Objective:To explore the effect of integrating clinical situational mode into experimental teaching of Pathogenic Biology,integrate early clinical concept into experimental teaching,and enhance students'ability to analyze and solve clinical problems,so as to improve the quality of teaching.Methods:A total of 179 students from class 7 to 12 of grade 2022 majoring in clinical medicine of a medical college were enrolled as the research subjects.Among them,88 students from class 7 to 9 were selected as the control group and comprehensive experimental content teaching according to the traditional teaching mode were carried out.A total of 91 students from class 10 to 12 were selected as the experimental group and experimental teaching system of Pathogenic Biology focusing on clinical case analysis and discussion,comprehensive experimental development,and diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases were carried out.The results of process evaluation and summative evaluation were compared between the two groups,and the effect of integrating clinical situation mode into experimental teaching on improving the learning ability of students in the experimental group was evaluated in the form of a questionnaire survey.Results:Academic performances of process evaluation and summative evaluation in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group(P＜0.01).The integration of clinical situational mode into Pathogenic Biology significantly improved students'learning interest,theoretical comprehension,and cultivation of"early clinical"thinking.Conclusion:The integration of clinical situational mode into Pathogenic Biology experiment course can effectively motivated students'learning enthusiasm and cultivate high-quality medical talents with innovative ability and clinical thinking.

Sarcopenia is an age-related skeletal muscle degenerative disease.Physiologically aging mice are the most commonly used animal model for studying sarcopenia.As sarcopenia is characterized by decreased skeletal muscle mass and reduced muscle strength,exercise performance as a reflection of muscle function is widely used to evaluate sarcopenia.Methods of evaluating the motor function of sarcopenia mouse models are generally designed based on muscle endurance,muscle strength,coordination,and balance.The method include tests such as treadmill exhaustion,voluntary wheel use,grip strength,horse grid,bars and balance beam tests.By collating recent publications,we have systematically summarized the method used for evaluating motor function,including the tests'principles,procedures,evaluation indexes,advantages,and disadvantages.We then propose an operational program for evaluating the sarcopenia phenotype,which will be of help to researchers wishing to choose evaluation method appropriate to their specific research purposes.Further innovative technology for assessing motor function that could be instructive in the evaluation of skeletal muscle function and diagnosis of sarcopenia is summarized.

ObjectiveTo explore the central neuroregulation mechanism of heat-sensitive moxibustion for knee osteoarthritis on pain relief. MethodsThirty patients who did not have experience of Deqi （得气） during heat-sensitive moxibustion treatment were assigned to the "non-Deqi group"， while another 30 patients who had experience of Deqi were assigned to the "Deqi group". Both groups received moxibustion at the left Heding （EX-LE2） acupoint. In the Deqi group， after the patients experienced sensation of Deqi at the acupoint， moxibustion was applied at approximately 3 cm from the skin for 10 minutes； in the non-Deqi group， moxibustion was also applied at approximately 3 cm from the skin for 10 minutes. Both groups received treatment once daily for 10 consecutive days. Knee joint pain was assessed before and after treatment using the visual analog scale （VAS）. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging （rs-fMRI） scans were performed on all participants before the first treatment session and after the final session on the 10th day. The fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations （fALFF） maps before and after treatment were processed using the SPM12 module by MATLAB. ResultsAfter treatment， VAS scores in both groups were significantly lower than before treatment （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）， with the Deqi group showing significantly lower VAS scores than the non-Deqi group （P＜0.01）. Compared to before treatment， the Deqi group exhibited significant activation in the prefrontal cortex （t = 6.28）， white matter （t = 6.36）， and left temporal lobe （t = 9.33）， while significant inhibition was observed in the occipital lobe （t = -9.86） and right cerebrum （t = -4.54， P＜0.01）； in the non-Deqi group， significant changes after treatment were observed in the left occipital lobe （t = -6.42）， left medial frontal gyrus （t = -4.35）， left middle frontal gyrus （t = -4.74）， right superior frontal gyrus （t = -4.82）， right superior temporal gyrus （t = -6.61）， and right cerebellar posterior lobe （t = -8.64）， all of which were in inhibited states （P＜0.01）. Compared to the non-Deqi group， the Deqi group exhibited significant activation after treatment in the external nucleus （t = 5.77）， white matter （t = 3.58）， right cerebrum （t = 5.84）， left cerebellum （t = 5.35）， and left cerebrum （t = 4.32）， while significant inhibition was observed in the prefrontal cortex （t = -4.16）， occipital lobe （t = -4.87）， and precentral gyrus （t = -4.46， P＜0.01）. ConclusionsHeat-sensitive moxibustion provides better analgesic effects for knee osteoarthritis under state of Deqi. Its central neuroregulation mechanism may be related to the involvement of the frontal lobe， temporal lobe， occipital lobe， external nucleus， white matter， right cerebrum， left cerebellum， left cerebrum， and precentral gyrus in modulating pain signals.

Dyslipidemia is one of the common metabolic disorders in type 2 diabetes mellitus,often coexisting with insulin resistance and central obesity to form metabolic syndrome,significantly increasing the risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in diabetic patients.Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(non-HDL-C)refers to the sum of cholesterol contained in other lipopro-teins except high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C).In recent years,the importance of non-HDL-C in the management of diabetic complications has garnered increasing attention,and it has been established as a major lipid-lowering target along with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)in the latest expert consensus on lipid management for Chinese diabetic patients.Clinical studies have demonstrated that non-HDL-C is closely associated with residual cardiovascular risk and recurrent stroke risk in diabetic patients,as well as carotid plaque vulnerability and the development of peripher-al arterial disease.Additionally,non-HDL-C is also closely related to diabetic nephropathy and reti-nopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus,and achieving long-term control of non-HDL-C levels can reduce the risk of chronic kidney disease.This article summarized the relationship between non-HDL-C and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus and elucidated its significance as a future clinical therapeutic target.

This study summarized Professor Su Peiji's clinical experience in differenting and treating lumbago and leg pain.He contends that the disease involves the liver and kidney,manifesting as a syndrome of deficiency in origin and excess in superficiality,with liver-kidney deficiency and insufficiency of essence and blood as the root cause,and exogenous wind,cold,and dampness invading the meridians and then causing obstruction as the superficial manifestation.The principal pathological factors include wind,cold,dampness,blood stasis,and deficiency.In clinical practice,he follows the therapeutic principle of expelling pathogens and supporting healthy qi in accordance with the abundance or deficiency of pathogens and healthy qi,takes the therapy of tonifying the liver and kidney as the primary approach,and applies the adjuvant therapies of dispelling wind,cold,and dampness as well as relaxing tendons and activating collaterals.By incorporating the theory of collateral diseases,Professor Su Peiji proposes that the deficiency-excess of collateral diseases is closely related to the onset of lumbago and leg pain.His therapeutic approach centers around Shuji Formula,a self-formulated formula which is composed of Taxilli Herba,Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix,Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix,Angelicae Pubescentis Radix,Clematidis Radix et Rhizoma,Aconiti Radix Cocta,Flemingiae Radix et Caulis,Millettiae Speciosae Radix,Poria,Angelicae Sinensis Radix,Paeoniae Radix Alba,Chuanxiong Rhizoma,Spatholobi Caulis,Tinosporae sinensis Caulis,and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata cum Melle.Modified use of herbs was performed according to the predominance of wind,cold,dampness,blood stasis,or deficiency,so as to achieve the effects of tonifying the liver and kidney,strengthening bones and tendons,dispelling wind,cold and dampness,and relaxing tendons and activating collaterals.

Objective:To explore the effect of integrating clinical situational mode into experimental teaching of Pathogenic Biology,integrate early clinical concept into experimental teaching,and enhance students'ability to analyze and solve clinical problems,so as to improve the quality of teaching.Methods:A total of 179 students from class 7 to 12 of grade 2022 majoring in clinical medicine of a medical college were enrolled as the research subjects.Among them,88 students from class 7 to 9 were selected as the control group and comprehensive experimental content teaching according to the traditional teaching mode were carried out.A total of 91 students from class 10 to 12 were selected as the experimental group and experimental teaching system of Pathogenic Biology focusing on clinical case analysis and discussion,comprehensive experimental development,and diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases were carried out.The results of process evaluation and summative evaluation were compared between the two groups,and the effect of integrating clinical situation mode into experimental teaching on improving the learning ability of students in the experimental group was evaluated in the form of a questionnaire survey.Results:Academic performances of process evaluation and summative evaluation in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group(P＜0.01).The integration of clinical situational mode into Pathogenic Biology significantly improved students'learning interest,theoretical comprehension,and cultivation of"early clinical"thinking.Conclusion:The integration of clinical situational mode into Pathogenic Biology experiment course can effectively motivated students'learning enthusiasm and cultivate high-quality medical talents with innovative ability and clinical thinking.

Diagnosis and treatment of refractory hydrocephalus are the keys in reflecting the overall level of diagnosis and treatment of hydrocephalus. However, there is currently no clear definition of refractory hydrocephalus; moreover, treatment of these patients is difficult, with high failure rate. This article focuses on the definition, common causes and classification of refractory hydrocephalus, the treatment strategies of infectious refractory hydrocephalus, the treatment dilemmas of negative pressure or low-pressure hydrocephalus, and treatment future directions of refractory hydrocephalus, in order to attract attention of clinicians to the diagnosis and treatment of refractory hydrocephalus.

This study was aimed at preliminarily assessing the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection(LTBI)among cattle farming and slaughterhouse workers across Wuxue,Xianning,and Yichang Cities in Hubei Province,and exploring associated risk factors.Data on cattle farming and slaughterhouse workers were gathered via a questionnaire.LTBI detection was performed with a tu-berculin skin test and interferon-gamma release assay,and influencing factors were subsequently analyzed.The LTBI prevalence among cattle farming and slaughterhouse personnel in the three cities was 30.50%,and a higher rate was observed in slaughterhouse workers(39.01%)than cattle farmers(21.63%)(P<0.01).Multifactor analysis indicated that working in slaughterhouses(95%CI:1.582-3.878),having a history of tuberculosis(95%CI:1.377-25.057)or BCG vaccination(95%CI:1.229-3.285),and having a college education or above(95%CI:0.303-0.859)were significant factors influencing LTBI positivity in these personnel.Having more than 30 years of work experience(95%CI:1.303-18.782)was a risk factor for personnel at cattle breeding farms.Among slaugh-terhouse personnel,having a college education or above(95%CI:0.164-0.894),11-20 years of work experience(95%CI:0.122-0.994),or a history of tuberculosis(95%CI:1.661-64.397);performing logistics work(95%CI:3.234-126.424);and working in slaughter-related positions(95%CI:1.209-19.639)were associated with LTBI positivity.Therefore,the slaughterhouse workers in the three cities had higher LTBI rates than the cattle farming workers,thus underscoring the need for increased attention to personnel in logistics and slaughter-related positions.

Objective To explore differentially expressed proteins in the serum exosomes of acute myeloid leukemia(AML)patients and healthy controls by using the proteomics method,and provide new biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of AML.Methods A total of 76 AML patients diagnosed and treated in the First People's Hospital of Honghe State from November 2022 to June 2024 were selected as the experimental group,and 60 healthy physical examination participants were selected as the control group.Tandem Mass Tag(TMT)labeled proteomics was used to identify the differences in protein expression in serum exosomes between the experimental and control groups,and the identified differentially expressed proteins were subjected to bioinformatics analysis.Western-Blot was used to verify the differentially expressed proteins.Results Comparedwith healthy controls,146 aberrantly expressed proteinswere detected in serum exosomes of AML patients,of which 89 were up-regulated and 57 were down-regulated.Among them,Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin(α1-ACT),Angiogenin(ANG),Vitronectin(VIT),Clusterin(Clu),Fibronectin(FN),Keratin type I cytoskeletal-18(KRT18),and actinin alpha4(ACTN4)showed changed significantly.Gene ontology(GO)and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)enrichment analysis indicated that differentially expresseproteins were involved in biological processes such as neutrophil immunity,neutrophil degranulation,neutrophil activation immune response,and protein activation cascade,significantly enriched in 25 biological pathways including complement and coagulation cascades,extracellular matrix(ECM)-receptor interaction,and hypoxia-inducible factor-1(HIF-1)signaling pathways.Western-blot validation results showed that compared with the control group,the expression levels of ANG,Clu and FN in the serum exosomes of AML patients were significantly increased,while the expression level of ACTN4 was significantly decreased,with statistically significant differences(t=-11.854～18.569,all P<0.05).The expression levels of ANG and FN were correlated with white blood cell count(F=8.888,7.818,all P<0.05)and cytogenetics(F=8.619,7.983,P<0.05).The expression level of Clu protein was correlated with white blood cell count(F=2.571,P<0.05),but not significantly associated with cytogenetics(F=1.886,P>0.05).ANG,FN and Clu showed no significant correlation with FAB classification(F=0.175,0.434,0.042,all P>0.05).Conclusion The expression of exosomal proteins in the serum of AML patients compared to healthy individuals are significant differences,which may serve as serological markers for the diagnosis and treatment of AML.

Sarcopenia is an age-related skeletal muscle degenerative disease.Physiologically aging mice are the most commonly used animal model for studying sarcopenia.As sarcopenia is characterized by decreased skeletal muscle mass and reduced muscle strength,exercise performance as a reflection of muscle function is widely used to evaluate sarcopenia.Methods of evaluating the motor function of sarcopenia mouse models are generally designed based on muscle endurance,muscle strength,coordination,and balance.The method include tests such as treadmill exhaustion,voluntary wheel use,grip strength,horse grid,bars and balance beam tests.By collating recent publications,we have systematically summarized the method used for evaluating motor function,including the tests'principles,procedures,evaluation indexes,advantages,and disadvantages.We then propose an operational program for evaluating the sarcopenia phenotype,which will be of help to researchers wishing to choose evaluation method appropriate to their specific research purposes.Further innovative technology for assessing motor function that could be instructive in the evaluation of skeletal muscle function and diagnosis of sarcopenia is summarized.