Intestinal barrier damage is a prominent feature of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） and serves as a critical factor driving the progression from simple fatty liver to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis （NASH）， fibrosis， and cirrhosis. The "turbid pathogenic factors entering the blood" theory integrates classical traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） principles with contemporary disease evolution trends and research findings. It posits that endogenous turbid pathogenic factors within the body infiltrate the blood vessels， leading to impure and viscous blood quality， thereby triggering various diseases. Based on this theory， this article elucidated the pathogenic mechanism of NAFLD-associated intestinal barrier damage. It argued that in NAFLD， the liver loses its dredging function， and the spleen becomes obstructed and dysfunctional. Moreover， essential nutrients fail to be properly transformed， resulting in the internal generation of turbid pathogenic factors. This subsequently initiates a series of pathological changes， namely， "infiltration of phlegm-turbidity into the blood， eroding the intestinal mucosa"， "infiltration of glucose-turbidity into the blood， macerating and eroding the intestinal mucosa"， "infiltration of heat-turbidity into the blood， scorching and eroding the intestinal mucosa"， and "infiltration of stasis-turbidity into the blood， stagnating and eroding the intestinal mucosa"， ultimately causing intestinal barrier damage. Furthermore， guided by the "turbid pathogenic factors entering the blood" theory， this article explored TCM intervention strategies： employing medicinals targeting the liver meridian to address the root cause and reduce the generation and deposition of turbid pathogenic factors in the liver， administering blood-system medicinals to clear the blood and purge turbidity， thereby intercepting the progression of the disease mechanism， and applying tonifying medicinals to bolster healthy Qi and defend against turbid invasion， allowing the damaged intestinal mucosa to gradually heal. This article presented novel theoretical and medicinal perspectives for analyzing NAFLD-associated intestinal barrier damage based on the "turbid pathogenic factors entering the blood" theory， aiming to provide new entry points and broader horizons for related research and clinical practice.

Objective To investigate the occurrence of hemodialysis events in patients who received maintenance hemodialysis in outpatient setting in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province,and provide basis for the formulation of infection prevention and control strategies in this area.Methods Based on the standards from Center for Disease Control and Prevention-National Healthcare Safety Network(CDC-NHSN)as well as the WS/T 312-2023 standards,four public hospitals(two secondary and two tertiary hospitals)in three counties and one city of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture were selected,and prospective surveillance method was adopted.A total of 826 patients(n=8 675 cases)who received maintenance hemodialysis on the first two working day of each month from March 2024 to March 2025 were surveilled.Data were collected with standardized form by infection control teams in dialysis centers.Statistical analysis was conducted.Results During the surveillance period,the incidence of hemodialysis events was 5.15％(447/8 675).The incidence(16.67％,36/216)and mortality(10.00％,4/40)of hemodialysis events in patients with non-tunneled catheters were the highest among patients with all types of ac-cess.Patients with tunneled-catheters had the highest hospitalization rate(42.86％).Systemic use of antimicrobial agents accounted for 82.33％(368/447).Upper respiratory tract infection was the main infection(38.32％).In-fection at the puncture site of vascular access accounted for 16.78％(75/447).Four cases(0.89％,4/447)had positive blood culture.Conclusion Systemic antimicrobial use and infection at vascular access puncture site is the most frequent events in patients who receive maintenance hemodialysis in outpatient setting in Liangshan Yi Autono-mous Prefecture of Sichuan Province.Patients with non-tunneled catheters have the highest rate of hemodialysis events.

Objective To investigate the occurrence of hemodialysis events in patients who received maintenance hemodialysis in outpatient setting in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province,and provide basis for the formulation of infection prevention and control strategies in this area.Methods Based on the standards from Center for Disease Control and Prevention-National Healthcare Safety Network(CDC-NHSN)as well as the WS/T 312-2023 standards,four public hospitals(two secondary and two tertiary hospitals)in three counties and one city of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture were selected,and prospective surveillance method was adopted.A total of 826 patients(n=8 675 cases)who received maintenance hemodialysis on the first two working day of each month from March 2024 to March 2025 were surveilled.Data were collected with standardized form by infection control teams in dialysis centers.Statistical analysis was conducted.Results During the surveillance period,the incidence of hemodialysis events was 5.15％(447/8 675).The incidence(16.67％,36/216)and mortality(10.00％,4/40)of hemodialysis events in patients with non-tunneled catheters were the highest among patients with all types of ac-cess.Patients with tunneled-catheters had the highest hospitalization rate(42.86％).Systemic use of antimicrobial agents accounted for 82.33％(368/447).Upper respiratory tract infection was the main infection(38.32％).In-fection at the puncture site of vascular access accounted for 16.78％(75/447).Four cases(0.89％,4/447)had positive blood culture.Conclusion Systemic antimicrobial use and infection at vascular access puncture site is the most frequent events in patients who receive maintenance hemodialysis in outpatient setting in Liangshan Yi Autono-mous Prefecture of Sichuan Province.Patients with non-tunneled catheters have the highest rate of hemodialysis events.

Objective To investigate the expression of T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory domains (TIGIT) on peripheral CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its significance in order to clarify its role in the development of RA.Methods Peripheral blood samples were collected from 81 patients with RA and 33 healthy controls (HC).Expression of TIGIT on the surface of peripheral blood leukocytes was detected by flow cytometry.Differences in TIGIT expression between RA and HC groups were comparatively analyzed.Correlations of TIGIT expression on CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells with several laboratory indexes were analyzed.All data were statistically analyzed.Results (1) The percentage of TIGIT-expressing CD3+ T cells in patients with RA was significantly higher than that in HC (P<0.01).Moreover, the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of TIGIT on CD3+ T cells was significantly elevated in patients with RA as compared with that in HC (P<0.01).No significant difference in the expression of TIGIT on B cells, monocytes or neutrophils was observed between RA and HC groups.(2) The percentages of TIGIT-expressing CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells were significantly elevated in patients with RA as compared with those in HC (P<0.01).Moreover, the MFI of TIGIT on CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells were significantly elevated in patients with RA as compared with those in HC (P<0.01).(3) The percentages of both TIGIT-expressing CD4+ T cells and TIGIT-expressing CD8+ T cells in patients with RA were positively correlated with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (rs=0.355, P<0.01;rs=0.277, P=0.013).(4) The percentages of both TIGIT-expressing CD4+ T cells and TIGIT-expressing CD8+ T cells in patients with RA were positively correlated with rheumatoid factor (RF) (rs=0.265, P=0.017;rs=0.366, P<0.01).The MFI of TIGIT on CD4+ T cells was positively correlated with RF in RA group (rs=0.226, P=0.043).The percentage of TIGIT-expressing CD4+ T cells was positively correlated with anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibody in patients with RA who were positive for anti-CCP antibody (rs=0.324, P=0.012).(5) The percentage of TIGIT-expressing CD4+ T cells as well as the MFI of TIGIT on CD4+ T cells in patients with RA was positively correlated with Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS28) (r=0.232, P=0.038;r=0.343, P<0.010).Conclusion The expression of TIGIT on T cells is elevated in patients with RA and correlated with inflammatory markers, antibody production and disease activity.

Objective To discuss a convenient and pragmatic method of fitting and optimizing standard curve for determining concentration of serum hepatitis B virus large surface protein(HBV-LP).MethodsEnzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to measure the absorbance of standard preparation of HBV-LP.Concentration and absorbance of standard preparation of HBV-LP was carried out curve fitting with 4-parameter formula model and linear model and log-linear model and quadratic polynomial model and cubic polynomial model and S model by program solution of Excel,respectively.The most standard curve for determining concentration of serum HBV-LP was determined with coefficient of determination of regression model.ResultsThe scatterplot of standard preparation of HBV-LP submited nonlinear tendency.There were all significance to regression equation of 4-parameter formula model and linear model and log-linear model and quadratic polynomial model and cubic polynomial model and S model(P