Olfactory diagnosis refers to the method of diagnosing diseases by smelling the odor emitted from the patient's body,secretions and excreta,and the odor of the sick room.It is one of the important diagnostic methods under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)theory,and is included in the"inquiry and olfaction"of TCM.In recent years,there has been rapid development in medical-engineering integration,artificial intelligence,big data,and other interdisciplinary fields.This has been promoting the TCM gradually to develop towards accurate,efficient and personalized medical treatment,which has opened a new era of"Smart TCM".In this paper,the ancient literature related to olfactory diagnosis was systematically reviewed,the developmental characteristics of olfactory diagnosis theories in various periods was sorted out,and the different views of TCM specialists on the odors emitted by the human body in physiological and pathological states was summarized.The paper is to explore the origin of TCM olfactory diagnosis and its periodization,clarify the diagnosis of abnormal odors,corresponding to the nature,etiology and prognosis of the disease,and clarify the development of TCM olfactory diagnosis.It provides a theoretical source and literature basis for promoting the research of"smart olfactory diagnosis of TCM"and facilitating the development of objectivity,standardization and intelligence of olfactory diagnosis in TCM.

Olfactory diagnosis refers to the method of diagnosing diseases by smelling the odor emitted from the patient's body,secretions and excreta,and the odor of the sick room.It is one of the important diagnostic methods under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)theory,and is included in the"inquiry and olfaction"of TCM.In recent years,there has been rapid development in medical-engineering integration,artificial intelligence,big data,and other interdisciplinary fields.This has been promoting the TCM gradually to develop towards accurate,efficient and personalized medical treatment,which has opened a new era of"Smart TCM".In this paper,the ancient literature related to olfactory diagnosis was systematically reviewed,the developmental characteristics of olfactory diagnosis theories in various periods was sorted out,and the different views of TCM specialists on the odors emitted by the human body in physiological and pathological states was summarized.The paper is to explore the origin of TCM olfactory diagnosis and its periodization,clarify the diagnosis of abnormal odors,corresponding to the nature,etiology and prognosis of the disease,and clarify the development of TCM olfactory diagnosis.It provides a theoretical source and literature basis for promoting the research of"smart olfactory diagnosis of TCM"and facilitating the development of objectivity,standardization and intelligence of olfactory diagnosis in TCM.

A-kinase anchor protein 12 (AKAP12) is a scaffold protein that improves the specificity and efficiency of spatio-temporal signals by assembling intracellular signal proteins into specific complexes. In recent years, the role of AKAP12 in chronic liver diseases has attracted more and more attention. This article introduces the physiological functions of AKAP12 and reviews the role of AKAP12 in chronic liver diseases, in order to lay a foundation for the use of AKAP12 small molecule as a new therapeutic target for chronic liver diseases.

Objective To investigate the value of diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) in diagnosing early diabetic nephropathy. Methods Twelve pigs were divided into the experimental group (7 pigs) and the control group (5 pigs), used the random number table method. The experimental group was fed with high?fat high?sugar diet,and then repeatedly injected small doses(50 mg/kg) of Streptozotocin (STZ) through the ear vein. Meanwhile,the control group was fed with normal diet and injected with the same dose of citric acid?sodium citrate buffer solution.After the type 2 diabetes was established successfully, T1WI, T2WI and DKI sequence imaging were performed every month for 2 pigs from the experimental group and the control group,respectively.Mean kurtosis(MK), axial kurtosis (K∥), radial kurtosis (K⊥), fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity(MD) were measured on the pseudo?color map of the post?processing workstation. fasting blood glucose(GLU),insulin (INS),renal function, urine routines and random albumin creatinine ratio(RACR) were measured before MRI scan. Specimens from bilateral kidneys were taken for pathological examination after MRI scan. The paired t test was used to compare the parameter values of the cortex and medulla. Independent sample t test was used tocompare the parameter values of the experimental group and the control group. Results In the experimental group,the MK, FA values of medulla were 0.66±0.07 and 0.19± 0.04, the MK, FA values of cortex were 0.60±0.06 and 0.16±0.03.In the control group,the MK, FA values of medulla were 0.59±0.03 and 0.20±0.04, the MK, FA values of cortex were 0.53±0.03 and 0.17±0.04.The MK and FA values of medulla were increased compared with the cortex and the difference were statistically significant (P<0.01). The MK, K⊥ values of cortex and medulla were increased in the experimental group compared with the control group and the difference were statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no significant differences in the K∥, FA and MD values between two groups (both cortex and medulla, P>0.05). Conclusion DKI sequencehas certain value in the diagnosis of early diabetic nephropathy, and to some extent reveals the pathological change in early diabetic nephropathy.

Objective To evaluate the effect of adenosine receptor antagonist SCH442416 on the expression of Kir2.1,Kir4.1 and TASK-1 in rat Müller cell at an elevated hydrostatic pressure in vitro.Methods Thirty SPF Sprague Dawley rats were purchased from Shanghai Slack Laboratory Animals Ltd.Cultured Müller cells were divided into normal control group (n =6),40 mmHg/24 hours (1 mmHg =0.133 kPa) group (n =6) and adenosine + SCH442416 intervention group (n =6).Müller cells were treated with 40 mmHg pressure for 24 hours in 40 mmHg/24 hours group,and Müller cells were treated with 40 mmHg pressure for 24 hours + 10 μ mol/L adenosine + 100 nmol/L SCH442416 in adenosine + SCH442416 intervention group.The real-time PCR,Western blot,whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and immunohistochemistry were used to detect Kir2.1,Kir4.1 and TASK-1 expression and Müller cells Kir currents.The experimental procedures were in accordance with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory,and follow the 3R principle.Results Western blot assay showed that,following 40 mmHg pressure cultured for 24 hours,the expression of Kir4.1 and TASK-1 protein in Müller cell were significantly decreased by 38.6％ and 52.6％ compared with the normal control group,with significant differences between the two groups (both at P =0.000);Kir2.1 protein expression decreased by 14.7％,with insignificant difference between the two groups (P =0.082).Kir4.1 and TASK protein expression in adenosine + SCH442416 intervention group was increased by 60.7％ and 61.4％ compared with the 40 mmHg/24 hours group,with significant differences between the two groups (both at P =0.000);Kir2.1 protein expression in adenosine + SCH442416 intervention group was increased by 8.8％ compared with the 40 mmHg/24 hours group,with insignificant difference between them (P =0.354).Real-time PCR assay showed that,following 40 mmHg pressure cultured for 24 hours,Kir2.1,Kir4.1 and TASK-1 mRNA expression in Müller cells were significantly decreased compared with the normal control group,with significant differences between the two groups (P =0.047,0.001,0.000);Kir4.1 and TASK-1 mRNA expression in Müller cells in the adenosine + SCH442416 intervention group was significantly increased compared with the 40 mmHg/24 hours group,with significant differences between the two groups (P =0.038,0.030);however,there is no significant change in Kir2.1 mRNA expression (P =0.612).Conclusions SCH442416 upregulates the expression of Kir4.1 and TASK-1 mRNA and protein,but weakly affects the expression of Kir2.1.

Suicide - gene therapy is now regarded as a new method for tumor with good prospect. Since bystander effect is the main mechanism and is positively correlated with the immune function, stimulating the immune function of tumor carriers and improving the inflammatory microimmune situation are two important keys to good therapeutic effect. As it is known that Chinese herbal medicine is effective in improving human immune function and has less toxic effect, therefore, suicide - gene therapy combined with Chinese herbal medicine may be a new, safe and economic regimen for tumor.