Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of statutory infectious diseases in Yichang City from 2015 to 2023 and evaluate the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) in infectious disease prevention and control, and to provide a basis for formulating prevention and control strategies. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze annual incidence rates. SARIMA and SARIMA intervention models were constructed to predict the incidence rates of infectious diseases. Interrupted time series analysis (ITS) was applied to assess the control effectiveness. Results The average annual incidence rate from 2015 to 2023 was 787.47/100 000, with the top five diseases being influenza, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, hepatitis B, tuberculosis, and diarrheal diseases. The average incidence rate from 2015 to 2019 (654.31/100 000) was significantly higher than that from 2020 to 2022 (489.01/100 000) (χ²= 3 499.6, P < 0.05). The total incidence rate in 2023 (2 396.51/100 000) was significantly higher than the average annual incidence rates from 2015-2019 (χ²= 108 186.1, P < 0.05) and 2020-2022 (χ²= 112 869.4, P < 0.05). SARIMA model results indicated that the actual incidence rate from 2020 to 2022 decreased by 73.49% compared to the predicted rate without intervention, with the highest decline observed in respiratory infectious diseases (79.57%). The SARIMA-intervention model showed a 55.48% relative decrease in the total incidence rate for 2023, with the largest reduction in respiratory infectious diseases (63.28%) and a slight increase in intestinal infectious diseases (5.48%). Conclusion NPIs effectively reduce the incidence of statutory infectious diseases in the short term, especially for acute respiratory and intestinal infectious diseases. However, long-term effectiveness faces challenges, necessitating the development of differentiated prevention and control strategies.

BACKGROUND:The extracellular-regulated protein kinase 5(ERK5)signaling protein is essential for the survival of organisms,and resveratrol can promote osteoblast proliferation through various pathways.However,whether resveratrol can regulate osteoblast function through the ERK5 signaling protein needs further verification. OBJECTIVE:To explore the regulatory effect of ERK5 on the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells and related secreted proteins,and to further verify whether resveratrol can complete the above process by activating ERK5. METHODS:Mouse MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts were treated with complete culture medium,XMD8-92(an ERK5 inhibitor),epidermal growth factor(an ERK5 activator),resveratrol alone,XMD8-92+EGF,and resveratrol+XMD8-92,respectively.Western blot assay was used to detect the expression of ERK5 and p-ERK5 proteins,proliferation-related proteins Cyclin D1,CDK4 and PCNA,and osteoblast-secreted proteins osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand in MC3T3-E1 cells of each group.The fluorescence intensity of ERK5,osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand in each group was detected by cell immunofluorescence staining,and cell proliferation was detected by EdU staining,respectively.The appropriate concentration and time of resveratrol intervention in MC3T3-E1 cells were determined by cell morphology observation and cell counting kit-8 assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The activation of ERK5 signaling protein could effectively promote the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells,up-regulate the osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand ratio.The appropriate concentration and time for resveratrol intervention in MC3T3-E1 cells was 5 μmol/L and 24 hours,respectively.Resveratrol could activate ERK5 signaling protein,thereby promoting osteoblast proliferation and up-regulating the osteoprotegerin/RANKL ratio.All these results indicate that resveratrol can promote the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells and up-regulate the osteoprotegerin/RANKL ratio by activating the ERK5 signaling protein.

Objective To investigate the predictive value of Caprini model score combined with neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio(NLR)for deep vein thrombosis in elderly patients with intertrochanteric fracture.Methods A total of 70 elderly patients with intertrochanteric femoral fractures who received surgical treatment in the hospital from November 2022 to May 2024 were prospectively selected as the study subjects.The enrolled patients were divided into occurrence group and non-occurrence group according to whether DVT was complicated during postoperative hospitalization.,general data,surgery-related indexes were compared between the two groups,multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors affecting postoperative DVT.The efficacy of Caprini model score combined with NLR in predicting postoperative DVT was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC).Results Compared with the non-occurrence group,the Caprini model score,NLR,combined diabetes rate,D-dimer(D-D)and hypersensitive C-reactive protein(hs-CRP)levels in the occurrence group were higher(P＜0.05),the injury-hospital admission time was longer(P＜0.05),the intraoperative blood loss was greater(P＜0.05),and the platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF)was lower(P＜0.05).Logistic multivariate regression analysis results show that Caprini model has high score(OR=2.044,95％CI:1.825～2.764),high NLR(OR=2.008,95％CI:1.840～2.696),combined with diabetes(OR=1.834,95％CI:1.726～2.463),long duration of injury-hospital admission(OR=1.828,95％CI:1.625～2.531),large intraoperative blood loss(OR=1.851,95％CI:1.682～2.421),high D-D level(OR=1.910,95％CI:1.771～2.605)and low PDGF level(OR=1.934,95％CI:1.706～2.568)were risk factors for deep vein thrombosis in elderly patients with intertrochanteric fracture.ROC curve results show that the sensitivity and AUC of Caprini model score combined with NLR in predicting postoperative deep vein thrombosis in elderly patients with intertrochanteric fracture are 90.50％and 0.902,respectively,these indexes are higher than Caprini model score(87.20％,0.869)and NLR(84.60％,0.848).Conclusion Both Caprini model score and NLR are higher in elderly patients with DVT after operation,and Caprini model score combined with NLR is more effective in predicting DVT after operation.

Mitophagy,a special form of selective autophagy,plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by regulating cellular lipid metabolism,inflammation,and oxidative stress.However,its regulatory mech-anism is complex and has not been fully elucidated.Notably,many drugs and herbal ingredients exhibit anti-atherosclerot-ic effects by modulating mitophagy in macrophages,vascular endothelial cells,and vascular smooth muscle cells,offering potential new avenues for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.In this article,we review the role of mitophagy in regulating cellular functions and the progression of atherosclerosis,as well as summarize potential therapeutic drugs that may contribute to anti-atherosclerosis by modulating mitophagy.Our aim is to provide a new literature basis for further ex-ploration of the role of mitophagy in atherosclerosis.

Objective To investigate the predictive value of Caprini model score combined with neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio(NLR)for deep vein thrombosis in elderly patients with intertrochanteric fracture.Methods A total of 70 elderly patients with intertrochanteric femoral fractures who received surgical treatment in the hospital from November 2022 to May 2024 were prospectively selected as the study subjects.The enrolled patients were divided into occurrence group and non-occurrence group according to whether DVT was complicated during postoperative hospitalization.,general data,surgery-related indexes were compared between the two groups,multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors affecting postoperative DVT.The efficacy of Caprini model score combined with NLR in predicting postoperative DVT was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC).Results Compared with the non-occurrence group,the Caprini model score,NLR,combined diabetes rate,D-dimer(D-D)and hypersensitive C-reactive protein(hs-CRP)levels in the occurrence group were higher(P＜0.05),the injury-hospital admission time was longer(P＜0.05),the intraoperative blood loss was greater(P＜0.05),and the platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF)was lower(P＜0.05).Logistic multivariate regression analysis results show that Caprini model has high score(OR=2.044,95％CI:1.825～2.764),high NLR(OR=2.008,95％CI:1.840～2.696),combined with diabetes(OR=1.834,95％CI:1.726～2.463),long duration of injury-hospital admission(OR=1.828,95％CI:1.625～2.531),large intraoperative blood loss(OR=1.851,95％CI:1.682～2.421),high D-D level(OR=1.910,95％CI:1.771～2.605)and low PDGF level(OR=1.934,95％CI:1.706～2.568)were risk factors for deep vein thrombosis in elderly patients with intertrochanteric fracture.ROC curve results show that the sensitivity and AUC of Caprini model score combined with NLR in predicting postoperative deep vein thrombosis in elderly patients with intertrochanteric fracture are 90.50％and 0.902,respectively,these indexes are higher than Caprini model score(87.20％,0.869)and NLR(84.60％,0.848).Conclusion Both Caprini model score and NLR are higher in elderly patients with DVT after operation,and Caprini model score combined with NLR is more effective in predicting DVT after operation.

Objective:To investigate whether the levels of 15 micronutrients could influence the risk of HER2-positive and negative breast cancer using Mendelian randomization (MR) .Methods:In this study, multivariate Mendelian randomization analysis was used to obtain the data of 15 micronutrients (copper, calcium, carotene, folate, iron, magnesium, potassium, selenium, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, vitamin C, vitamin D and vitamin E) and HER2 (+/-) breast cancer in the Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) database. Analyses were performed using R software and the TwoSampleMR package. This study used the inverse variance weighting (IVW) method as the main method to analyze the causal relationship between micronutrients and HER2 (+/-) breast cancer, combined with MR-Egger regression, weighted median (WM) , Simple mode, and Weighted mode as complementary methods. Heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy of our results were detected by the Cochran Q test, MR-Egger regression test, MR-PRESSO composite test, and MR Egger intercept to enhance the reliability and stability of the results. Reverse MR analysis was performed as HER2 (+/-) breast cancer exposure factors. The micronutrients screened by the MR above analysis were used as outcome variables for effect and sensitivity analyses. Multivariate Mendelian randomization analysis was performed on the relevant trace elements screened by MR to avoid interference between variables. The independent effects of trace elements were analyzed to improve the reliability of our results.Results:The results of MR analysis showed that micronutrient vitamin B6 was negatively associated with the risk of developing HER2-negative breast cancer (IVM: OR=0.69,95% CI:0.45-0.96, P=0.029) . The results of the Cochran Q test, MR-Egger regression test, MR-PRESSO composite test, and MR Egger intercept test showed that there was no heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy among the instrumental variables. At the same time, the analysis of leave-one-out test confirmed that a single SNP had no significant effect on the overall results, which further enhanced the reliability and stability of the results. Conclusions:Among the 15 micronutrients, our results suggested that vitamin B6 may be a protective factor for HER-negative breast cancer. Our study provided a reference for the pathogenesis of HER-negative breast cancer and its early prevention and treatment.

Hemolymphangioma is an extremely rare lymphatic and vascular malformation, recognized as a benign lesion notable for its prolonged clinical course. The digestive tract mainly occurs in the esophagus and colorectum, the small intestine is rarely reported. Here, we report a case of small intestinal hemangiolymphangioma primarily manifesting as gastrointestinal bleeding, with the aim of providing a reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

With the deepening understanding of small intestinal diseases and the improvement of the disease spectrum, diseases related to small intestinal villous atrophy have been gradually recognized and diagnosed in recent years. Most patients with villous atrophy present with small intestinal malabsorption syndrome, such as diarrhea, bloating, abdominal pain, and weight loss. However, due to the lack of specificity of clinical symptoms and the fact that endoscopic findings only involve the villi, milder lesions are easily overlooked, leading to missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis. This article summarizes the endoscopic manifestations, examination methods, differential diagnosis, and treatment approaches for small intestinal villous atrophy in recent years, aiming to improve the standardized diagnosis and treatment of diseases related to small intestinal villous atrophy.

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics of inconsistent symptoms and signs of dry eye in patients with Sj?gren syndrome (SS).Methods:A case-control study was performed.Thirty-eight patients (38 eyes) who visited the dry-eye outpatient department at Peking University People's Hospital were enrolled from January to October 2021.The patients were divided into a non-SS (NSS) group (25 cases, 25 eyes) and a SS group (13 cases, 13 eyes) according to without or with SS.The data of right eyes were analyzed.The patients' subjective symptoms were scored and their objective clinical parameters were evaluated.Evaluation of subjective symptoms included Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), Standard Patient Evaluation of eye dryness (SPEED) Questionnaire and Dry Eye Questionnaire-5 (DEQ-5).Objective clinical parameters included Schirmer Ⅰ test (SⅠt), tear film breakup time (TBUT), SICCA ocular staining score (OSS), National Eye Institute (NEI) score, Marx line score, non-invasive tear film breakup time (NIBUT), non-invasive tear meniscus height (NITMH), meibomian gland loss area ratio, the number of corneal subepithelial nerves, total nerve length, mean nerve length, maximum nerve length, minimum nerve length, nerve curvature, and number of dendritic cells.Differences in subjective symptoms and clinical parameters were compared between the two groups, and correlation analysis between ocular symptom scores and objective clinical parameters was performed.This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University People's Hospital (No.RDY2020-03).Written informed consent was obtained from each subject.Results:The OSDI, SPEED and DEQ-5 scores of SS group were 10.9(2.1, 23.1), 4.0(2.0, 7.0) and 7.0(3.5, 9.5), respectively, which were significantly lower than 37.5(26.0, 64.9), 10.5(7.0, 13.0) and 13.0(6.8, 14.3) of NSS group ( Z=-2.70, -3.01, -2.14; all P<0.05).TBUT was longer in the SS group than in the NSS group, and the difference was statistically significant ( Z=-2.10, P=0.038).No significant difference was found in SⅠt, OSS, Marx line score, NIBUT, NITMH, meibomian gland loss area ratio, the number of corneal subepithelial nerves, total nerve length, mean nerve length, maximum nerve length, minimum nerve length, nerve curvature, and number of dendritic cells (all P>0.05).The OSS of nasal conjunctiva was significantly higher in the SS group than in the NSS group ( Z=-2.32, P=0.023).There were no correlations between the subjective symptoms and objective clinical parameters in NSS group (all P>0.05).The SPEED score was positively correlated with the Marx line score of upper eye lid ( rs=0.573, P=0.041) and the OSDI score was negatively correlated with the minimum nerve length ( rs=-0.606, P=0.037) in SS group. Conclusions:Patients with SS dry eye have more nasal conjunctival staining and fewer subjective symptoms than NSS dry eye patients with the same signs, which manifests as a separation of symptoms and signs.

Oral cancer, as one kind of mucosal epithelial tumor, constitutes approximately 2% of all cancers, while the most common type, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) represents around 90% histopathology of oral cancers. Although the treatment of OSCC has been improved in recent 20 years, its 5-year survival rate has not raised significantly. The crux to improve the survival rate and prognosis of OSCC patients lies in the early diagnosis and intervention of this disease. Hence, exploring new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for OSCC is therefore an urgent priority. Exosomes, the small membrane vesicles originated from endosomes, have been detected in a wide array of bodily fluids. Exosomes have biological properties of derived cells based on containing a diversity of proteins, lipids, DNA fragments, mRNAs, and non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, piRNAs, circular RNAs, tsRNAs, and ribosomal RNAs, which are delivered to neighboring cells or even transported to distant sites. They participate in cellular communication as well as play an important role in many diseases and immune response. Exosomes have been associated with the tumorigenesis of OSCC, promoting the proliferation, colonization, and metastasis of OSCC by transferring their cargos to the target cells. Furthermore, exosomes participate in the regulation of the tumor microenvironment to affect cancer progression in vivo. In this review, we summarize the crucial role of exosomes in the tumorigenesis and progression of OSCC and discuss the potential clinical application of exosomes in OSCC treatment.