Patients with diabetes mellitus are at a significantly elevated risk of developing cognitive impairment,which adversely impacts their quality of life and imposes a substantial burden on the healthcare system.Novel antidiabetic agents,including sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors(SGLT-2i),dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors(DPP-4i),glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RAs),and dual glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor agonists(e.g.,Tirzepatide),have been shown to not only effectively regulate glycemic control but also mitigate cognitive decline by inhibiting inflammation,reducing oxidative stress,preventing apoptosis,attenuating amyloid β-protein(Aβ)deposition,and suppressing tau protein phosphorylation.

Patients with diabetes mellitus are at a significantly elevated risk of developing cognitive impairment,which adversely impacts their quality of life and imposes a substantial burden on the healthcare system.Novel antidiabetic agents,including sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors(SGLT-2i),dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors(DPP-4i),glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RAs),and dual glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor agonists(e.g.,Tirzepatide),have been shown to not only effectively regulate glycemic control but also mitigate cognitive decline by inhibiting inflammation,reducing oxidative stress,preventing apoptosis,attenuating amyloid β-protein(Aβ)deposition,and suppressing tau protein phosphorylation.

Objective To optimize the water extraction process of modified Wendan Formula.Methods The comprehensive scores of the content of naringin and neohesperidin as well as the extraction yields of solids were used as the evaluation indexes,the number of decoctions,the decoction time and the solid-liquid ratio as three factors were take into consideration,L9(34)orthogonal experiment was designed to optimize the water extraction process of modified Wendan Formula.Results Combining the orthogonal experiment with the principle of energy conservation and emission reduction in actual production,this study suggests that the optimized process was under the conditions of 1∶8 for the solid-liquid ratio,decoction were performed twice,the first time was 1.5 hours,and the second time was 1 hour.The average composite score of validation of three batches of modified Wendan Formula was 99.00％.Conclusion Such optimized process was stable,feasible and realizable,and it can be applied in water extraction process of modified Wendan Formula.

Stroke is a prevalent acute cerebrovascular disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality,which highly demand effective prevention and treatment strategies.Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RA)is a novel type of antidiabetic drug that exerts hypoglycemic and weight loss effects on GLP-1 receptors.Additionally,GLP-1RA possess the potential to reduce infarction size and promote nerve recovery by inhibiting inflammation,oxidative stress,apoptosis,and improving blood-brain barrier permeability and other pathologies.This paper provides a comprehensive summary of the role of GLP-1 in stroke occurrence while also explores the underlying mechanisms by which GLP-1RA influences stroke pathogenesis.Furthermore,it briefly reviews the therapeutic efficacy of GLP-RA in managing stroke.

Objective:To explore the role and mechanism of exogenous active peptide spexin in regulating insulin resistance in adipose tissue.Methods:High-fat diet induced obesity model(DIO) mice and diabetic model(db/db) mice were given intraperitoneal injection of spexin(50 μg/kg) for 3 consecutive weeks, while each control group was given an equal volume of saline. After the intervention, the body weight, visceral fat weight and plasma biochemical indexes of the mice in each group were analyzed. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect mRNA levels of Krüppel-like transcription factor 9(KLF9), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α(PGC-1α) and glucose transporter 4(GLUT4); Western blotting was used to detect the protein levels of KLF9, PGC-1α, GLUT4 and p-p38/p38 in adipose tissue.Results:Compared with DIO control mice, spexin-treated DIO mice showed a significant reduction in body weight ( P=0.043), adiposity ( P<0.001), glucose ( P<0.001), insulin ( P=0.008), HOMA-IR ( P<0.001) and elevation in glucose tolerance ( P=0.006) and insulin tolerance levels ( P=0.002). Compared with db/db control mice, spexin-treated db/db mice showed a significant reduction in body weight ( P<0.001), adiposity ( P<0.001), glucose ( P=0.041), insulin ( P=0.009), HOMA-IR ( P=0.007) and elevation in glucose tolerance ( P=0.008) and insulin tolerance levels ( P=0.031). In addition, the gene and protein levels of KLF9, PGC-1α and GLUT4 were significantly increased in the adipose tissue of spexin-treated DIO mice compared with DIO control mice [genes ( P<0.001, P<0.001, P=0.005); proteins ( P=0.047, P=0.022, P=0.001)], while p-p38/p38 protein levels were significantly decreased in the adipose tissue of spexin-treated DIO mice compared with DIO control mice ( P=0.002). Moreover, the gene and protein levels of KLF9, PGC-1α and GLUT4 were significantly increased in the adipose tissue of spexin-treated db/db mice compared with db/db control mice [genes ( P<0.001, P<0.001, and P=0.005); proteins ( P=0.001, P=0.004, and P<0.001)], while p-p38/p38 protein levels were significantly decreased in the adipose tissue of spexin-treated db/db mice compared with db/db control mice ( P=0.001). Conclusion:These results suggested that spexin may play a role in ameliorating adipose tissue insulin resistance in DIO mice and db/db mice through regulating p38MAPK-mediated inflammation and KLF9-PGC-1α-GLUT4 pathway-mediated glucose uptake.

Objective To observe the effect of berberine on the expression of GLUT4 and PGC-1α in mice with insulin resistance,and to explore the molecular mechanism of berberine in improving insulin resistance.Methods Mice models with insulin resistance were established,and berberine was used by intragastric administration to detect blood glucose,insulin and insulin sensitivity.RT-PCR was used to detect the expression level of GLUT4 and mRNA of PGC-1α in skeletal muscle.Results Berberine significantly reduced blood sugar,increased insulin sensitivity,and promoted the expression of GLUT4 and PGC-1α in skeletal muscle.Conclusion Berberine can improve the expression of PGC-lo,promote the expression of GLUT4 and improve insulin resistance.

Objective To observe the effect of berberine on the expression of GLUT4 and PGC-1α in mice with insulin resistance,and to explore the molecular mechanism of berberine in improving insulin resistance.Methods Mice models with insulin resistance were established,and berberine was used by intragastric administration to detect blood glucose,insulin and insulin sensitivity.RT-PCR was used to detect the expression level of GLUT4 and mRNA of PGC-1α in skeletal muscle.Results Berberine significantly reduced blood sugar,increased insulin sensitivity,and promoted the expression of GLUT4 and PGC-1α in skeletal muscle.Conclusion Berberine can improve the expression of PGC-lo,promote the expression of GLUT4 and improve insulin resistance.

Phospholipase A2(PLA2) is an enzyme family which widely distributed in nature. It is related to many important function in physiology and pathology. Among the enzymes, a small molecule PLA2 (platelet PLA2) is closely related to tumor. The study of platelet PLA2 and tumor is reviewed.