To address the issue of reduced signal quality of photoplethysmography caused by local fluctuation,an approach called locally orthogonal weighted polynomial fitting(LOWPF)is proposed for signal smoothing.After determining the positions of the fluctuation sequences using the forward-backward difference XOR method,weighted polynomial fitting is applied to these sequences,and the fitted values are used to replace the fluctuation sequences to achieve signal smoothing.By constructing orthogonal basis functions,the condition number of the coefficient matrix is reduced,and the stability of the equation system solution for higher-order fitting is improved.Simulation results demonstrate that the smoothed signal's XOR smoothness of the proposed method surpasses that of the moving average algorithm and the empirical mode decomposition reconstruction algorithm.The smoothing results on 241 sets of measured PPG signals show that LOWPF achieves an efficiency of smoothness of 89.10%,significantly higher than the 78.05%of empirical mode decomposition and the 59.13%of the 5-point moving average algorithm.LOWPF has promising application prospects for smoothing signals with significant local fluctuations.

Objective This study aims to investigate the effects of acupuncture on the spatial learning and memory capacities,the morphological characteristics of hippocampal neurons,the components of extracellular matrix,as well as the structure of the blood-brain barrier in SAMP8 mice.Moreover,it endeavors to explore the underlying mechanism through which the"Tongdu Qishen"(activating governor vessel and awakening spirit)acupuncture method ameliorates the cognitive function and modulates cerebral blood flow in SAMP8 mice.Methods Twenty 6-month-old male SAMP8 mice were randomly allocated into a model group and an electroacupuncture group,with ten mice in each group.Additionally,ten homologous 6-month-old male SAMR1 mice were designated as the normal control group.In the electroacupuncture group,the acupoint"Renzhong"(GV 26)was punctured using a quick insertion technique,while"Baihui"(GV 20)and"Yintang"(EX-HN 3)were punctured via a transverse insertion method.Subsequently,the needle handles were connected to an electroacupuncture apparatus,which was set to operate with a dense-sparse wave at a frequency of 100 Hz/2 Hz and an electric current of 2 mA.Each session of acupuncture lasted for 20 minutes and was conducted once a day for a consecutive period of 28 days.The normal group,the model group,and the electroacupuncture group all underwent identical fixation and restraint procedures to ensure consistent experimental conditions.The Morris water maze was employed to evaluate the spatial learning and memory abilities of the mice.The Nissl staining technique was utilized to assess the alterations in hippocampal neurons of SAMP8 mice.The laser speckle imaging system was adopted to measure the cerebral blood flow of the mice in each group.Transmission electron microscopy was applied to observe the ultrastructure of the blood-brain barrier within the frontal cortex tissue of the SAMP8 mice's brains.The Western blotting method was used to detect the expressions of Collagen-Ⅳ and Fibronectin in the brain tissues of SAMP8 mice.Results In comparison with the model group,the"Tongdu Qishen"acupuncture method demonstrated a significant efficacy in improving the spatial learning and memory abilities of SAMP8 mice(P<0.05).It also effectively alleviated the degeneration of hippocampal neurons,remarkably increased the cerebral blood flow perfusion volume of SAMP8 mice(P<0.05),ameliorated the damage to the blood-brain barrier structure,significantly upregulated the content of Collagen-Ⅳ(P<0.05),and significantly downregulated the content of Fibronectin(P<0.0001).Conclusion The"Tongdu Qishen"acupuncture method is capable of favorably regulating the extracellular matrix of SAMP8 mice,thereby improving cerebral blood flow and ultimately enhancing their learning and memory abilities.

To address the issue of reduced signal quality of photoplethysmography caused by local fluctuation,an approach called locally orthogonal weighted polynomial fitting(LOWPF)is proposed for signal smoothing.After determining the positions of the fluctuation sequences using the forward-backward difference XOR method,weighted polynomial fitting is applied to these sequences,and the fitted values are used to replace the fluctuation sequences to achieve signal smoothing.By constructing orthogonal basis functions,the condition number of the coefficient matrix is reduced,and the stability of the equation system solution for higher-order fitting is improved.Simulation results demonstrate that the smoothed signal's XOR smoothness of the proposed method surpasses that of the moving average algorithm and the empirical mode decomposition reconstruction algorithm.The smoothing results on 241 sets of measured PPG signals show that LOWPF achieves an efficiency of smoothness of 89.10%,significantly higher than the 78.05%of empirical mode decomposition and the 59.13%of the 5-point moving average algorithm.LOWPF has promising application prospects for smoothing signals with significant local fluctuations.

Objective This study aims to investigate the effects of acupuncture on the spatial learning and memory capacities,the morphological characteristics of hippocampal neurons,the components of extracellular matrix,as well as the structure of the blood-brain barrier in SAMP8 mice.Moreover,it endeavors to explore the underlying mechanism through which the"Tongdu Qishen"(activating governor vessel and awakening spirit)acupuncture method ameliorates the cognitive function and modulates cerebral blood flow in SAMP8 mice.Methods Twenty 6-month-old male SAMP8 mice were randomly allocated into a model group and an electroacupuncture group,with ten mice in each group.Additionally,ten homologous 6-month-old male SAMR1 mice were designated as the normal control group.In the electroacupuncture group,the acupoint"Renzhong"(GV 26)was punctured using a quick insertion technique,while"Baihui"(GV 20)and"Yintang"(EX-HN 3)were punctured via a transverse insertion method.Subsequently,the needle handles were connected to an electroacupuncture apparatus,which was set to operate with a dense-sparse wave at a frequency of 100 Hz/2 Hz and an electric current of 2 mA.Each session of acupuncture lasted for 20 minutes and was conducted once a day for a consecutive period of 28 days.The normal group,the model group,and the electroacupuncture group all underwent identical fixation and restraint procedures to ensure consistent experimental conditions.The Morris water maze was employed to evaluate the spatial learning and memory abilities of the mice.The Nissl staining technique was utilized to assess the alterations in hippocampal neurons of SAMP8 mice.The laser speckle imaging system was adopted to measure the cerebral blood flow of the mice in each group.Transmission electron microscopy was applied to observe the ultrastructure of the blood-brain barrier within the frontal cortex tissue of the SAMP8 mice's brains.The Western blotting method was used to detect the expressions of Collagen-Ⅳ and Fibronectin in the brain tissues of SAMP8 mice.Results In comparison with the model group,the"Tongdu Qishen"acupuncture method demonstrated a significant efficacy in improving the spatial learning and memory abilities of SAMP8 mice(P<0.05).It also effectively alleviated the degeneration of hippocampal neurons,remarkably increased the cerebral blood flow perfusion volume of SAMP8 mice(P<0.05),ameliorated the damage to the blood-brain barrier structure,significantly upregulated the content of Collagen-Ⅳ(P<0.05),and significantly downregulated the content of Fibronectin(P<0.0001).Conclusion The"Tongdu Qishen"acupuncture method is capable of favorably regulating the extracellular matrix of SAMP8 mice,thereby improving cerebral blood flow and ultimately enhancing their learning and memory abilities.

Objective: To elucidate the differences in manual acupuncture effectiveness at sensitized points by investigating the mechanisms of local skin action at different sensitization points in rats with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Methods: Forty Sprague–Dawley rats were equally divided into control, model (1 mg of monoiodoacetate into the right knee joint cavity), sham operation, manual acupuncture at right Tianjing acupoint (MAR-SJ 10), and left SJ 10 groups. Safranine-O and fast green staining were used to assess the modeling. The morphological and functional changes in mast cells (MCs) were assessed during acupoint sensitization using toluidine blue and immunofluorescence staining. The levels of serotonin, histamine, substance P (SP), and tryptase at skin acupoints and serum levels of IL-β, IL-6, and TNF-α were detected using ELISA. Results: After 14 days of treatment, the number of MCs and their degranulation rates were statistically higher in the model group than in the control group (both P < .001). After applying acupuncture, the levels of 5-HT, HA, and SP at skin acupoints were lower than those in the model group (all P < .05), and tryptase level was higher (both P < .05). Tryptase level was higher on the skin at the MAL-SJ 10 acupoint than that on the MAR-SJ 10 acupoint (P = .004). Compared with the model group, the serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the MAR-SJ 10 and MAL-SJ 10 groups were lower (all P < .05). Conclusion Acupuncture at KOA-sensitized acupoints mitigates joint injury in KOA rats and may bidirectionally regulate local MCs of these acupoints. This finding not only enhances the reference value of sensitizing points in clinical diagnosis and treatment, but also contributes to the understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying acupuncture intervention at sensitizing points.

In this study,we used the Yuan publication Chao Shi Zhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun Zong Lun as the base text,used Zhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun Jiao Zhu edited by Ding Guangdi as the proofreading text,and used"forgetfulness"as the search words.We explored the contents of Zhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun related to the core symptom of dementia-forgetfulness,and analyzed the etiology and mechanism of the disease.After analyzing,Zhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun believes that forgetfulness is mostly caused by emotional changes,internal obstruction of blood stasis,loss of internal organs,deficiency of essence,qi and blood,loss of nourishment of the brain marrow,special diseases such as foot fungus disease,blindly taking cold food,leprosy that has not been treated for a long time,and cumulative disease,etc.This indicates that after more than a thousand years of development,the academic thinking of Zhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun is still of certain guiding significance for the prevention and treatment of dementia in today's clinic,and it further enriches and improves the theoretical understanding of Chinese medicine on dementia,and provides a solid theoretical foundation and new ideas for the prevention and treatment of dementia.

The senescence accelerate mouse prone strain was identified by Professor T.Takeda's laboratory in Japan from the offspring produced by the brother-sister inbred line of AKR/J mice donated by Jackson Laboratory in the United States SAMP),and SAMP8 mice showed a variety of aging characteristics,such as:Pathological changes such as memory and learning disorders,behavioral abnormalities,skin roughness,aging,hair loss,eye lesions(visual impairment,cataract,periocular lesions),hearing impairment,weight loss,muscle strength loss,reproductive system aging,liver and fat metabolism disorders,etc.,are widely used in experimental studies of related diseases or pathology,and have made considerable contributions to the research of diseases.However,there are also many problems in its application,such as the selection of month age,the use of intervention methods,the suitability of pathological changes and research content,and the understanding of models under different theoretical backgrounds,which are of great research value.Therefore,this paper systematically analyzes the above problems based on existing literature,in order to provide relevant basis for the application of SAMP8 mice in different fields and different mechanisms.

A theoretical study on the differentiation and treatment of Alzheimer's disease by acupuncture and moxibustion based on"kidney-du-brain"system.According to the pathology,symptoms and outcome of Alzheimer's disease,it is identified as"dementia"from the perspective of genesis,and it is believed that the disease location of Alzheimer's disease is in the kidney and brain,and it is closely related to the governor vein,and the core pathogenesis is the kidney deficiency and pulp reduction,the governor vein is not clear,and the brain spirit is not used.It is a sign of deficiency and deficiency.Due to old age and infirmity,congenital loss leads to lack of kidney essence and lack of marrow;Qi and blood deficiency,God has no support and no support;Obstruction of the Dao pulse,Yang stagnation does not cloth,resulting in toxic damage to the brain,god machine lost use.Therefore,based on the"kidney-Du-brain-consciousness"system as the theoretical basis,to benefit the kidney,Tongdu,inspiring God as the treatment principle,to guide the acupuncture treatment of Alzheimer's disease and its complications,the summary is hereby provided for your attention.

"YishentongDu Shengyang"method is based on the physiological and pathological system of"kidney-du-pulp",which is an effective acupuncture treatment method for pulp diseases.Pulp disease,as the name suggests,is located in the pulp and is closely related to the material basis and function of the viscera and the viscera.Its etiology is complex and diverse,its pathogenesis is mixed with deficiency and deficiency,the true and false syndromes are difficult to distinguish,and the paths of transmission are diverse,so the prognosis is often poor.The root of pulp disease is the deficiency of kidney essence,the root of pulp disease is the attenuation of Yuan Yang,and the standard of pulp disease is the blockage of Du pulse.The original"Yishen-Tongdu Shengyang"method to guide acupuncture and moxibustion treatment is intended to tonify kidney essence,smooth Du pulse,and produce Yang qi,which has good effects on pulp disease,supplementing its root,removing its standard and reapplying it.Therefore,we hereby discuss and analyze.

In this study,we used the Yuan publication Chao Shi Zhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun Zong Lun as the base text,used Zhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun Jiao Zhu edited by Ding Guangdi as the proofreading text,and used"forgetfulness"as the search words.We explored the contents of Zhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun related to the core symptom of dementia-forgetfulness,and analyzed the etiology and mechanism of the disease.After analyzing,Zhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun believes that forgetfulness is mostly caused by emotional changes,internal obstruction of blood stasis,loss of internal organs,deficiency of essence,qi and blood,loss of nourishment of the brain marrow,special diseases such as foot fungus disease,blindly taking cold food,leprosy that has not been treated for a long time,and cumulative disease,etc.This indicates that after more than a thousand years of development,the academic thinking of Zhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun is still of certain guiding significance for the prevention and treatment of dementia in today's clinic,and it further enriches and improves the theoretical understanding of Chinese medicine on dementia,and provides a solid theoretical foundation and new ideas for the prevention and treatment of dementia.