While the milestone development of brain-computer interfaces （BCI） has brought a series of benefits to society， it has also exposed a range of ethical issues. By sorting out the relevant research on BCI conducted by domestic scholars， the research results were discussed at three levels， including subjectivity， epistemology， and axiology. In terms of subjectivity， there was a controversy over the concept of “subjectivity” of BCI， raising the problem of subject responsibility； in epistemology， there were doubts about the new cognitive form brought about by BCI， and the new cognitive approaches exposed potential problems； as for axiology， there was confidence in the macroscopic development of BCI， while concerns about its microscopic individual and social issues were raised. Finally， this paper pointed out that future research needs to be further expanded in research fields and depth， and three governance suggestions were proposed， including improving institutional guarantees and strengthening standardized governance， forming diverse teams and enhancing ethical breakthroughs， and enhancing self-awareness and actively complying with regulations.

Objective:To develop a validation method for microbial targeted next generation sequencing (tNGS) detection for respiratorypathogens, and to evaluate the performance of the pathogen-targeted high-throughput sequencing test implemented in local hospital.Methods:Cross-sectional study. A total of 14 patients with severe pulmonary infections were admitted to Huangshi Central Hospital from December 2023 to January 2024. Samples were collected as follows:Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples ( n=7) subjected to culture, fluorescent PCR, and tNGS testing. Sputum samples ( n=2) analyzed via sputum culture, fluorescent PCR, and tNGS. Throat swab samples ( n=5) tested using fluorescent PCR-capillary electrophoresis and tNGS. Reference samples were prepared using representative species such as Influenza A virus, Adenovirus C, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aspergillus fumigatus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida albicans. Jurkat cells at different concentrations were used as a source of human cells. Traditional detection methods such as fluorescent PCR-capillary electrophoresis and culture methods were used as reference methods. The detection performance of tNGS was evaluated by assessing the detection limit, precision, human cell impact, stability, cross-reactivity, and accuracy of metagenomic next-generation sequencing for pathogen detection. Results:The detection limits for Klebsiella pneumoniae, Human Adenovirus C, and Influenza A virus were 2×10 2 copies/ml, and for Aspergillus fumigatus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida albicans, the detection limits were 4×10 2 copies/ml. The consistency rate of repeated detection results for all pathogens in the reference samples was 100%. The impact assessment experiment of human cells showed that when the concentration of Jurkat cells reached 1×10 6 cells/ml, Influenza A virus, Adenovirus C, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Aspergillus fumigatus could all be detected. Stability experiments showed that there was no significant change in the number of pathogen sequences after the specimens were stored at 4 ℃ and -20 ℃ for 1 day, 4 days, and 7 days, respectively. Cross-reactivity experiments showed that when the concentration ratios of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida albicans were (5∶1∶1∶5), (1∶5∶5∶1), and (1∶1∶1∶1), respectively, the detection rate of closely related microbial species was 3/3. Accuracy assessment showed that the accuracy of 19 clinical specimens was 18/19 cases. Conclusion:Compared with traditional detection methods as the reference, tNGS demonstrates high sensitivity and a high positive concordance rate, underscoring its significant clinical value in the detection of respiratory pathogens.

Objective:To develop a validation method for microbial targeted next generation sequencing (tNGS) detection for respiratorypathogens, and to evaluate the performance of the pathogen-targeted high-throughput sequencing test implemented in local hospital.Methods:Cross-sectional study. A total of 14 patients with severe pulmonary infections were admitted to Huangshi Central Hospital from December 2023 to January 2024. Samples were collected as follows:Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples ( n=7) subjected to culture, fluorescent PCR, and tNGS testing. Sputum samples ( n=2) analyzed via sputum culture, fluorescent PCR, and tNGS. Throat swab samples ( n=5) tested using fluorescent PCR-capillary electrophoresis and tNGS. Reference samples were prepared using representative species such as Influenza A virus, Adenovirus C, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aspergillus fumigatus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida albicans. Jurkat cells at different concentrations were used as a source of human cells. Traditional detection methods such as fluorescent PCR-capillary electrophoresis and culture methods were used as reference methods. The detection performance of tNGS was evaluated by assessing the detection limit, precision, human cell impact, stability, cross-reactivity, and accuracy of metagenomic next-generation sequencing for pathogen detection. Results:The detection limits for Klebsiella pneumoniae, Human Adenovirus C, and Influenza A virus were 2×10 2 copies/ml, and for Aspergillus fumigatus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida albicans, the detection limits were 4×10 2 copies/ml. The consistency rate of repeated detection results for all pathogens in the reference samples was 100%. The impact assessment experiment of human cells showed that when the concentration of Jurkat cells reached 1×10 6 cells/ml, Influenza A virus, Adenovirus C, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Aspergillus fumigatus could all be detected. Stability experiments showed that there was no significant change in the number of pathogen sequences after the specimens were stored at 4 ℃ and -20 ℃ for 1 day, 4 days, and 7 days, respectively. Cross-reactivity experiments showed that when the concentration ratios of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida albicans were (5∶1∶1∶5), (1∶5∶5∶1), and (1∶1∶1∶1), respectively, the detection rate of closely related microbial species was 3/3. Accuracy assessment showed that the accuracy of 19 clinical specimens was 18/19 cases. Conclusion:Compared with traditional detection methods as the reference, tNGS demonstrates high sensitivity and a high positive concordance rate, underscoring its significant clinical value in the detection of respiratory pathogens.

Objective:To develop a perinatal depression screening scale for Chinese urban version and test its reliability and validity.Methods:Naturally conceived women who were≥12 weeks of gestation and had regular prenatal examinations or delivered within four weeks in Xi'an and Foshan were recruited using convenience sampling. Initial entries were created through clinical interviews and expert validation of 50 of these pregnancies. Further item screening and testing for reliability and validity using correlation analysis, critical ratio method, homogeneity test, and factor analysis were performed. The final questionnaire was formed and then used to test the subjects. Fifty women who had completed the questionnaire effectively were selected for retesting 10 to 15 days after the initial evaluation. A structural equation model was constructed using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) as the reference criterion to conduct the scale's exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The receiver operating characters curve was used to determine the cut-off point of the scale.Results:(1) 1 300 questionnaires were issued, and 1 049 valid questionnaires were received with a recovery rate of 80.7%. Among them, 601 were used for exploratory and correlation analysis, and 448 were used for confirmatory factor analysis. (2) The initial entries of the scale totaled 63. After eliminating indicators that did not meet the requirements for item analysis, the final scale consisted of 22 entries in total. The final scale consisted of six dimensions, including "abnormal mood", "loss of interest and pleasure," "sleep disorder," "self-blame and guilt," "decline in conscious thought ability," and "lack of energy". (3) The correlation coefficients between the above six dimensions and EPDS were 0.609, 0.322, 0.423, 0.522, 0.545, and 0.516, respectively. The one between the total scale and EPDS was 0.715 (all P<0.01). (4) The confirmatory factor analysis of each model and the scale showed an acceptable fit and a stable factor structure with indices Chi-square/degrees of freedom =2.504, square root of approximation error=0.058, standardized root mean square residual=0.048, comparative fit index=0.925, Tueker-Lewis index=0.911. After retaining 22 items, the Cronbach's coefficients of the six dimensions ranged from 0.708 to 0.870. (5) The test-retest reliability of the total scale, six dimensions, and 22 items were 0.936, 0.786-0.846, and 0.720-0.886, respectively. (6) The receiver operating characteristic curve of the scale was drawn with EPDS≥13 as the cut-off value, and the area under the curve (AUC) of EPDS was 0.808 (95% CI: 0.744-0.872). When the original cut-off point was 21, the Youden index was the max (0.561), with sensitivity and specificity of 0.952 and 0.609, respectively. The Kappa value was 0.691, indicating that the scale was consistent with EPDS. Conclusion:This study preliminarily established a Chinese urban version of the perinatal depression screening scale with a stable factor structure and good reliability and validity.

Objective:To develop a perinatal depression screening scale for Chinese urban version and test its reliability and validity.Methods:Naturally conceived women who were≥12 weeks of gestation and had regular prenatal examinations or delivered within four weeks in Xi'an and Foshan were recruited using convenience sampling. Initial entries were created through clinical interviews and expert validation of 50 of these pregnancies. Further item screening and testing for reliability and validity using correlation analysis, critical ratio method, homogeneity test, and factor analysis were performed. The final questionnaire was formed and then used to test the subjects. Fifty women who had completed the questionnaire effectively were selected for retesting 10 to 15 days after the initial evaluation. A structural equation model was constructed using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) as the reference criterion to conduct the scale's exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The receiver operating characters curve was used to determine the cut-off point of the scale.Results:(1) 1 300 questionnaires were issued, and 1 049 valid questionnaires were received with a recovery rate of 80.7%. Among them, 601 were used for exploratory and correlation analysis, and 448 were used for confirmatory factor analysis. (2) The initial entries of the scale totaled 63. After eliminating indicators that did not meet the requirements for item analysis, the final scale consisted of 22 entries in total. The final scale consisted of six dimensions, including "abnormal mood", "loss of interest and pleasure," "sleep disorder," "self-blame and guilt," "decline in conscious thought ability," and "lack of energy". (3) The correlation coefficients between the above six dimensions and EPDS were 0.609, 0.322, 0.423, 0.522, 0.545, and 0.516, respectively. The one between the total scale and EPDS was 0.715 (all P<0.01). (4) The confirmatory factor analysis of each model and the scale showed an acceptable fit and a stable factor structure with indices Chi-square/degrees of freedom =2.504, square root of approximation error=0.058, standardized root mean square residual=0.048, comparative fit index=0.925, Tueker-Lewis index=0.911. After retaining 22 items, the Cronbach's coefficients of the six dimensions ranged from 0.708 to 0.870. (5) The test-retest reliability of the total scale, six dimensions, and 22 items were 0.936, 0.786-0.846, and 0.720-0.886, respectively. (6) The receiver operating characteristic curve of the scale was drawn with EPDS≥13 as the cut-off value, and the area under the curve (AUC) of EPDS was 0.808 (95% CI: 0.744-0.872). When the original cut-off point was 21, the Youden index was the max (0.561), with sensitivity and specificity of 0.952 and 0.609, respectively. The Kappa value was 0.691, indicating that the scale was consistent with EPDS. Conclusion:This study preliminarily established a Chinese urban version of the perinatal depression screening scale with a stable factor structure and good reliability and validity.

Uncovering conserved 3D protein-ligand binding patterns on the basis of functional groups(FGs)shared by a variety of small molecules can greatly expand our knowledge of protein-ligand interactions.Despite that conserved binding patterns for a few commonly used FGs have been reported in the literature,large-scale identification and evaluation of FG-based 3D binding motifs are still lacking.Here,we propose a computational method,Automatic FG-based Three-dimensional Motif Extractor(AFTME),for automatic mapping of 3D motifs to different FGs of a specific ligand.Applying our method to 233 naturally-occurring ligands,we define 481 FG-binding motifs that are highly conserved across different ligand-binding pockets.Systematic analysis further reveals four main classes of binding motifs corresponding to distinct sets of FGs.Combinations of FG-binding motifs facilitate the binding of proteins to a wide spectrum of ligands with various binding affinities.Finally,we show that our FG-motif map can be used to nominate FGs that potentially bind to specific drug targets,thus providing useful insights and guidance for rational design of small-molecule drugs.

Objective:To compare the clinical efficacy between puncture assisted by a "TINAVI" orthopaedic robot versus freehand puncture in vertebroplaty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture(OVCF) of the upper thoracic vertebra.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted of the 19 patients (20 vertebral bodies) with OVCF of the upper thoracic vertebra who had been treated at Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital from January 2018 to March 2019 by robotic vertebroplasty (robot group) and of another 21 counterpart patients (21 vertebral bodies) who had been treated by conventional vertebroplasty from January 2016 to December 2017 (freehand group). Puncture was conducted by a "TINAVI" orthopaedic robot in the robotic vertebroplasty but freehand in the conventional vertebroplasty. The robot group had 5 males and 14 females, aged from 62 to 88 years; the freehand group had 6 males and 15 females, aged from 64 to 83 years. The 2 groups were compared in terms of operation time, bone cement volume, postoperative complications (cement leakage, infection and embolism), visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI), anterior height (AH) and kyphosis angulation (KA) of the injured vertebra at day 1 and last follow-up after surgery.Results:The 2 groups were comparable because there were no significant differences between them in the preoperative general data ( P>0.05). Vertebroplasty via unilateral puncture approach was completed uneventfully in the 19 patients (20 vertebral bodies) in the robot group and in the 21 patients (21 vertebral bodies) in the freehand group. The 40 patients were followed up for 6 to 12 months (mean, 8.3 month). The operation time [(37.9±8.2) min], bone cement volume [(2.3±0.9) mL] and rate of cement leakage (10.0%, 2/20) in the robot group were all significantly less or lower than those in the freehand group [(46.2±9.4) min, (4.2±1.3) mL and 42.9% (9/21)] ( P<0.05). No infection or embolism was observed in either group. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in VAS, ODI, AH or KA of the injured vertebra at day 1 or last follow-up after surgery ( P>0.05). Conclusion:In vertebroplaty for OVCF of the upper thoracic vertebra, compared with conventional freehand puncture, puncture assisted by a "TINAVI" orthopaedic robot can lead to satisfactory clinical efficacy because it reduces operation time, volume of bone cement injection, and thus incidence of bone cement leakage.

According to the pathological characteristics of symptomatic chronic thoracic and lumbar osteoporotic vertebral fracture (SCOVF), the different clinical treatment methods are selected, including vertebral augmentation, anterior-posterior fixation and fusion, posterior decompression fixation and fusion, and posterior correction osteotomy. However, there is still a lack of a unified understanding on how to choose appropriate treatment method for SCOVF. In order to reflect the new treatment concept and the evidence-based medicine progress of SCOVF in a timely manner and standardize its treatment, the clinical guideline for surgical treatment of SCOVF is formulated in compliance with the principle of scientificity, practicability and advancement and based on the level of evidence-based medicine.

Objective:To compare the effect of robot navigation system (Tian Ji robot system) plus 3D printing and traditional C-arm X-ray fluoroscopy in assisting percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) or percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) for treatment of Kümmell disease.Methods:A retrospective case-control study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 40 patients with Kümmell disease treated at Honghui Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine from December 2017 to February 2019, including 12 males and 28 females, with an average age of 56.4 years (range, 42-71 years). In observation group, 20 patients underwent PKP or PVP assisted by the robot navigation system and 3D printing. In control group, 20 patients underwent PKP or PVP assisted by the traditional C-arm X-ray fluoroscopy. The operation time and incidence of complications were observed. The visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI), Cobb angle and anterior vertebral height were compared before operation, 1 day and 3 months after operation.Results:All patients were followed up for 3.5-8.6 months (mean, 6.7 months). The operation time in control group was (32.2±5.8)minutes, compared with (26.7±3.6)minutes in observation group ( P<0.05). The incidence of cement leakage was 0% (0/20) in the observation group and 5% (1/20) in control group ( P>0.05). One day after operation, in observation group and control group, the VAS was (2.1±0.3)points and (3.7±0.8)points, the ODI was 14.3±1.8 and 25.5±5.7, the Cobb angle was (20.6±1.2)° and (22.4±0.6)°, and the anterior height of vertebral body was (21.2±0.8)mm and (17.6±0.7)mm, respectively, showing significant improvement compared with those before operation ( P<0.01). Three months after operation, in observation group and control group, the VAS was (1.8±0.4)points and (2.8±0.8)points, the ODI was 12.3±1.5 and 21.6±2.3, the Cobb angle was (18.1±0.8) ° and (20.5±1.6)°, and the anterior height of vertebral body was (20.1±1.8)mm and (16.8±1.3)mm, showing no significant difference compared with those at day 1 after operation ( P>0.05). There were significant differences in the VAS, ODI, Cobb angle and anterior vertebral height between the two groups 1 day and 3 months after operation ( P<0.01). Conclusion:For Kümmell disease, with assistance with the robot navigation system combined with 3D printing, PKP or PVP can more effectively reduce the pain of patients, improve the quality of life, restore the anterior height of vertebral body, and realize the individualized treatment in comparison with the traditional C-arm X-ray fluoroscopy.

Objective To observe and analyze the difference of CYP2C19 gene polymorphism and serum valproic acid concentration in the patients with epilepsy to provide reference for clinical individualized medica-tion .Methods A total of 148 patients with epilepsy in the hospital from January 2015 to December 2016 were selected and their CYP2C19 genotypes were detected by adopting the real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction ,meanwhile the cases were given the valproic acid treatment .Then the correlation between CYP2C19 gene polymorphism and serum valproic acid concentration was analyzed .Results There was great individual differences in serum valproic acid concentration difference among CYP2C19 genotypes ,in which the alleles and genotypes distribution frequency had no statistically significant difference among 148 cases of epilepsy ( P>0 .05);Serum valproic acid concentrations at 2 ,4 ,8 h after medication in the patients with AA genotype at CYP2C192 locus were significantly higher than those in the patients with GG genotype at CYP2C192 lo-cus ,the difference was statistically significant (P<0 .05);Serum valproic acid concentrations at 8 h after medi-cation in the patients with AA genotype at CYP2C193 was significantly higher than that in the patients with GG genotype at CYP2C193 locus ,the difference was statistically significant (P<0 .05);Serum valproic acid concentration had no statistically significant difference among other genotypes (P> 0 .05) .Conclusion The CYP2C19 gene in the patients with epilepsy has polymorphism ,moreover which is correlated with the patient′s blood concentration of vaproic acid .Therefore ,treating the patients with epilepsy by using valproic acid can detect the CYP2C19 genotyping in the patients in order to guide their individualized treatment .