OBJECTIVE To provide a basis for aligning Chinese pharmacoeconomic research on heart failure （HF） with international standards. METHODS A qualitative comparison o f domestic and global HF pharmacoeconomic studies was conducted across four dimensions： research methods and model application， research perspectives and endpoints， data sources and parameter selection， and policy translation and practical impact. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS Global studies predominantly utilize long-term dynamic models， societal perspectives， real-world data integration， and directly inform reimbursement decisions. Conversely， domestic research often relies on short-term simplified models， a single healthcare system perspectives， literature-derived data， and individual medicine recommendations. Future domestic studies should transition to long-term dynamic modeling， develop localized disease-specific utility databases via big data， establish reimbursement-linked closed-loop mechanisms， and foster multidisciplinary collaboration to optimize healthcare resource allocation.

The active ingredients of Curcuma aromatica have multi-target effects and could intervene in the process of neurodegenerative diseases from multiple perspectives, such as promoting the clearance of Aβ, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, neuroprotective, anti-depressant, and anti-tumor effects. However, the low bioavailability of Curcuma extracts limits their therapeutic effects in the body. In addition, the side effects of long-term use and the dose-effect relationship are still unclear, and more new pharmacodynamic observations are needed. This article reviews the research on single-ingredient and compound traditional Chinese medicine preparations of Curcuma to provide references for clinical medication.

Objective To investigate the drug-drug interaction between donepezil hydrochloride and moxifloxacin hydrochloride during combined administration through in vitro liver microsomal metabolism and changes in pharmacokinetic characteristics in rats.Methods A rat liver microsomal incubation system was constructed and optimized.Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)analysis of donepezil hydrochloride and high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)analysis of moxifloxacin hydro-chloride were performed.The pharmacokinetic and metabolic characteristics of the two drugs,alone and in combination,were compared in vitro using rat liver microsomes and in vivo using rats.Results In the liver microsomal system,the half-life(T1/2)of donepezil hydro-chloride in the combined administration 1 group was prolonged by 29.892％(P＜0.01)and the intrinsic clearance(CLint)was reduced by 23.194％(P＜0.01)compared with the donepezil hydrochloride group.Conversely,the metabolic parameters of moxifloxacin hydrochlo-ride in the combined administration 2 group did not differ significantly from that of the moxifloxacin hydrochloride group(P＞0.05).In the in vivo study,the AUC0～t and AUC0～∞ of donepezil hydrochloride in the combined administration 1 group increased by 44.259％and 44.496％,respectively,maximum plasma concentration(Cmax)increased by 117.723％,T1/2 was prolonged by 98.063％,and CLint was reduced by 35.293％,compared with that in the donepezil hydrochloride group.Moreover,the differences were all statistically significant(P＜0.05).The in vivo study findings were consistent with the results of the in vitro study.Conclusion A drug-drug interaction occurs when moxifloxacin hydrochloride is used in combination with donepezil hydrochloride.Moxifloxacin hydrochloride promotes the absorption of donepezil hydrochloride,inhibits its metabolism,slows its CLint,and increases donepezil exposure in the body.

Objective To explore the impact of factors such as economic level,regional differences,and healthcare policies on the medical costs and the clinical treatment behaviors for benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)using big data technology.Methods A combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches was employed,including descriptive statistical analysis,central tendency analysis,comparative analysis,and structural analysis to explore regional differences in the treatment of BPH and the underlying causes.Results The mean medical cost per case in the provincial capital city(19 502 yuan)was significantly higher than that in the prefecture-level city(16 526 yuan),with a difference of 2 976 yuan(+18%).Moreover,the cost distribution was more dispersed in the provincial capital([8 370 yuan-26 344 yuan]vs.[9 687 yuan-21 974 yuan]in the prefecture-level city).However,the provincial capital demonstrated better hospitalization efficiency,with a significantly shorter mean length of stay(9.24 days vs 10.21 days,-10.5%).All these differences were statistically significant(P<0.01).Payment methods influenced surgical choices.In the provincial capital,43.99%of patients underwent transurethral resection of the prostate(TURP),with no cases of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate(HOLEP).In contrast,the prefecture-level city reported 22.71%of patients receiving plasmakinetic resection of the prostate(PKRP)and 19.19%undergoing HoLEP.Significant differences were observed in antibiotic utilization patterns.The most commonly used antibiotic in the provincial capital was piperacillin-tazobactam(19.96%),while cefotaxime dominated in the prefecture-level city(21.11%).Notably,ertapenem was frequently used in the provincial capital but rarely in the prefecture-level city,potentially due to cost considerations(P<0.05).Regional preferences were evident in antispasmodic medication;phloroglucinol injection was used in 80%of cases in the prefecture-level city,while anisodamine hydrobromide injection predominated in the provincial capital(P<0.05).For BPH-specific medications,although tamsulosin hydrochloride sustained-release capsules were the primary choice in both regions,the prefecture-level city showed significantly higher usage(80.11%vs 49.17%).Finasteride tablets were more commonly prescribed in the provincial capital(39.03%vs.14.14%,P<0.05).Conclusion Economic levels,healthcare policies,and different hospitals significantly influence clinical decision-making and medical expenses.Hospitals should enhance refined management,while healthcare policy reforms need to advance from multiple perspectives and levels to improve the efficiency and equity of healthcare services.

Objective To explore the impact of factors such as economic level,regional differences,and healthcare policies on the medical costs and the clinical treatment behaviors for benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)using big data technology.Methods A combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches was employed,including descriptive statistical analysis,central tendency analysis,comparative analysis,and structural analysis to explore regional differences in the treatment of BPH and the underlying causes.Results The mean medical cost per case in the provincial capital city(19 502 yuan)was significantly higher than that in the prefecture-level city(16 526 yuan),with a difference of 2 976 yuan(+18%).Moreover,the cost distribution was more dispersed in the provincial capital([8 370 yuan-26 344 yuan]vs.[9 687 yuan-21 974 yuan]in the prefecture-level city).However,the provincial capital demonstrated better hospitalization efficiency,with a significantly shorter mean length of stay(9.24 days vs 10.21 days,-10.5%).All these differences were statistically significant(P<0.01).Payment methods influenced surgical choices.In the provincial capital,43.99%of patients underwent transurethral resection of the prostate(TURP),with no cases of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate(HOLEP).In contrast,the prefecture-level city reported 22.71%of patients receiving plasmakinetic resection of the prostate(PKRP)and 19.19%undergoing HoLEP.Significant differences were observed in antibiotic utilization patterns.The most commonly used antibiotic in the provincial capital was piperacillin-tazobactam(19.96%),while cefotaxime dominated in the prefecture-level city(21.11%).Notably,ertapenem was frequently used in the provincial capital but rarely in the prefecture-level city,potentially due to cost considerations(P<0.05).Regional preferences were evident in antispasmodic medication;phloroglucinol injection was used in 80%of cases in the prefecture-level city,while anisodamine hydrobromide injection predominated in the provincial capital(P<0.05).For BPH-specific medications,although tamsulosin hydrochloride sustained-release capsules were the primary choice in both regions,the prefecture-level city showed significantly higher usage(80.11%vs 49.17%).Finasteride tablets were more commonly prescribed in the provincial capital(39.03%vs.14.14%,P<0.05).Conclusion Economic levels,healthcare policies,and different hospitals significantly influence clinical decision-making and medical expenses.Hospitals should enhance refined management,while healthcare policy reforms need to advance from multiple perspectives and levels to improve the efficiency and equity of healthcare services.

Objective To investigate the drug-drug interaction between donepezil hydrochloride and moxifloxacin hydrochloride during combined administration through in vitro liver microsomal metabolism and changes in pharmacokinetic characteristics in rats.Methods A rat liver microsomal incubation system was constructed and optimized.Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)analysis of donepezil hydrochloride and high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)analysis of moxifloxacin hydro-chloride were performed.The pharmacokinetic and metabolic characteristics of the two drugs,alone and in combination,were compared in vitro using rat liver microsomes and in vivo using rats.Results In the liver microsomal system,the half-life(T1/2)of donepezil hydro-chloride in the combined administration 1 group was prolonged by 29.892％(P＜0.01)and the intrinsic clearance(CLint)was reduced by 23.194％(P＜0.01)compared with the donepezil hydrochloride group.Conversely,the metabolic parameters of moxifloxacin hydrochlo-ride in the combined administration 2 group did not differ significantly from that of the moxifloxacin hydrochloride group(P＞0.05).In the in vivo study,the AUC0～t and AUC0～∞ of donepezil hydrochloride in the combined administration 1 group increased by 44.259％and 44.496％,respectively,maximum plasma concentration(Cmax)increased by 117.723％,T1/2 was prolonged by 98.063％,and CLint was reduced by 35.293％,compared with that in the donepezil hydrochloride group.Moreover,the differences were all statistically significant(P＜0.05).The in vivo study findings were consistent with the results of the in vitro study.Conclusion A drug-drug interaction occurs when moxifloxacin hydrochloride is used in combination with donepezil hydrochloride.Moxifloxacin hydrochloride promotes the absorption of donepezil hydrochloride,inhibits its metabolism,slows its CLint,and increases donepezil exposure in the body.

The active ingredients of Curcuma aromatica have multi-target effects and could intervene in the process of neurodegenerative diseases from multiple perspectives, such as promoting the clearance of Aβ, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, neuroprotective, anti-depressant, and anti-tumor effects. However, the low bioavailability of Curcuma extracts limits their therapeutic effects in the body. In addition, the side effects of long-term use and the dose-effect relationship are still unclear, and more new pharmacodynamic observations are needed. This article reviews the research on single-ingredient and compound traditional Chinese medicine preparations of Curcuma to provide references for clinical medication.

In the study of embryo development process, the morphological features at different stages are essential to evaluate developmental competence of the embryo, which can be used to optimize and improve the system for
Blastocyst ; Embryo Culture Techniques ; Embryonic Development ; Fertilization in Vitro

Objective To develop an indicator system for the ability of main caregivers of premature in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Methods Delphi method was used to design index system and 16 experts were invited to participate the study. The questionnaire was consulted by emails and we took two rounds of consultation. Results The two rounds of consulting experts enthusiasm coefficients was 100% and the overall authority coefficients was 0.813 and 0.819. In the evaluation index system, there were 8 first grade indexes and 42 second grade indexes, including 11 items of basic care ability , 6 items of feeding and nutrition, 5 items of early itervention, 8 items of common symptoms and sign, 1 item of emergency, 5 items of safety prevention, 4 items of special care and 2 items of parentage. Conclusions The ability of main caregivers of premature in NICU evaluation index system which is designed using Delphi method is scientific and reliable. The results would have important significance to evaluate the level of main caregivers of premature in NICU.

Objective A case would be discussed on suspected demyelination due to electrolyte disturbance to provide references for clinical pharmacists to carry out pharmaceutical care. Methods A pharmaceutical care case on PCI postoperative acute heart failure and contrast induced nephropathy with suspected demyelization due to electrolyte disturbance was introduced through a combination of analysis on clinical symptoms,renal function,electrolyte,blood glucose level and further discussion on consciousness change reason, diuretic use, electrolyte management, and other related issues. Results Clinical pharmacist should provide more care to patients with abnormal blood sodium and osmotic pressure,pay more attention to the calculation and evaluation of rehydration sodium/filling quantity and speed, accumulate more knowledge of contrast induced nephropathy, and raise their awareness on the identification of high risk population. Conclusion Arrhythmia,heart failure,renal failure,infection can beincentives to one another,and thus doctors and pharmacists must pay more attention to the comprehensive situations.