[Objective] To retrospectively analyze the detection results of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) unqualified repeat blood donors in Guangzhou, so as to provide evidence for further expanding the repeat blood donor pool, reducing the rate of blood discarding and improving the qualified rate of blood test. [Methods] Blood donors with unqualified ALT in Guangzhou Blood Center from January 2018 to April 2024 were selected as the research objects. The past blood donation and population characteristics were analyzed according to the number of blood donations and ALT unqualified times. [Results] Among repeat blood donors with previous ALT disqualification, 99.5% to 99.7% did not have reactive markers for transfusion-transmitted diseases (TTD), which was higher than the rate among first-time blood donors with unqualified ALT (95.8%) (P<0.05). The rate of single-item ALT disqualification in repeat blood donors was higher in males than in females (P<0.05); it also varied by age (18-25 years > 26-35 years > 36-45 years > over 45 years) (P<0.05); and by quarter (third and fourth quarters > first and second quarters) (P<0.05). The ALT unqualified rate was significantly higher whole blood donors than that of platelet donors and returning blood donors (P<0.05). The overall ALT level (51.0 U/L), individual ALT level (56.0 U/L) and individual ALT unqualified rate (66.7%) of repeat blood donors with multiple ALT disqualifications were higher than those of repeat blood donors with single-item ALT disqualifications (26.0 U/L, 38.5 U/L, and 33.3%, respectively) (P<0.05). Moreover, as the number of ALT disqualifications increased, the overall level of ALT in repeat blood donors also increased (P<0.05), and the average level of individual ALT and individual ALT unqualified ratio tended to increase. Repeat blood donors with frequent ALT disqualifications had higher ALT levels (69.0 U/L). [Conclusion] The ALT unqualified rates of repeat blood donors were mostly non-specific elevation without TTD. Repeat blood donors with multiple ALT disqualifications tend to have continuous high ALT. Moreover, and with the increase of ALT disqualifications times, the overall ALT levels the average individual ALT levels and individual ALT unqualified rates showed an increasing trend.

In the century-long evolution of insulin pharmaceuticals, each transformative advancement in this drug class has been closely tied to the ability to obtain new insulin isoforms for research. Despite this, the recently discovered naturally occurring isoforms of glycosylated human insulin have remained largely unattainable for proper characterization. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time that total chemical synthesis can be used to generate all isoforms. This achievement required maintaining the correct positions of the interchain disulfide bonds while effectively removing protecting groups on complex glycans. Notably, the availability of seven glycoforms reveals the important effects of natural sialylated glycans in suppressing insulin self-association and enhancing its solubility, surpassing the performance of currently employed rapid-acting insulin drugs. This work not only offers a readily adaptable platform for exploring natural O-glycosylation in other therapeutic proteins and peptides but also lays the groundwork for further research into harnessing natural glycosylation for therapeutic applications.

[Objective] To analyze the influence of the cycle length of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) double reagent positive samples collected from voluntary blood donors in Guangzhou on the detection results. [Methods] A total of 127 044 blood samples from voluntary blood donors at Guangzhou Blood Center from August 10 to December 9, 2023 were selected. Two ELISA reagents were used for HBsAg detection, and samples with HBsAg double reagent positive and S/CO values<10 were tested continuously for 7 days to observe the changes in their S/CO values. [Results] A total of 505 HBsAg double reagent positive samples were detected, of which 52 had S/CO values less than 10. After 7 consecutive days of uninterrupted testing, the S/CO values of Wantai (median 5 decreased to 3) and Xinchuang (median 5 decreased to 3) showed an overall downward trend, and the HBsAg missed detection rate showed an upward trend (from 0 on the first day to 1/10 000 on the seventh day). A total of 13 cases had negative double reagent test results within the 7-day testing cycle. [Conclusion] With the extension of the detection cycle, the S/CO value of HBsAg detection shows a downward trend, and the missed detection rate of HBsAg shows an upward trend. Samples used for HBsAg detection should be tested promptly after sampling to improve the quality of blood testing.

Lipotoxicity is a pivotal factor that initiates and exacerbates liver injury and is involved in the development of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). However, there are few reported lipotoxicity inhibitors. Here, we identified a natural anti-lipotoxicity candidate, HN-001, from the marine fungus Aspergillus sp. C1. HN-001 dose- and time- dependently reversed palmitic acid (PA)-induced hepatocyte death. This protection was associated with IRE-1α-mediated XBP-1 splicing inhibition, which resulted in suppression of XBP-1s nuclear translocation and transcriptional regulation. Knockdown of XBP-1s attenuated lipotoxicity, but no additional ameliorative effect of HN-001 on lipotoxicity was observed in XBP-1s knockdown hepatocytes. Notably, the ER stress and lipotoxicity amelioration was associated with PLA2. Both HN-001 and the PLA2 inhibitor MAFP inhibited PLA2 activity, reduced lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) level, subsequently ameliorated lipotoxicity. In contrast, overexpression of PLA2 caused exacerbation of lipotoxicity and weakened the anti-lipotoxic effects of HN-001. Additionally, HN-001 treatment suppressed the downstream pro-apoptotic JNK pathway. In vivo, chronic administration of HN-001 (i.p.) in mice alleviated all manifestations of MAFLD, including hepatic steatosis, liver injury, inflammation, and fibrogenesis. These effects were correlated with PLA2/IRE-1α/XBP-1s axis and JNK signaling suppression. These data indicate that HN-001 has therapeutic potential for MAFLD because it suppresses lipotoxicity, and provide a natural structural basis for developing anti-MAFLD candidates.

【Objective】 To investigate the distribution of ABO and RhD blood groups among voluntary blood donors in Guangzhou, in order to ensure clinical blood safety and better serve blood donors. 【Methods】 Routine ABO and RhD blood group screening tests were carried out among voluntary blood donors from January 2021 to December 2022. The composition ratio of ABO blood group was statistically analyzed. The samples with discrepancy between forward and reverse blood grouping and negative RhD blood group samples were further verified by serological test to analyze the ABO subtypes and the reasons for missed detection. 【Results】 A total of 749 123 blood samples were screened from January 2021 to December 2022, and 513 291 samples were collected after excluding repeat blood donors, with the ABO blood groups as 208 126(40.55%) of O type, 138 859(27.05%) of A type, 130 987(25.52%) of B type and 35 319(6.88%) of AB type. The screening results showed discrepancy between forward and reverse blood grouping in 506 samples, of which 58 were with weak/non-erythrocyte reaction, 16 with erythrocyte reaction, 215 with weak/non-serum reaction, and 217 with serum reaction. Further serological test indicated that 44 samples were ABO subtypes, among which 13 were subtype A, 26 subtype B, 5 subtype AB and 3 B (A) and 14 Bombay-like blood group. The blood group with the highest missed detection rate in repeat blood donors were A3/B3 subtype (68.42%). A total of 128 unexpected antibody positive samples were detected among 513 291 samples A total of 2 277 samples were screened negative for RhD blood type, of which 2 188 were confirmed to be Rh negative (2 188/513 291, 0.43%), 89 were D variants (89/513 291, 0.02%, ) and 30 were detected with unexpected antibodies (30/2 188, 1.37%). 【Conclusion】 The ABO blood group distribution of blood donors in Guangzhou is O>A>B>AB, and the proportion of RhD negative population is 0.43%, slightly highter than 0.3%-0.4% of Han population nationwide. The ABO blood group subtype is dominated by B subtype. The detection rate and missed detection rate of A3/B3 subtypes in routine blood group tests are the highest.

【Objective】 To investigate the population data of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections among voluntary blood donors in Guangzhou between 2012 and 2022, and analyze its characteristics and trends, so as to provide valuable data for formulating targeted prevention and ensuring blood safety. 【Methods】 Voluntary blood donors samples from 2012 to 2022 were screened for p24 antigen and anti-HIV by two ELISA diagnostic kits and HIV RNA by nucleic acid test(NAT). The reactive blood samples were sent to the Disease Control and Prevention Center of Guangzhou for anti-HIV confirmatory test by Western blot. The population characteristics of blood donors with confirmed-positive HIV were subsequently analyzed. 【Results】 There were a total of 3 351 596 blood samples from voluntary blood donors in Guangzhou from 2012 to 2022, of which 708 samples were confirmed-positive of anti-HIV, with a total positive rate of 21.12/100 000, showing a decreasing trend (P<0.05). 1) The positive rates of age groups from high to low were 25-34 year old group, 35-44 year old group, 18-24 year old group, and≥45 year old group. The differences among various groups are statistically significant; 2) The anti-HIV positive rate of first-time blood donors (39.23/100 000) was significantly higher than that of repeat blood donors (10.78/100 000) (P<0.05); 3) The anti-HIV positive rate of male blood donors was 30.45/100 000, which was significantly higher than that of female blood donors (3.46/100 000); 4) The anti-HIV positive rate of individual blood donors (32.18/100 000) was higher than that of group blood donors (9.10/100 000) (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 From 2012 to 2022, the confirmed-positive rate of anti-HIV among voluntary blood donors in Guangzhou showed a downward trend, which was significantly correlated with the implementation of voluntary blood donation and AIDS prevention policies. Young blood donors are of high risk of HIV, and it is necessary to enhance publicity and education on AIDS prevention through multiple channels among young population. Given that the anti-HIV positive rate of first-time blood donors is much higher than that of repeat blood donors, it is recommended to further optimize the health consultation and physical examination process before blood donation, and take multiple measures to screen high-risk behavior groups. Besides, more efforts should be made to promote publicity and education on AIDS prevention among regular blood donors. It is also important to recruit blood donors from low-risk groups and inform the donors about confidential unit exclusion.

Objective:To analyze the curative effect of sandwich cheiloplasty for the treatment of macrocheilia secondary to port-wine stain (PWS).Methods:A total of 43 patients, including 20 males and 23 females, aged 37.0 years (ranged from 4 to 69 years), who underwent sandwich cheiloplasty for the treatment of macrocheilia secondary to PWS from March 2008 to March 2022 were retrospectively enrolled. According to the location of the lesions, they were divided into two groups: upper lip group (21 cases) and lower lip group (22 cases). Pathological examinations were performed in all excised specimens. Postoperative attentions should be paid to keeping incisions locally clean, observing the blood supplying, and taking care of fluid accumulation or incision split. After discharge, the lip appearance and function were evaluated every six months in the outpatient department, and the long-term efficacy was further divided into three levels: grade Ⅰ (poor), grade Ⅱ (moderate), and grade Ⅲ (good). The comparison of grade data named long-term efficacy between the two groups was conducted by Mann-Whitney U test.Results:All 43 patients underwent sandwich cheiloplasty, of which 40 patients received one operation, whereas the other 3 received two due to recurrences. One-stage incision healing was achieved in 43 cases, whereas partial mucosal necrosis appeared in 2 cases, and slight incision dehiscence occurred in 1 case, which healed well after local dressing change. The pathological examination results of 43 excised tissue specimens all showed capillary malformations. After follow-up for 1 to 10 years, long-term efficacy evaluation was made up as follows: 36 cases were evaluated as grade Ⅲ, 7 cases as grade Ⅱ, and 0 case as grade Ⅰ. There were 18 cases of grade Ⅲ, and 3 cases of grade Ⅱ in group A, compared to 18 cases of grade Ⅲ, and 4 cases of grade Ⅱ in group B. By rank sum test, there was no significant difference in overal efficacy between the two groups ( Z=0.342, P>0.05). Conclusions:Sandwich cheiloplasty for the treatment of macrocheilia secondary to PWS effectively removes malformed vascular lesions, and consequently, it can achieve a good long-term therapeutic effect.

Objective:To elucidate the epidemiological characteristics and changing trends of liver failure in order to provide evidence-based strategies for prevention and treatment.Methods:The epidemiological information of inpatients with liver failure admitted and treated at Beijing You'an Hospital from 2012 to 2021 was retrospectively collected. The trend test was used to analyze age, gender, as well as the year-by-year changes in the underlying acute and chronic etiology of acute liver failure (ALF), sub-acute liver failure (SALF), acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), and chronic liver failure (CLF).Results:During the study period, information on a total of 8512 inpatients, aged 51.3±13.5 years and mainly male (71.9%) with liver failure, was collected. The highest to lowest proportions of liver failure types were ACLF 4 023 (47.3%), CLF 3 571(42.0%), SALF 670 (7.9%), and ALF 248 (2.9%). The top five causes of liver failure in the overall population, accounting for 87.6% of the total, were hepatitis B 3 199 (37.58%), alcoholic liver disease 2 237 (26.28%), cryptogenic liver disease 906(10.61%), hepatitis B + alcoholic liver disease 603 (7.08%), drugs 488 (5.73%), The top three etiologies of patients with different types of liver failure were acute etiologies for acute liver failure (ALF), followed by drugs 107 (43.1%), hepatitis B 47(19.0%), and unknown etiology 36 (14.5%); sub-acute liver failure (SALF), followed by drugs 381(56.9%), unknown etiology 106 (15.8%), and sepsis 56 (8.4%); and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), followed by drugs 2 092(52.0%), alcoholic liver disease 813(20.2%), and cryptogenic liver disease 398(9.9%); and chronic etiologies for chronic liver failure (CLF), followed by alcoholic liver disease 1 410(39.5%), hepatitis B 1 028(28.8%), and cryptogenic liver disease 364(10.2%). Longitudinal analysis showed that the average age of patients with liver failure increased year by year, but the sex ratio trend did not change significantly, with male patients predominating throughout. The proportion of drug-induced liver failure in patients with ALF and SALF increased year by year, and the difference in the trend test was statistically significant ( P < 0.05). The proportion of patients with chronic etiologies of ACLF and CLF decreased year by year among hepatitis B, while the proportion of alcoholic liver disease, autoimmune liver disease, and cryptogenic liver disease increased year by year (the difference was statistically significant, P < 0.05). Conclusion:The etiological spectrum of liver failure is changing in our country. Although hepatitis B is still the main cause of liver failure, its proportion shows a decreasing trend year by year, with the exception of ACLF, which is no longer the primary etiology of other types of liver failure, while drug-induced liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, autoimmune liver disease, and cryptogenic liver disease are increasing year by year and will become the focus of liver disease prevention and treatment in the future.

Objective To observe the effect of enteral nutrition with fish collagen oligopeptide on operative prognosis of patients with emergency complex hand trauma.Methods A total of 122 patients who suffered from complex hand trauma and were operated in the emergency department were retrospectively analyzed.Patients were given early enteral nutritional support after the operation,and were divided into two groups according to different formulations.The control group(60 patients)was given balance nutrients and whey protein,and the experimental group(62 patients)was given fish collagen oligopeptide on the same enteral nutrition formula.Clinical data were compared between the two groups,including hemoglobin(Hb),lymphocyte count(Lym),neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio(NLR),albumin(ALB),prealbumin(PA),alanine transaminase(ALT),aspartate transaminase(AST),urea nitrogen(BUN),creatinine(Cr),triglyceride(TG),total cholesterol(TC)and low density lipoprotein-C(LDL-C)before and after treatment.The length of hospital stay and the incidence of postoperative infectious complications were compared between the two groups of patients.Results Compared with before treatment,Hb,ALB,liver and kidney function and lipid metabolism indexes of the control group and the experimental group had no significant changes after nutritional treatment,and PA and Lym were significantly increased,and NLR was significantly decreased.After nutritional treatment,compared with the control group,NLR was decreased more significantly in the experimental group(P<0.01).The incidence of infectious complications was lower in the experimental group than that in the control group,and the length of hospitalization was significantly shortened(P<0.05).Conclusion Early enteral nutrition supplemented with fish collagen oligopeptide in patients with emergency complex hand trauma can promote prealbumin synthesis,reduce the incidence of inflammation and wound infection,and shorten hospital stay.

Objective To explore the predictive value of the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, energy metabolism and serum thyroid hormone levels on the severity and prognosis of patients with liver failure and their correlation. Methods This study collected clinicopathological data from 60 liver failure patients, e.g., end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, energy metabolism, and serum thyroid hormone levels. The χ 2 test was performed to analyze the categorical variables, while the Mann-Whitney U test and independent sample t test were performed to assess the continuous variables between the two groups. Spearman correlation coefficient test was used to evaluate correlation of each index. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the optimal cut-off points of serum total triiodothyronine (TT3) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels in predicting prognosis of the patients. Results The rates of low TT3 and FT3 levels in liver failure patients were 78.2% and 69.1%, respectively, whereas the low TT3 rates were 95.2% and 67.6% and the low FT3 rates were 90.5% and 55.9% in survival and non-survival groups of patients, respectively (both P < 0.05). Moreover, the MELD score was significantly higher in the non-survival patients than in survival patients [26.0(21.0-29.0) vs 21.0 (19.0-24.0), Z =-3.396, P =0.001], while TT3 and FT3 levels were significantly lower in the non-survival patients than in the survival patients [0.69(0.62-0.73) vs 0.83(0.69-0.94) and 2.17(1.99-2.31) vs 2.54(2.12-2.86), respectively; Z =-2.884、-2.876, all P < 0.01]. The MELD score was negatively associated with serum TT3, FT3, and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and the respiratory quotient (RQ) ( r =-0.487、-0.329、-0.422、-0.350, all P < 0.01), whereas the RQ was associated with serum TT3 and FT3 levels ( r =0.271、0.265, all P < 0.05). The optimal cutoff values in predicting the severity and survival of patients was 0.75 nmol/L and 2.37pmol/L with the sensitivity values of 67.6% and 64.7% and the specificity of 90.5% and 81.0%, respectively. Conclusion Abnormal thyroid hormone levels and low respiratory quotient could be used to predict the severity and prognosis of patients with liver failure.