Arsenic trioxide (ATO) serves as a component of traditional Chinese medicine and a modern anticancer agent, demonstrating remarkable efficacy in the long-term treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. With increasing research into its application in solid tumors, ATO's diverse mechanisms of action and potential clinical value have attracted widespread attention. ATO can inhibit tumor cell proliferation by inducing various forms of cell death, such as apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis, as well as by regulating cell differentiation. Moreover, its modulatory effects on the tumor immune microenvironment provide a new aspectto its antitumor activity. Nevertheless, the clinical application of ATO in solid tumors faces challenges such as low bioavailability, inadequate targeting, and adverse effects. The development of nanocarriers and targeted delivery systems has emerged asa key strategy for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of ATO. This review systematically summarizes the multiple mechanisms of action of ATO in solid tumors and recent advances in nanodelivery technologies, explores the potential of ATO-based combination therapies, and discusses future directions, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for the clinical application of ATO in solid tumors.

AIM: To explore the risk factors for visual field defect in patients with normal tension glaucoma.METHODS: The general data of 164 patients(164 eyes)with normal tension glaucoma diagnosed and treated in our hospital from July 2022 to January 2025 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the visual field defect, the patients were divided into visual field defect group(93 eyes)and no visual field defect group(71 eyes). The clinical data of the two groups were compared, and the risk factors of visual field defect in patients with normal intraocular pressure glaucoma were analyzed by Logistic regression.RESULTS: Totally 93 eyes had visual field defect among 164 eyes with normal tension glaucoma, with an incidence rate of 57%. The age, proportion of high myopia, intraocular pressure, intraocular pressure fluctuation and resistance index(RI)in the visual field defect group were higher than those in the non-visual field defect group(all P<0.01), while the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, the optic disc vascular density, peak systolic blood flow velocity(PSV)and end diastolic blood flow velocity(EDV)in the visual field defect group were lower than those in the non-visual field defect group(all P<0.01). Multivariate Logistic regression showed that advanced age(OR=1.171), high myopia(OR=2.316), ocular hypertension(OR=1.662), high intraocular pressure fluctuation(OR=1.770), low retinal nerve fiber layer thickness(OR=0.744), low optic disc vascular density(OR=0.547), low PSV(OR=0.618), low EDV(OR=0.577)and high RI(OR=1.980)were all risk factors for visual field defect in patients with normal tension glaucoma(all P<0.01).CONCLUSION: The age, high myopia, intraocular pressure, intraocular pressure fluctuation, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, optic disc vascular density, PSV, EDV and RI are influence factors for visual field defect in patients with normal tension glaucoma.

Objective To investigate the five-circuit and six-qi features at conception and at birth in the patients with endometrial cancer.Methods From June 2020 to August 2024,the information about the conception time and birth time of 1 099 patients with endometrial cancer admitted to Guang'anmen Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences was collected from the electronic medical record system.The circuit-qi information at conception and at birth of the patients was statistically analyzed,and then the congenital endowment characteristics of the patients were explored.Results The results showed that most of the patients suffering endometrial cancer were born in winter,and the dominant qi at birth of the patients was predominated by taiyang cold-water,and the differences of the distribution of dominant qi at birth were statistically significant(P＜0.05).There were no significant differences in the distribution of yearly circuit,guest qi,and sitian-zaiquan at birth,and in the distribution of seasons,yearly circuit,dominant qi,guest qi,and sitian-zaiquan at conception(P＞0.05),and only an obvious trend of differences was presented.Conclusion There is a certain correlation between the prevalence of endometrial cancer and the five-circuit and six-qi features at conception and at birth.The congenital endowment of patients with endometrial cancer is characterized by yang deficiency with predominant coldness,and the prevalence is related to jueyin wind wood.

Objective To investigate traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)syndrome characteristics associated with immunotherapy efficacy in cervical cancer using propensity score matching(PSM),aiming to identify the population benefiting from immunotherapy.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted in 253 cervical cancer patients,who received the treatment with programmed death receptor 1(PD-1)inhibitors at Guang'anmen Hospital,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences from January 2020 to October 2024.Clinical data and TCM four-examination data were collected.After balancing the confounders via PSM(1∶1 matching)and with therapeutic efficacy as the dependent variable,multivariate logistic regression was performed to analyze the characteristics of TCM syndrome in the immunotherapy-response group and then a predictive model was constructed.Results(1)After matching with PSM,198 cases were included,99 cases in response group and 99 cases in non-response group.(2)Analysis of the distribution of TCM syndrome elements showed that the differences in the pathogenic syndrome elements of qi deficiency,qi stagnation,blood stasis,heat and phlegm between the two groups were statistically significant(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01),while there were no statistically significant differences in the disease-location syndrome elements of uterus,kidneys,lungs,spleen,liver,and heart,as well as in the pathogenic syndrome elements of blood deficiency,yin deficiency,yang deficiency,cold,and dampness(P＞0.05).The main pathogenic syndrome elements in the response group were qi deficiency,blood deficiency and heat,while those in the non-response group were qi stagnation,heat and phlegm.(3)The results of univariate regression analysis showed that targeted therapy(P=0.040),programmed cell death-ligand 1(PD-L1)expression level(P＜0.001),qi deficiency(P=0.009),blood deficiency(P＜0.001),yang deficiency(P＜0.001),yin deficiency(P＜0.001),qi stagnation(P=0.003),blood stasis(P＜0.001),cold(P＜0.001),cold(P＜0.001),heat(P＜0.001),phlegm(P＜0.001),and dampness(P＜0.001)were the factors associated with the efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors.(4)The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that previous targeted therapy(OR=0.36,95%CI:0.16-0.83)and pathogenic syndrome elements of qi stagnation(OR=0.23,95%CI:0.10-0.49),phlegm(OR=0.28,95%CI:0.13-0.61)were the risk factors of associated with the efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors,while PD-L1 expression level(OR=15.27,95%CI:2.60-89.63),and pathogenic syndrome element qi deficiency(OR=2.90,95%CI:1.42-5.89)were the protective factors associated with the efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors in cervical cancer.(5)Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis demonstrated that the area under the ROC curve(AUC)of the predictive model for evaluating PD-1 inhibitor efficacy in cervical cancer was 0.78(95%CI:0.71-0.84),indicating certain predictive value.Conclusion PD-L1 expression level and TCM pathogenic syndrome elements such as qi deficiency,qi stagnation,and phlegm are the independent factors influencing PD-1 inhibitor efficacy in cervical cancer,providing insights for optimizing integrated TCM-western medicine treatment strategies.

Cancer toxin is a specific pathogenesis leading to the heterogeneity of breast cancer.The nature and virulence of the cancer toxin determine the differences in the heterogeneity of breast cancer,which can dynamically evolve over time and space,resulting in varying invasion abilities and characteristics of the tumor.Cancer cells in the primary lesion possess"toxicity"that targets specific organs for metastasis,and cancer toxins can influence the metastatic propensity of different types of breast cancer.Therefore,breast cancer treatment strategies based on the theory of cancer toxins emphasize the continuous eradication of the cancer toxin,focusing on differentiating its strength and nature,protecting unaffected areas first,identifying the state based on symptoms,and targeting accordingly to combat resistance arising from tumor heterogeneity.This article aims to provide a new theoretical basis for the treatment strategies of different types of breast cancer.

Objective To study the influence of long term simulated weightlessness on occurrence of laryngopharyngeal reflux(LPR)in healthy volunteers by detection of pepsin in saliva.Methods During a 90-day head-down tilt bed rest(HDTBR)experiment,11 volunteers(4 from the control group and 7 from the countermeasure group)were recruited in the study in the following seven sessions:before bed rest session(Pre),during bed rest sessions for 3 days(BR3),31 days(BR31),61 days(BR61),85 days(BR85)and post bed rest sessions for 7 days(R7)and 25 days(R25).During each testing session,saliva samples were collected for two consecutive days both in the morning and at night before sleeping.Then pepsin in the saliva was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Scale of otorhinolaryngological symptoms for the duration of"Pre-,During-and Post-"were retrospectively performed.Results Among 288 saliva samples of 11 volunteers,17 saliva samples of 8 volunteers were positive for pepsin.The incidence of LPR was 9.1%(1/11)in the Pre session,and it increased to 36.4%in the BR31 session which was higher than the following consequential sessions(0%in BR31,27.3%in BR61 and 27.3%in BR85).Intriguingly,it rose again to 45.5%in R7 session and decreased to 9.1%until in R25 session.There was no significant difference between the control group and the countermeasure group.Total scores for the scale of otorhinolaryngological symptoms showed that a slight elevation tendency emerged during HDTBR session,compared with the pre-HDTBR session.It recovered during the post bed rest sessions.Conclusion The laryngopharyngeal reflux was found in the Pre,During and Post HDTBR experiment.The incidence was significantly increased both in the BR3 and R7 sessions,which indicates that the change of the posture with the stimulation of gastrointestinal dynamic conditions,despite the changes from vertical to horizontal or from horizontal to vertical,might be the major impact factor contributing to the elevation tendency of the incidence of laryngopharyngeal reflux.

Objective:To compare the detection rate and time cost of different imaging methods for retinal and optic disc neovascularization in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted.Thirty-eight patients (48 eyes) with PDR were enrolled in Henan Eye Hospital from October 2019 to February 2021, including 22 males (28 eyes) and 16 females (20 eyes). The average age of the patients was (51.08±13.35) years.All patients underwent ultra-widefield imaging (UWFI), fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), en face optical coherence tomography (OCT), near-infrared fundus imaging (IR) combined with spectral domain OCT (SD-OCT). Wide field swept-source OCTA (WF-SS-OCTA) was performed in the patients who were unsuitable for FFA.The time required for each examination in one eye and the detection rate of neovascularization at the optic disc (NVD) and retinal neovascularization elsewhere (NVE) were recorded.This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.The study protocol was approved by Henan Eye Hospital (No.HNEECKY-2021[22]). All patients were informed about the method and purpose of the study and voluntarily signed the informed consent form.Results:The mean monocular examination time costs of UWFI, IR+ SD-OCT, OCTA+ en face OCT, FFA and WF-SS-OCT was (0.51±0.13), (2.08±0.57), (5.79±0.68), (17.66±1.83) and (13.38±1.23)min, respectively.There was a significant overall difference in the mean monocular examination time among the five methods ( F=2 077.960, P<0.001). The detection rates of UWFI, IR+ SD-OCT, OCTA+ en face OCT, FFA+ WF-SS-OCT for NVE and NVD were 52.1%(25/48) and 12.5%(6/48), 81.3%(39/48) and 20.8%(10/48), 83.3%(40/48) and 27.1%(13/48), 93.8%(45/48) and 29.2%(14/48), respectively.There were significant differences in the detection rates of NVE ( χ2=26.460, P<0.001) but not in the detection rates of NVD ( χ2=4.645, P=0.200) among the various methods.Five neovascular buds were detected by OCTA in 3 eyes, but not by FFA. Conclusions:UWFI and IR+ SD-OCT are faster and non-invasive methods for the screening of NVD and NVE in PDR eyes.Compared with FFA, OCTA and en face OCT can show the shape of neovascularization more clearly.FFA provides a wide-range retinal image, but it is time-consuming and invasive.WF-SS-OCTA extends the examination range of OCTA and detects neovascularization non-invasively and faster than FFA.

Objective　To study the clinical features of neurosyphilis patients presented as acute cerebral infarction,and to explore the value of high-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging (HR-VWI ) in the etiological diagnosis of cerebral infarction.Methods　Seven patients with neurosyphilis presented as acute ischemic stroke were included in this study from January 2018 to September 2022.The clinical characteristics,laboratory examination,and imaging data including HR-VWI were summarized and analyzed.Results　Among seven cases,six patients had multiple atherogenic risk factors,and two tested human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive.The most common clinical manifestation was hemiplegia (71.4%),followed by dysarthria (57.1%).Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging showed high signal lesions more common in the basal ganglia and pons.HR-VWI showed vasculitis changes in infarction-related vessels in six patients,in whom the diagnosis of meningovascular syphilis was considered,while vasculitis change was only shown in one case by MR angiography.Infarct responsible vascular with evidence of atherosclerosis in one case,in whom the diagnosis of large artery atherosclerotic cerebral infarction was considered probable according to the TOAST classification.Conclusion　Clinical features of stroke after neurosyphilis can be indistinguishable from ischemic stroke.HR-VWI can reveal vasculitis of meningovascular syphilis,which is of great value in determining the mechanisms of cerebral infarction in neurosyphilis patients who with multiple atherosclerotic risk factors.

With the broad application of high-resolution computed tomography (CT) and high rates of early lung cancer screening, the number of patients diagnosed with synchronous multiple primary lung cancer (sMPLC) has been increasing. It becomes of great prominence to distinct sMPLC from intrapulmonary metastases in clinical practice. An increasing number of studies have developed high-throughput sequencing based genetic approaches to specify the molecular characteristics of sMPLC, which contributes to a better understanding of its tumorigenesis. The genetic profile of sMPLC also benefits its diagnosis, which mainly relies on its clinicopathological criteria. Here, we summarize the progresses on the diagnostic criteria for sMPLC, and also molecular features of sMPLC from the perspective of clonality analysis.

Objective:To explore the performance of the commonly used whole blood C-reactive protein (CRP) detection systems and give related recommendation on the performance requirements of detection systems.Methods:A total of 7 540 venous blood samples from 26 maternal, child and children′s hospitals were collected to conduct this multi-center study on the analytical performance of 5 commonly used whole blood CRP detection systems from March to April in 2019. The blank check, carryover, repeatability, intermediate precision, linearity, sample stability, influence of hematocrit/triglyceride/bilirubin, comparison with SIEMENS specific protein analyzer and trueness were evaluated. The 5 systems included BC-5390CRP autohematology analyzer, AstepPLUS specific protein analyzer, Ottoman-1000 Automated Specific Protein POCT Workstation, i-CHROMA Immunofluorometer equipment Reader and Orion QuikRead go detecting instrument. The 5 systems were labeled as a, b, c, d and e randomly.Results:Within the 5 systems, all values of blank check were less than 1.00 mg/L, the carryovers were lower than 1.00%. The repeatability of different ranges of CRP concentrations including 3.00-10.00, 10.00-30.00 and>30.00 mg/L were less than 10.00%, 6.00% and 5.00%, respectively, and the intermediate precision was less than 10.00%. The linearity correlation coefficients of the 5 systems were all above 0.975, while the slope was within 0.950-1.050. Whole blood samples were stable within 72 hours both at room temperature (18-25 ℃) and refrigerated temperature (2-8 ℃). The CRP results were rarely influenced by high triglyceride or bilirubin, except for the immmunoturbidimetric test based on microparticles coated with anti-human CRP F(ab) 2 fragments. When triglyceride was less than 15.46 mmol/L, the deviation of CRP was less than 10.00%. When bilirubin was less than 345.47 μmol/L, the deviation of CRP was less than 10.00%. CRP was more susceptible to Hct on the systems without Hct correction. The deviation of CRP between different Hct dilution concentration and 40% dilution concentration can reach as high as 67.48%. The correlation coefficients ( r) of 5 systems were all more than 0.975 in the range of 0-300.00 mg/L compared with Siemens specific protein analyzer. All systems passed the trueness verification using the samples with specified values of 12.89 and 30.60 mg/L. Conclusion:The performance of 5 systems can basically meet the clinical needs, but it is suggested that the whole blood CRP detection system without automatic Hct correction should be modified manually.