With the change of infectious disease incidence pattern and the development of related technologies, progresses have been made in the research of infectious disease epidemiology. In recent years, due to the change in the requirements of infectious disease prevention and control, the research focus has expanded from common infectious diseases to diseases which have been eliminated or might be eliminated, as well as emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Infectious disease data has been characterized by multiple sources and modalities. Along with the rapid development of pathogen detection methods, infectious disease surveillance has shifted from a single disease-targted one to a comprehensive one. Moreover, novel technologies such as multi-omics and artificial intelligence have been applied in infectious disease epidemiology research. The international cooperation in this field has become increasingly crucial, and the revision of the International Health Regulations and the negotiation of pandemic agreement will have a profound impact. In the future, infectious disease epidemiology research will develop with more powerful tools to improve its capabilities.

Objective To explore the necessity of placing an inferior vena cava filter(IVCF)during interventional therapy for acute lower extremity deep venous thrombosis(DVT)complicated with severe May-Thurner syndrome(MTS).Methods Patients with acute left lower extremity DVT complicated with severe MTS were retrospectively selected and divided into observation group(n=36)and control group(n=36)according to whether IVCF was implanted or not.Pulmonary embolism(PE)was evaluated using compu-ted tomography pulmonary angiography(CTPA).The improvement of the affected limb signs and the occurrence of PE symptoms during treatment were observed.The presence of trapped thrombus was checked during filter removal.The PE incidence,hospitaliza-tion costs,operation time,and hospital stay were compared between the two groups.Results Both groups had a higher thrombus clearance rate after interventional surgery,and the proportion of new small branch PE was lower without significant differences between the two groups(8.3%vs 5.6%,P=1.000).The signs of the affected limbs improved significantly,and no PE-related symptoms occurred during treatment.No obvious trapped thrombus was found when the filter was removed in the control group.Compared with the control group,the observation group had significantly reduced hospitalization costs and operation time(P<0.05).Conclusion For patients with acute lower extremity DVT complicated with severe MTS,omitting IVCF placement during interventional surgery does not increase the risk of PE and can reduce operation time and hospitalization costs.

Objective To explore the necessity of placing an inferior vena cava filter(IVCF)during interventional therapy for acute lower extremity deep venous thrombosis(DVT)complicated with severe May-Thurner syndrome(MTS).Methods Patients with acute left lower extremity DVT complicated with severe MTS were retrospectively selected and divided into observation group(n=36)and control group(n=36)according to whether IVCF was implanted or not.Pulmonary embolism(PE)was evaluated using compu-ted tomography pulmonary angiography(CTPA).The improvement of the affected limb signs and the occurrence of PE symptoms during treatment were observed.The presence of trapped thrombus was checked during filter removal.The PE incidence,hospitaliza-tion costs,operation time,and hospital stay were compared between the two groups.Results Both groups had a higher thrombus clearance rate after interventional surgery,and the proportion of new small branch PE was lower without significant differences between the two groups(8.3%vs 5.6%,P=1.000).The signs of the affected limbs improved significantly,and no PE-related symptoms occurred during treatment.No obvious trapped thrombus was found when the filter was removed in the control group.Compared with the control group,the observation group had significantly reduced hospitalization costs and operation time(P<0.05).Conclusion For patients with acute lower extremity DVT complicated with severe MTS,omitting IVCF placement during interventional surgery does not increase the risk of PE and can reduce operation time and hospitalization costs.

With the change of infectious disease incidence pattern and the development of related technologies, progresses have been made in the research of infectious disease epidemiology. In recent years, due to the change in the requirements of infectious disease prevention and control, the research focus has expanded from common infectious diseases to diseases which have been eliminated or might be eliminated, as well as emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Infectious disease data has been characterized by multiple sources and modalities. Along with the rapid development of pathogen detection methods, infectious disease surveillance has shifted from a single disease-targted one to a comprehensive one. Moreover, novel technologies such as multi-omics and artificial intelligence have been applied in infectious disease epidemiology research. The international cooperation in this field has become increasingly crucial, and the revision of the International Health Regulations and the negotiation of pandemic agreement will have a profound impact. In the future, infectious disease epidemiology research will develop with more powerful tools to improve its capabilities.

Objective:To investigate the effectiveness and feasibility of a 3D U-Net in conjunction with a three-phase CT image segmentation model in the automatic segmentation of GTVnx and GTVnd in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Methods:A total of 645 sets of computed tomography (CT) images were retrospectively collected from 215 nasopharyngeal carcinoma cases, including three phases: plain scan (CT), contrast-enhanced CT (CTC), and delayed CT (CTD). The dataset was grouped into a training set consisting of 172 cases and a test set comprising 43 cases using the random number table method. Meanwhile, six experimental groups, A1, A2, A3, A4, B1, and B2, were established. Among them, the former four groups used only CT, only CTC, only CTD, and all three phases, respectively. The B1 and B2 groups used phase fine-tuning CTC models. The Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and 95% Hausdorff distance (HD95) served as quantitative evaluation indicators.Results:Compared to only monophasic CT (group A1/A2/A3), triphasic CT (group A4) yielded better result in the automatic segmentation of GTVnd (DSC: 0.67 vs. 0.61, 0.64, 0.64; t = 7.48, 3.27, 4.84, P < 0.01; HD95: 36.45 vs. 79.23, 59.55, 65.17; t = 5.24, 2.99, 3.89, P < 0.01), with statistically significant differences ( P < 0.01). However, triphasic CT (group A4) showed no significant enhancement in the automatic segmentation of GTVnx compared to monophasic CT (group A1/A2/A3) (DSC: 0.73 vs. 0.74, 0.74, 0.73; HD95: 14.17 mm vs. 8.06, 8.11, 8.10 mm), with no statistically significant difference ( P > 0.05). For the automatic segmentation of GTVnd, group B1/B2 showed higher automatic segmentation accuracy compared to group A1 (DSC: 0.63, 0.63 vs. 0.61, t = 4.10, 3.03, P<0.01; HD95: 58.11, 50.31 mm vs. 79.23 mm, t = 2.75, 3.10, P < 0.01). Conclusions:Triphasic CT scanning can improve the automatic segmentation of the GTVnd in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Additionally, phase fine-tuning models can enhance the automatic segmentation accuracy of the GTVnd on plain CT images.

Objective:Evaluation of the effectiveness of domestic ultrapulsed thulium laser ablation of isolated porcine kidneys.Methods:Forty-two fresh porcine kidneys were taken. One porcine kidney was dissected along the sagittal plane at the renal hilum, and then dissected along the coronal plane and divided into four pieces.A total of 168 pieces of renal tissues were obtained, of which 162 pieces were selected for the domestic hyperpulsed thulium laser ablation of isolated porcine kidneys using the single-needle method and the double-needle method, respectively. The ablation was carried out with different ablation modes (single-needle and double-needle methods), ablation power (4, 5, and 6 W), ablation modes (continuous, low-energy and high-frequency mode, and high-energy and low-frequency mode), and ablation time (10, 15, and 20 s). The size of the ablation area in terms of the long diameter, the short diameter, and the thick diameter were measured and recorded. The embedded tissues were sectioned and stained with HE to study the microscopic pathological characteristics of the ablation foci. The ablation foci volume and sphericity coefficient (Φ) were calculated, and the ablation foci volume and sphericity coefficient were statistically analyzed by analytic factorial design and one-way ANOVA.Results:The gross specimen showed that the single-needle ablation foci were elliptical in shape, containing black carbonized areas and gray-white necrotic areas with clear boundaries, and the peripheral renal tissues were pink, and the ablation focus was clearly demarcated from the normal tissues. The double-needle ablation foci were a large ellipse containing two small ellipse ablation foci, and the structure was similar to that of the single-needle method. Under the light microscope, the center of the ablation focus was a "cavity-like" carbonized area, outside of which was an area of coagulation necrosis, with deepened cell staining, reduced cell volume, disorganized arrangement, loose nuclei, nuclear consolidation, and some cell nuclei were cleaved and ablated. Ablation mode ( P<0.001), ablation pattern ( P <0.001), ablation time ( P <0.001), and ablation power ( P <0.001) all significantly affected ablation focus volume. The volume of the ablation foci increased with increasing number of needle feeds, longer ablation time, higher ablation power, and with the ablation mode being continuous mode. Single-needle ablation produced the largest volume of ablation foci (259.56 mm 3) in continuous mode, ablation time of 20 s, and ablation power of 6 W. Double-needle ablation produced the largest volume of ablation foci (452.00 mm 3) in continuous mode, ablation time of 20 s, and ablation power of 6 W. The analysis of the sphericity coefficient showed that in single-needle ablation, the sphericity coefficient was the largest (Φ=0.76) under the conditions of continuous mode, ablation power of 4 W, and ablation time of 15 s. The sphericity coefficient was the smallest (Φ=0.56) under the conditions of high-energy, low-frequency mode, ablation time of 10 s, and ablation power of 6 W, and the morphology of the ablation foci were more close to ellipsoid shape. When ablated by the double-needle method, the ablation foci morphology was closer to spherical shape (Φ=0.91) under the conditions of continuous mode, ablation time of 10 s, and ablation power of 5 W. The combined main effect and interaction results showed that ablation mode ( P<0.001), ablation pattern ( P<0.001), and ablation power ( P<0.001) significantly affected the sphericity coefficient of the ablation foci, and ablation time did not affect the ablation foci morphology. Conclusions:Domestic ultrapulsed thulium laser ablates isolated porcine kidney tissues with precise effect, the tissue morphology of the unablated area is normal, the thulium laser ablated foci have a definite safe boundary. Choosing double needle method, continuous mode, ablation power 6 W for 20 s, can ablate spherical cancer foci within 1 cm in diameter, which can be used for spherical small kidney cancer ablation. Selecting the single-needle method, high-frequency, low-energy mode and ablation power of 6 W, the ablation foci were similar to the oval volume, and could be used for the ablation of oval small renal cancer. However, this study is only limited to the animal ex vivo model, which needs to be confirmed by further study.

OBJECTIVE To explore mecha-nisms of imperatorin on regulating P-glycoprotein(P-gp)in blood-brain barrier(BBB)based on net-work pharmacology combined with in vitro experi-ment.METHODS Drug targets were predicted using the Pharmapper and Swiss targets data-bases;disease targets were obtained through the Genecards database;intersections between drugs and disease targets were screened by Cytoscape software;the obtained core targets were used to construct protein-protein interaction(PPI)network,gene ontology(GO)functions,and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analysis.The effects of imperatorin(20,50,100 μ mol·L-1)on P-gp activity were monitored in hCMEC/D3in vitro BBB model,and the effects of imperatorin on the expression of target proteins were verified using Western blot method.RESULTS 55 drug targets and 3102 disease targets were obtained from the network pharmacology screening,and 37 core targets were obtained after the combination.Enrichment analysis showed that core targets were closely related to chemical synaptic trans-mission regulation,neurotransmitter receptor activity,proteinkinaseregulationactivity,G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway,neural active ligand receptor interaction pathway,PI3K-Akt sig-naling pathway,VEGF signaling pathway,etc..In vitro experimental validation suggested that all tested concentration groups of imperatorin signifi-cantly reduced the activity and expression of P-gp,which were achieved by significantly downregu-lating the phosphorylation levels of PI3K and Akt,and repressing the expression of VEGFR2 pro-tein.CONCLUSION Network pharmacology was used to predict the core targets and signaling pathways of imperatorin on regulating P-gp in BBB and relevant validation was conducted through in vitro experiments,providing a refer-ence basis for further exploration of the mecha-nisms of imperatorin on regulating P-gp in BBB.

Objective To evaluate the clinical application of CTA in the bronchial artery embolization treatment.Methods TwentyGeight patients undergoing bronchial artery embolization treatment were divided into two groups.Patients with the examination of bronchial artery CTA before interventional treatment were in group A,others in group B.In group A,according to the distribution of the bronchial artery shown by the CTA,the appropriate catheter was selected for the bronchial artery angiography and embolization.In group B,various catheters for the bronchial artery angiography were performed to find the responsible blood vessels for embolization.The total therapeutic effect, operation time,DSA exposure time and contrast agent were compared between the two groups.Results The pretreatment CTA and DSA contrast were compared and the consistency of the bronchial artery was 90.9%.The effective efficiency of group A was 100%, and the effective rate of group B was 83.3 3%.The time of operation was (6 6.9 ± 1 4.5 )min in group A and (1 3 3.5 ± 1 9.4)min in group B,respectively.DSA exposure time was (2 7.9 ± 1 3.8)min and (5 5.1 ± 1 7.2 )min respectively,and the contrast agent dosage was (89.7±1 7.1)mL and (235.1±1 6.6)mL respectively.The differences between the two groups were statistically significant (P＜0.0 1).Conclusion The bronchial artery CTA examination before interventional treatment is an advantage in increasing the success rate,saving time,and improving efficacy.

Objective To explore the feasibility of in vitro biological soft tissue imaging by using synchrotron radiation phase contrast CT.Methods Three samples of resected human cardia,two samples of resected human esophageal carcinoma and esophagus,as well as two samples of middle cerebral artery tissue extracted from corpses were fixed and airdried at room temperature for synchrotron radiation phase contrast CT imaging.The images of soft tissue structures were observed and compared with pathological findings.Results The images of synchrotron radiation phase contrast CT showed three-layer structure of cardia and esophagus,mucous,submucosa and muscular layer.The surface of mucous layer was smooth.The images of esophageal carcinoma showed cancerous tissue infiltrating esophageal wall.The wall and lumen of cerebral arteries could be also clearly displayed.Conclusion Synchrotron radiation phase contrast CT imaging can clearly display fine structures of in vitro biological soft tissue.

Objective To explore the value of water -based material decomposition images for detection of bone marrow edema (BME)in sacroiliitis with energy spectral CT.Methods The sacroiliac (SI)joints of nine spondyloarthropathy patients with sacroiliitis (the research group)and eight healthy volunteers (the control group) were underwent MRI and energy spectral CT.The mixed energy image of energy spectral CT was reconstructed to be mono energy image.Then,the mono image was divided into water -based image and calcium image by material divid-ed and analyzed software.The SI para -articular marrow region water -calcium relative concentration of research group was compared with that of control group.The BME diagnosis efficiency and optimal water -based concentration of energy spectral CT was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC)curve.Then,the sensitivity,specificity, positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ration were calculated.Results The water -based concentration of BME in research group (1 067.43 ±10.84)g/L was higher than that of control group (1 039.43 ±8.01)g/L(t =-3.14,P =0.003).Meanwhile,the calcium -based concentration of research group (68.98 ±20.53)g/L was not different from control group (78.03 ±26.39)g/L(t =1.88,P =0.066).ROC curve showed that the diagnosis efficiency was medium as the area of under curve was 0.75.When the optimal concentration of water -based was 1 052.00g/L,the diagnosis efficiency was the best.The sensitivity and specificity was 84.00%,62.50% respectively. Conclusion There are reference value and potential clinical value with energy spectral CT water -based concentra-tion detection for diagnosis BME in patients with sacroiliitis.