To develop a guideline terminology system and promote its standardization, thereby enhancing medical staff's accurate understanding and correct application of guidelines.

To introduce and analyze guideline terminology related to clinical question formulation, evidence retrieval and appraisal, and recommendation development.

OBJECTIVE: To accurately measure human energy metabolism with high temporal resolution, a respiratory gas analysis system was designed using a breath-by-breath approach. METHODS: Firstly, indirect calorimetry was employed in respiratory gas analysis to measure the respiratory flow and concentration signals in real-time. Secondly, oxygen consumption QO2 and carbon dioxide production QCO2 were calculated through respiratory characteristic alignment and respiratory signal segmentation. Finally, metabolic indexes were calculated according to the Weir formula. Furthermore, a controlled trial was formulated for validation comparisons with the MGC ULTIMA SYSTEM PFX CARDIO2. RESULTS: The results indicate that the data points of metabolic indexes measured by this system all fall within the confidence interval when compared with those of the MGC. CONCLUSION The system has high consistency with the MGC measurement results. Thus, the system can accurately measure metabolism in real-time and provide data support for clinical nutrition assessment and therapy.
Humans ; Energy Metabolism ; Breath Tests/instrumentation* ; Calorimetry, Indirect/instrumentation* ; Equipment Design

Objective:To investigate the correlation and causal relationship between neonatal birth weight and urinary microproteins and creatinine in adulthood.Methods:Genome-wide association studies were conducted to extract genetic loci with significant influ-ence from dataset as instrumental variables,and they were analyzed by inverse variance weighted(IVW),weighted median,MR Egger,and MR-PRESSO methods to investigate the causal relationship between neonatal birth weight and urinary microproteins and creati-nine in adulthood.A retrospective analysis was performed for 113 neonates who were admitted to Department of Neonatology,Shanxi Children's Hospital,from January 2005 to January 2007,and related data were collected during the neonatal and adult stages.A Pear-son correlation analysis was used to determine the correlation between neonatal birth weight and urinary microproteins and creatinine in adulthood.Results:The MR-IVW test showed that neonatal birth weight had a statistically significant correlation with urinary micro-proteins(P=0.037)and urinary creatinine(P=0.015)in adulthood.The retrospective study showed that there were no significant differ-ences between the two groups in all variables except body weight(P>0.05).In addition,the Pearson correlation analysis showed that neonatal birth weight was negatively correlated with urinary microproteins(r=-0.78,P=0.015)and was positively correlated with uri-nary creatinine(r=0.78,P=0.018).Conclusion:Neonatal birth weight is negatively correlated with urinary microproteins and is positively correlated with urinary creatinine in adulthood.

Telepsychiatry,as an innovative healthcare model that utilizes remote communication technology for the diagnosis,treatment,counseling,and management of mental illnesses,not only has seen rapid development during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic,but also has played a crucial role in alleviating the global shortage of mental health resources.In recent years,with the rapid advancement of digital technology,emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence,virtual reality,and wearable digital health devices have demonstrated broad application prospects in the field of telepsychiatry.This article systematically reviews the relevant literatures on telepsychiatry,delving into its concepts,major tools,and clinical applications,providing insights for researchers and decision-makers in the field,and ultimately promoting the widespread adoption of telepsychiatry.

Post-stroke depression(PSD)is one of the commonly-seen complications after stroke,which seriously affects patients'quality of life and outcome of disease.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)classifies PSD as the co-morbidity of stroke and depression.This paper explored the pathogenesis and therapeutic principles of PSD from the view of"heart-blood-vessels"integration.It is proposed that PSD originates from the lesions of blood and vessels,and then the heart-body is involved;the lesions of heart,blood and vessels can cause the disorders of spirit.The core pathogenesis is due to the deficiency of heart qi,unsmoothed circulation of the vessels,and blood stasis causing depression of spirit.The principle of intervention of PSD should be focused on protecting vessels and regulating blood,nourishing heart and tranquilizing.Protecting vessels can be achieved by generating vessels,soothing vessels,and unblocking vessels through the application of Shengmai San,Zhi Gancao Decoction,and Tongmai Sini Decoction respectively.Regulating blood can be achieved by activating blood and generating blood.For activating blood,Danshen Decoction and Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction can be employed;for generating blood,Bazhen Decoction,Renshen Yangrong Decoction and Danggui Buxue Decoction can be employed.For nourishing heart and tranquilizing,the modified Gan Mai Dazao Decoction and Guipi Decoction can be employed.The view of"heart-blood-vessels"integration makes up for the disadvantages in separating the physique from the spirit,and in separating the structure from the function in the theory of the vessels and collaterals,and expands the approach of TCM treatment for PSD.

Objective To investigate biological markers associated with psychotic symptoms in patients with bipolar disorder(BD)based on electronic medical records of patients,and to develop an interpretable risk prediction model that supports the identification of high-risk individuals and that facilitates decision-making for providing clinical intervention in a timely manner.Methods A total of 2 352 patients diagnosed with BD and admitted to West China Hospital,Sichuan University were enrolled using the electronic medical records system of the hospital.The participants were divided into two subgroups,the bipolar disorder depression(BDD)group and the bipolar disorder mania(BDM)group.The logistic regression algorithm was used to train and validate the prediction model,and interpretability methods were used to analyze the contribution of each feature to individuals and the effect of the features on specific target prediction decisions.Results The logistic regression model demonstrated robust predictive performance across the BD,BDD,and BDM cohorts,with areas under the curve(AUC)of the receiver operating characteristic curves always exceeding 81.6%.The core predictive features included platelet distribution width(PDW),fibrinogen(FIB),platelet large cell ratio(P-LCR),activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT),prothrombin time(PT),and triglyceride(TG).The logistic regression model exhibited strong interpretability and was combined with nomograms for intuitive risk quantification and individualized prediction.Conclusion The logistic regression model enables rapid and simple screening of BD patients with psychotic symptoms.Distinct patterns of changes observed in blood biomarkers of BDD and BDM subgroups enrich the understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and highlight the importance of considering subtypes in the intervention and management of patients.

Objective To analyze the risk factors influencing the occurrence of atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes, and to construct and evaluate a nomogram prediction model. Methods Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus, and R software was used to build a nomogram prediction model. The accuracy and clinical validity of the model were verified by using H-L fit curve, area under ROC curve and calibration curve. Results The prevalence rate of atherosclerosis was 56.37%. Independent risk factors for atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus (P<0.05) were body weight (OR=1.42，P<0.05), glycated serum protein (OR=1.35, P<0.05), lactate dehydrogenase (OR=1.17, P<0.05), alkaline phosphatase (OR=0.79, P<0.05), hyperlipidemia (OR=2.30, P<0.05), stroke (OR=4.20, P<0.05), coronary heart disease (OR=64.54, P<0.05), lower extremity artery disease (OR=24.52, P<0.05), and other endocrine diseases (OR=1.65 , P<0.05). The area under ROC curve was 0.91, the slope of the calibration curve was close to 1, and the H-L fit curve χ²=3.11. The internal verification result of the constructed nomogram prediction model was P=0.93. External verification of patients in the test set showed that the area under ROC curve was 0.91, indicating good differentiation and accuracy of the model. Conclusion The prediction model established by using the risk factors screened in this study has a high accuracy and differentiation, and medical staff can take effective prevention measures according to the individual factors of patients.

The implantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is an important therapeutic tool for patients with end-stage heart failure, which can either help patients transit to the heart transplantation stage or serve as destination therapy until the end of their lives. In recent years, the third generation of LVAD has evolved rapidly and several brands have been marketed both domestically and internationally. The number of LVAD implantations has been increasing and the long-term survival rate of implanted patients has improved, so this device has a broad development perspective. This article summarizes the current status, usage standards and precautions, and common complications after implantation of LVAD, as well as looks forward to the future development of LVAD, hoping to be helpful for researchers who are new to this field.

The essence of clinical practice guidelines lies in their recommendations. It is common to find strong recommendations supported by low-quality evidence in current published guidelines. There is a typical misunderstanding among medical professionals that without high-quality evidence, it is impossible to develop high-quality guidelines or only expert consensus can be developed. Based on the GRADE approach, this paper explains the concept and clinical significance of low-quality evidence, and introduces the methods for formulating recommendations based on low-quality evidence in guidelines, with the aim to provide reference for guideline developers and users in China.