Objective:To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of hepatitis C screening in general population in China, and find the age group in which hepatitis C screening can achieve the best cost-effectiveness.Methods:A decision-Markov model was constructed by using software TreeAge pro 2019 to simulate the outcomes of hepatitis C disease pregression of 100 000 persons aged 20-59 years. The cost-effectiveness of the strategies were evaluated from societal perspectives by using incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and net monetary benefit (NMB). One-way sensitivity analysis and probability sensitivity analysis were used to evaluate the uncertainty of parameters and model.Results:Hepatitis C screening was cost-effective in people aged 20- 59 years and the cost effectiveness was best in age group 40-49 years. Compared with non-screening strategy of hepatitis C in people aged 20-59 years, the incremental cost was 161.24 yuan, the incremental utility was 0.003 6 quality adjusted life years (QALYs)/per person, ICER was 45 197.26 yuan/QALY, ICER was less than the willing payment threshold. The ICER and NMB in all age groups were 42 055.06-53 249.43 yuan/QALY and 96.52-169.86 yuan/per person. Hepatitis C screening in people aged 40-49 years had the best cost-effectiveness. The results of one-way sensitivity analysis showed that the discount rate, anti-HCV detection cost, anti-HCV infection rate and the cost of direct antiviral agents were the main factors influencing economic evaluation. The results of the probability sensitivity analysis indicated that the model analysis was stable.Conclusions:Implementing hepatitis C screening based on medical institutions is cost-effective in people aged 20- 59 years, especially in those aged 40-49 years. Implementing the HCV screening strategy of be willing to test as far as possible in general population can reduce hepatitis C disease burden in China.

Objective: To explore the related factors for primary hepatic carcinoma (PHC) caused by chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and hepatitis C (CHC). Methods: According to the principle of cross-sectional study, a cluster random sample method was used, a total of 366 chronic hepatitis patients in hospitals were recruited from three provincial tertiary hospitals in Shanxi, Henan and Jilin between July 2016 and October 2016, respectively. Using a self-designed unified questionnaire, face-to-face interviews was conducted on subjects, including sex, age, alcohol consumption, coffee consumption, green tea consumption, fish consumption, smoking, HBV/HCV diagnosis and treatment, diabetes mellitus, family history of PHC (whether PHC in first-degree relatives), etc. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression were performed to identify the related factors for PHC with CHB and CHC. According to the clinical diagnosis the patients were divided into a chronic hepatitis group (not developing to PHC) and a PHC group. Results: Among 366 cases patients, 287 (78.4%) cases were male, 79 cases were female (21.6%), average age was (52.7±9.3) years. 202 cases were chronic hepatitis group, 164 cases were PHC group. Multivariate unconditional logistics regression analysis indicated that alcohol consumption (odds ratio (OR)=2.11, 95%CI: 1.18-3.75), family history of PHC (OR=5.12, 95%CI: 2.60-10.08) were positively correlated with the development of PHC in chronic b, green tea consumption (OR=0.45, 95%CI: 0.23-0.88), antiviral treatment (OR=0.19, 95%CI: 0.11-0.32) were negatively correlated. Alcohol consumption (OR=3.98, 95%CI: 1.14-13.85) was positively correlated with the development of PHC in chronic c, antiviral treatment (OR=0.14, 95%CI: 0.04-0.50) was negatively correlated. Conclusion Alcohol consumption, family history of PHC, green tea consumption and antiviral treatment were the related factors for the development of PHC in chronic hepatitis b. Alcohol consumption and antiviral treatment were the related factors for the development of PHC in chronic hepatitis c.

Objective To establish a method for simulataneous determination of 18 free amino acids in snake venom. Methods Preparation of free amino acid samples by membrane. HPLC analysis was performed after derivatization by using phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC) as a derivative reagent, samples were analyzed on Ultimate LP-C18 column with gradient elution column of 0.05 mol/L sodium acetate buffer and methanol-acetonitrile- water (40:40:20), and current speed was1.0 mL/min, and the column temperature was set at 35℃, and detection wavelength was 254nm. Results The 18 kinds of amino acids showed a good linearity with the correlation coefficients ≥0.99. The recovery rate was 74.59%~110.62%. Snake venom contained 17 kinds of amino acids, the total content of amino acids was 0.2%. Conclusion The method was accurate, reproducible and reliable, and can be used for the determination of amino acids in snake venom and related products.

Objective To observe effects of prolonged deployment at sea on vowel sound spectrum in shipboard naval personnel.Methods Voice signals were collected in the 10 shipboard naval personnel in the initial,middle and late stages of the prolonged deployment at sea.Pratt software was used to analyze parameters of the sound spectrum,such as fundamental frequency,intensity,and vowel formant,so as to observe the effects of prolonged deployment at sea on features of the vowel sound spectrum.Results Such were the results of the feature analysis of the vowel sound spectrum:fundamental frequency decreased to some extent (the fundamental frequencies of [a],[i] and[u] vowels in the initial stage of the prolonged deployment at sea were (160.10 ± 19.94),(158.69 ± 25.63) and (160.08 ± 23.51) Hz) respectively,while the fundamental frequencies of the said vowels in the late stage of the prolonged deployment were(141.14 ± 17.62),(139.57 ± 13.43)and (145.37 ± 16.24) Hz] respectively.Sound intensity also decreased:in the initial stage of the prolonged deployment at sea,sound intensity data of [a],[i] and [u] vowels were(83.53 ±1.96),(83.75 ± 1.91)and(83.25 ± 1.80) Hz respectively,while those of the said vowels in the late stage of the prolonged deployment were (81.08 ± 2.04),(81.29 ± 2.22) and (82.11 ± 4.21) dB] respectively.F1 and F3 formants of [a] and [i] vowels decreased significantly,and F3 of the [u] vowel also decreased significantly,all with statistical significance (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Our research indicated that such vowel sound spectrum features as pitch,intensity and timbre could be used as sensitive parameters for the identification of sound fatigue in shipboard naval personnel induced by prolonged deployment at sea.

Objective To analyze and evaluate the effect of ship cabin color matching on the human physiological parameters.Methods Ten healthy male volunteers,with an age range of 19-31 and normal visual acuity and color vision,were all trainees recruited for the study.Heart rate,systolic pressure,diastolic pressure,contrast visual acuity and contrast visual sensitivity of the trainees were determined under 6 different cabin colors.Color codes were put in the order of 2#,6#,5#,4#,3# and 1# in accordance with the color warmth,with 2# being the cold color,6# the sub-cold color,5# the neutral color with cold deflection,4# the neutral color with warm deflection,2# the sub-warm color and 1 # the warm color.The test time cycle of each color scheme was 21 days.The effects of 6 cabin color schemes on the physiological parameters of the trainees were analyzed and evaluated by using TOPSIS (technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution) and cluster analysis.Results (1) Heart rate,systolic pressure and diastolic pressure of the trainees did not change with the changes in color scheme (P ＞ 0.05).In the same color scheme,heart rate,systolic pressure and diastolic pressure all fluctuated within normal ranges,without statistical significance (P ＞ 0.05).(2) In the 6 color schemes,average contrast visual acuity fluctuated within the ranges of 0.01-0.03.In the 3# color scheme,contrast visual acuity was the highest (4.98 ± 0.06),while contrast visual acuity in the 1 # color scheme was the lowest(4.95 ± 0.05).No statistical significance in contrast visual acuity could be seen in 6 color schemes(P ＞0.05).(3)In six different color environment schemes,there was statistical significance in contrast visual sensitivity,when the trainees were at 0.6 and 1.2 cycles per degree (P ＜0.05 and P ＜0.01).However,no statistical significance in contrast visual sensitivity could be noted at 2.4,4.8 and 9.6 cycles per degree(P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Generally,heart rate,systolic pressure,diastolic pressure and contrast visual acuity of the trainees did not change with the changes in color schemes,while contrast visual sensitivity changed with the changes in color schemes of the cabin environment.The optimized sequence order of the 6 color schemes was 5#,6#,1#,3#,4# and 2#.The color scheme that had the least effect on the physiological parameters of the trainees was color scheme 5#,the neutral color with cold deflection.

Objective To observe effects of prolonged deployment at sea on vowel sound spectrum in shipboard naval personnel.Methods Voice signals were collected in the 10 shipboard naval personnel in the initial,middle and late stages of the prolonged deployment at sea.Pratt software was used to analyze parameters of the sound spectrum,such as fundamental frequency,intensity,and vowel formant,so as to observe the effects of prolonged deployment at sea on features of the vowel sound spectrum.Results Such were the results of the feature analysis of the vowel sound spectrum:fundamental frequency decreased to some extent (the fundamental frequencies of [a],[i] and[u] vowels in the initial stage of the prolonged deployment at sea were (160.10 ± 19.94),(158.69 ± 25.63) and (160.08 ± 23.51) Hz) respectively,while the fundamental frequencies of the said vowels in the late stage of the prolonged deployment were(141.14 ± 17.62),(139.57 ± 13.43)and (145.37 ± 16.24) Hz] respectively.Sound intensity also decreased:in the initial stage of the prolonged deployment at sea,sound intensity data of [a],[i] and [u] vowels were(83.53 ±1.96),(83.75 ± 1.91)and(83.25 ± 1.80) Hz respectively,while those of the said vowels in the late stage of the prolonged deployment were (81.08 ± 2.04),(81.29 ± 2.22) and (82.11 ± 4.21) dB] respectively.F1 and F3 formants of [a] and [i] vowels decreased significantly,and F3 of the [u] vowel also decreased significantly,all with statistical significance (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Our research indicated that such vowel sound spectrum features as pitch,intensity and timbre could be used as sensitive parameters for the identification of sound fatigue in shipboard naval personnel induced by prolonged deployment at sea.

Objective To analyze and evaluate the effect of ship cabin color matching on the human physiological parameters.Methods Ten healthy male volunteers,with an age range of 19-31 and normal visual acuity and color vision,were all trainees recruited for the study.Heart rate,systolic pressure,diastolic pressure,contrast visual acuity and contrast visual sensitivity of the trainees were determined under 6 different cabin colors.Color codes were put in the order of 2#,6#,5#,4#,3# and 1# in accordance with the color warmth,with 2# being the cold color,6# the sub-cold color,5# the neutral color with cold deflection,4# the neutral color with warm deflection,2# the sub-warm color and 1 # the warm color.The test time cycle of each color scheme was 21 days.The effects of 6 cabin color schemes on the physiological parameters of the trainees were analyzed and evaluated by using TOPSIS (technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution) and cluster analysis.Results (1) Heart rate,systolic pressure and diastolic pressure of the trainees did not change with the changes in color scheme (P ＞ 0.05).In the same color scheme,heart rate,systolic pressure and diastolic pressure all fluctuated within normal ranges,without statistical significance (P ＞ 0.05).(2) In the 6 color schemes,average contrast visual acuity fluctuated within the ranges of 0.01-0.03.In the 3# color scheme,contrast visual acuity was the highest (4.98 ± 0.06),while contrast visual acuity in the 1 # color scheme was the lowest(4.95 ± 0.05).No statistical significance in contrast visual acuity could be seen in 6 color schemes(P ＞0.05).(3)In six different color environment schemes,there was statistical significance in contrast visual sensitivity,when the trainees were at 0.6 and 1.2 cycles per degree (P ＜0.05 and P ＜0.01).However,no statistical significance in contrast visual sensitivity could be noted at 2.4,4.8 and 9.6 cycles per degree(P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Generally,heart rate,systolic pressure,diastolic pressure and contrast visual acuity of the trainees did not change with the changes in color schemes,while contrast visual sensitivity changed with the changes in color schemes of the cabin environment.The optimized sequence order of the 6 color schemes was 5#,6#,1#,3#,4# and 2#.The color scheme that had the least effect on the physiological parameters of the trainees was color scheme 5#,the neutral color with cold deflection.