respectively.(3)Similar to the effect of increasing the contact area,compared with the original model,the contact stress of the optimized model decreased in varying degrees,and the value of model E decreased the most significantly(P<0.05),it is due to good mechanical properties and large porosity of the Diamond lattice that constitutes the D60-type insert.(4)The research results show that the use of porous structure to improve the inserts can improve the elasticity of the inserts and increase its ability to absorb joint impact,for favorable conditions are created for reducing micromotion at the implant-bone interface and improving joint contact behavior.

The paper reports the treatment of a maintenance hemodialysis patient with pseudoaneurysm (PSA) caused by accidental injury of brachial artery during the puncture of internal fistula. The main treatment methods of PSA include surgical incision and repair, local pressure therapy, ultrasound-guided intraluminal thrombin injection, implantation of covered stent, coil embolization and so on, but they all have some defects. The patient was admitted to hospital due to poor fistula function, and the formation of brachial artery PSA was confirmed by color ultrasound. PSA was successfully treated with ultrasound-guided and balloon-assisted injection of human fibrin sealant. The fistula had good function 3 months after the operation.

Objective To investigate the clinical features and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Methods Medical records were collected from 850 HCC patients who were admitted to Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from December 2014 to May 2022,and their clinical and prognostic features were analyzed.The chi-square test were used for comparison of categorical data between groups;the Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate survival time and survival rate,and the log-rank test was used for comparison of survival time based on baseline features.Results Among the 850 HCC patients,male patients accounted for 82.6%,and the median age at initial diagnosis was 58.0(49.0,66.0)years,with the highest proportion of patients aged 50-69 years(59.8%).The patients with HBV infection accounted for the highest proportion of 77.4%;at initial diagnosis,49.2%of the patients had portal vein tumor thrombus,and 20.2%of the patients had extrahepatic metastasis,among which pulmonary metastasis accounted for the highest proportion of 44.2%(76/172).The patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer(BCLC)stage A(0),B,C,and D HCC accounted for 20.4%,22.5%,41.5%,and 15.6%,respectively.There was a significant difference in the distribution of BCLC stages between different groups based on sex(χ2=16.631,P=0.001),age(χ2=24.261,P=0.019),place of residence(χ2=39.776,P＜0.001),presence or absence of viral hepatitis(χ2=8.338,P=0.040),and presence or absence of regular antiviral therapy before initial diagnosis(χ2=26.140,P＜0.001).Follow-up was performed for 489 patients till death,with a median survival time of 19.99 months(95%confidence interval[CI]:14.86-25.12),and the 1-,3-,5-,and 10-year cumulative survival rates were 60.7%,39.9%,29.4%,and 22.7%,respectively.There was a significant difference in survival time between different groups based on age(χ2=13.452,P=0.009),history of viral hepatitis(χ2=6.123,P=0.013),regular antiviral therapy before initial diagnosis(χ2=15.505,P＜0.001),comorbidity with type 2 diabetes(χ2=9.820,P=0.002),the number of tumors(χ2=57.713,P＜0.001),maximum tumor diameter(χ2=41.862,P＜0.001),portal vein tumor thrombus(χ2=293.909,P＜0.001),extrahepatic metastasis at initial diagnosis(χ2=118.329,P＜0.001),BCLC stage(χ2=465.638,P＜0.001),surgical resection(χ2=78.86,P＜0.001),local treatment(χ2=36.216,P＜0.001),immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment and/or anti-tumor angiogenesis therapy(χ2=7.182,P=0.007),traditional Chinese medicine decoction treatment(χ2=30.050,P＜0.001),and comprehensive treatment regimens(χ2=13.221,P=0.004).Progression-free survival(PFS)was recorded for 259 patients(30.5%),with a median PFS of 10.98 months(95%CI:8.54-13.42).Conclusion HCC patients exhibit epidemiological characteristics in terms of sex,age,place of residence,presence or absence of viral hepatitis,regular antiviral therapy before initial diagnosis,tumor characteristics,treatment modality,and prognosis,with a low early detection rate and a short overall survival time,and therefore,it is urgent to perform early screening,early diagnosis,and early treatment.

Objective To investigate the influencing factors associated with bleeding complications in patients with obstructive jaundice treated with percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage(PTCD).Methods Clinical data of 1 042 patients with obstructive jaundice,who received PTCD at the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University,the Xiangya Second Hospital of Central South University,and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guizhou Medical University of China between January 2015 and January 2021,were collected.The risk factors related to PTCD bleeding complications were retrospective analyzed.Results The location where the drainage tube forming loop had a statistically significant effect on PTCD bleeding complications(P＜0.01).Compared with the loop-forming within the common bile duct,the loop-forming within the left and right hepatic duct would increase the risk of postoperative bleeding by 155.6％(OR=2.556,95％CI:1.251-5.225),the loop-forming within the lower order branch of the left and right hepatic duct would increase the risk of postoperative bleeding by 414.4％(OR=5.144,95％CI:2.618-10.106).The difference in the risk degree of postoperative bleeding between different drainage ways after successful puncturing was statistically significant(P＜0.05).Compared with the external drainage method,internal-external joint drainage method would increase the risk degree of postoperative bleeding by 159.1％(OR=2.591,95％CI:1.102-6.091).Preoperative platelet count and preoperative total bilirubin level were the independent risk factors for bleeding complications of PTCD(P＜0.05).For each unit increase in preoperative platelet count,the probability of developing postoperative bleeding complications would decrease by 0.2％(OR=0.998,95％CI:0.995-1.000),and a preoperative platelet count level＜228 ×109/L would have an impact on the postoperative bleeding.For each unit increase in preoperative total bilirubin,the probability of developing postoperative bleeding complications would increase by 0.3％(OR=1.003,95％CI:1.001-1.004),and a preoperative total bilirubin＞264.4 μmol/L would have an impact on the postoperative bleeding.Conclusion The loop-forming location of draining tube and the drainage method are the independent risk factors for PTCD bleeding complications.The closer the loop-forming location to the tertiary branches is,the greater the risk of bleeding would be.The bleeding risk of internal-external joint drainage method is higher than that of external drainage method.The preoperative total bilirubin and preoperative platelet count are the independent risk factors for bleeding complications of PTCD.The preoperative total bilirubin level is positively correlated with bleeding risk,while the preoperative platelet count level is negatively correlated with the bleeding risk.(J Intervent Radiol,2024,33:500-506)

Objective To observe the value of deep learning(DL)models for automatic classification of echocardiographic views.Methods Totally 100 patients after heart transplantation were retrospectively enrolled and divided into training set,validation set and test set at a ratio of 7∶2∶1.ResNet18,ResNet34,Swin Transformer and Swin Transformer V2 models were established based on 2D apical two chamber view,2D apical three chamber view,2D apical four chamber view,2D subcostal view,parasternal long-axis view of left ventricle,short-axis view of great arteries,short-axis view of apex of left ventricle,short-axis view of papillary muscle of left ventricle,short-axis view of mitral valve of left ventricle,also 3D and CDFI views of echocardiography.The accuracy,precision,recall,F1 score and confusion matrix were used to evaluate the performance of each model for automatically classifying echocardiographic views.The interactive interface was designed based on Qt Designer software and deployed on the desktop.Results The performance of models for automatically classifying echocardiographic views in test set were all good,with relatively poor performance for 2D short-axis view of left ventricle and superior performance for 3D and CDFI views.Swin Transformer V2 was the optimal model for automatically classifying echocardiographic views,with high accuracy,precision,recall and F1 score was 92.56％,89.01％,89.97％and 89.31％,respectively,which also had the highest diagonal value in confusion matrix and showed the best classification effect on various views in t-SNE figure.Conclusion DL model had good performance for automatically classifying echocardiographic views,especially Swin Transformer V2 model had the best performance.Using interactive classification interface could improve the interpretability of prediction results to some extent.

[Purpose]To estimate the trends in disability-adjusted life years(DALY)caused by gastric cancer(GC)in China from 2000 to 2021.[Methods]Using data from Global Burden of Disease 2021,the DALY and age-standardized DALY rates of gastric cancer from 2000 to 2021 in the Chinese population were analyzed.An age-period-cohort model was used to evaluate the average annual percentage change(AAPC)in DALY rates from 2000 to 2021 in China,and to compare with those in the world,Japan,Korea,and the United States of America.We analyzed the changes in GC DALYs associated with population aging,population growth,and age-specific DALY rates from 2001 to 2021 using a decomposition method,by taking data in 2000 as a refer-ence.[Results]In 2021,GC DALY in the Chinese population were 1 064.21×104 person-years,accounting for 46.70％of the global GC DALY and 14.94％of all cancers DALY in China.The DALY in those aged ≥65 years old accounted for 49.97％.From 2000 to 2021,the total GC DALY in the Chinese population decreased by 4.59％,and the age-standardized rate decreased from 959.29/105 to 501.26/105.From 2000 to 2021,similar decreased trends were observed in China and Japan,with AAPC being-3.58％and-3.72％,respectively.A higher decreased trend was observed in Korea,whereas relatively modest decreased trends were observed in the global levels and in the United States of America,with AAPC being-5.04％,-2.79％,and-1.48％,respectively.From 2000 to 2021,age-specific DALY rates and population aging accounted for the largest decrease and increase in GC DALY.The changes in GC DALY attributed to these two fac-tors were-14.84％(-760.41×104 person-years)and 9.65％(494.56x104 person-years),respectively.[Conclusion]The disease burden of GC in China decreased in the past 20 years.GC DALYs at-tributed to rapidly increased population aging,and population aging has become the first driving factor for the DALY increase in China.The coverage of GC screening population and the inter-vention measures of population aging should be strengthened.