Bio-mineralization has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance vaccine immunogenicity. This study optimized the calcium phosphate (CaP) mineralization process of foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particles (FMD VLPs) to achieve high mineralization efficiency and scalability. Key parameters, including concentrations of Ca²⁺, HPO₄^2-, NaCl, and VLPs, as well as stirring speed, were systematically optimized. Stability of the scaled-up reaction system and immunogenicity of the mineralized vaccine were evaluated. Optimal conditions [25.50 mmol/L Ca(NO₃)₂, 15 mmol/L Na₂HPO₄, 300 mmol/L NaCl, 0.75 mg/mL VLPs, and 1 500 r/min] yielded CaP-mineralized VLPs (VLPs-CaP) with high mineralization efficiency, uniform morphology, and a favorable particle size. Scaling up the reaction by 25 folds maintained consistent mineralization efficiency and particle characteristics. Immunization in mice demonstrated that VLPs-CaP induced higher titers of specific antibodies and neutralizing antibodies than unmineralized VLPs (P < 0.05). Higher IgG2a/IgG1 ratio and enhanced IFN-γ secretion (P < 0.05) further indicated robust cellular immune responses. We establish a stable and scalable protocol for VLPs-CaP, providing a theoretical and technical foundation for developing high-efficacy VLPs-CaP vaccines.
Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology* ; Immunogenicity, Vaccine ; Calcium Phosphates/chemistry* ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus ; Biomineralization ; Particle Size ; Animals ; Mice ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood* ; Antibodies, Viral/blood* ; Immunity, Cellular

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the disease burden of colorectal cancer in Jinchang cohort, and provide evidence for preventing colorectal cancer and reducing the disease burden of colorectal cancer in the cohort.

METHODSThe colorectal cancer mortality data from 2001 to 2013 and the medical records of colorectal cancer patients from 2001 to 2010 were collected for this retrospective cohort study. The colorectal cancer disease burden was described by using mortality rate, standardized mortality rate, medical expenditure, potential years of life lost (PYLL), average potential years of life lost (APYLL), working potential years of life lost (WPYLL), and average working potential years of life lost (AWPYLL). The development trend in disease burden of colorectal cancer was analyzed by using Spearman correlation and the average growth rate.

RESULTSThe crude mortality rate of colorectal cancer from 2001 to 2013 was 9.53/100,000 with the average annual growth rate of 12.89%. The PYLL, APYLL, WPYLL and AWPYLL of colorectal cancer were 485.00 person-years, 9.15 years, 253.00 person-years, and 4.77 years, respectively. The direct medical expenditure due to colorectal cancer was 7064.38 Yuan per case and 408.43 Yuan per day. There was no increasing trend in the direct medical expenditure due to colorectal cancer.

CONCLUSIONColorectal cancer mortolity rate was on the rise and it caused heavy disease burden in Jinchang cohort.

China ; epidemiology ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; economics ; mortality ; Cost of Illness ; Health Expenditures ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies

Objective To examine the expression of autoantibodies against angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor (AT1-AAs),monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in patients of acute coronary syndrome (ACS),and study the role of AT1-AAs in plaque stability and pathogenesis of ACS.Methods Sixty patients with ACS were selected as ACS group,60 patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP) were selected as SAP group,and 60 healthy people were selected as control groups.The epitopes of the second extracellular loop of angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor (165-191) were synthesized and used as antigen to screen the serum autoantibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The peripheral blood levels of MCP-1 and hs-CRP were also evaluated.Results The positive rates of AT1-AAs in ACS group,SAP group and control group were 45.0％(27/60),21.7％(13/60) and 5.0％(3/60),respectively.The positive rates of AT1-AAs in ACS group and SAP group were significantly higher than those in control group,the positive rate of AT1-AAs in ACS group was significantly higher than that in SAP group,and there were statistical differences (P ＜ 0.01).The MCP-1 and hs-CRP levels in ACS group and SAP group were significantly higher than those in control group,the MCP-1 and hs-CRP levels in ACS group were significantly higher than those in SAP group,and there were statistical differences (P ＜ 0.01).The MCP-1 and hs-CRP levels in AT1-AAs positive patients in ACS group and SAP group were significantly higher than those in AT1-AAs negative patients,and there were statistical differences (P ＜0.01).Conclusions AT1-AAs may play an important role in the pathogenesis of ACS.Inducing the expression of inflammatory factor through AT1-AAs maybe an important mechanism for plaque instability.