ObjectiveTo investigate the contamination status of ochratoxin A (OTA) in commercially available food products in Shanghai, and to assess OTA exposure levels and the associated non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks among pregnant women by integrating dietary consumption data of this population. MethodsThe levels of OTA contamination in 1 520 food samples collected in Shanghai from 2022 to 2023 were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. An exposure assessment model was developed based on the dietary consumption levels of pregnant women from the 2016‒2017 Shanghai Pregnant Women Dietary Monitoring Survey to calculate the estimated daily intake (EDI) of OTA, the margin of exposure for non-carcinogenic toxicity (MOE₁), and the margin of exposure for carcinogenic toxicity (MOE₂). An MOE₁ greater than 200 and an MOE₂ greater than 10 000 indicate that the non-carcinogenic toxicity and carcinogenic toxicity resulting from exposure are negligible, respectively. For samples with OTA contamination levels below the limit of detection (LOD), which accounted for more than 80% of the samples, the OTA levels were assigned values of 0 and LOD, respectively, for subsequent calculations. ResultsThe detection rates of OTA in cereals, nuts, dried fruits, and alcohol samples collected in 2022 were 2.03%, 0, 0, and 0, respectively. The OTA detection rates in cereals, nuts, dried fruits, beans, and alcohol samples collected in 2023 were 2.50%, 0.39%, 2.47%, 1.67%, and 13.33%, respectively. For pregnant women in Shanghai in 2022, simulation results indicated that when assigning a value of 0 and the LOD, theP₅₀ values of EDI for dietary OTA exposure were 0.05 and 0.72 ng·(kg·d)^-1, respectively, and the P₉₅ values of EDI for dietary OTA exposure were 0.25 and 2.40 ng·(kg·d)^-1, respectively. For pregnant women in Shanghai in 2023, the P₅₀ values of EDI for dietary OTA exposure were 0.04 and 1.00 ng·(kg·d)^-1, respectively, and the P₉₅ values of EDI for dietary OTA exposure were 0.23 and 2.67 ng·(kg·d)^-1, respectively, both substantially below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) for OTA [17 ng·(kg·d)^-1]. The EDI for dietary OTA exposure in 100.0% of Shanghai pregnant women was lower than the TDI, indicating an overall low level of dietary OTA exposure among this population. For 100.0% of pregnant women, the MOE₁ for dietary OTA exposure exceeded 200. When assigned a value of 0, the MOE₂ for 100.0% of pregnant women in both 2022 and 2023 exceeded10 000. When assigned the LOD value, 72.3% and 81.8% of pregnant women in 2022 and 2023, respectively, had an MOE₂ exceeding 10 000. ConclusionFrom 2022 to 2023, samples of cereals, nuts, dried fruits, beans, and alcohol sold in Shanghai exhibited varying degrees of OTA contamination. The overall EDI of OTA exposure among pregnant women in Shanghai remained at a low level. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with OTA exposure were generally low and at controllable levels.

Background Deoxynivalenol (DON), a priority contaminant for food safety risk monitoring, is produced by Fusarium spp. infesting crops, and its common derivatives are 3-acetyl-DON (3A-DON) and 15-acetyl-DON (15A-DON), which have been shown to possess gastrointestinal toxicity, immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and cytotoxicity. Due to the stable physicochemical properties of the DON family of toxins (DONs), they cannot be effectively removed during food processing, thus following the food chain, entering the human body, and posing health risks. Objective To understand the contamination status of DONs in commercial foods (cereals and bakery products) in Shanghai in 2022–2023, and to assess the exposure risk of DONs in pregnant women by combining their dietary consumption data. Methods Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the contamination level of DONs in 1 100 food samples (cereals and baked goods) collected in 2022 and 944 samples collected in 2023 from Shanghai. The dietary monitoring data of pregnant women in Shanghai from 2016 to 2017 were adopted. The monitoring employed the food frequency questionnaire distributed among pregnant women through a combination of online telephone enquiry and offline on-site face-to-face survey to estimate their food consumption levels. An exposure assessment model was established to calculate the exposure level to DONs, and the probability distribution of the DONs exposure level in the pregnant women group in Shanghai was obtained by applying @Risk 7.5 software and simulating the calculation according to the Monte Carlo principle. With reference to the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of DONs [1.00 µg·(kg·d)⁻¹] proposed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, the risk of exposure to DONs from commercial cereals and bakery products in pregnant women in Shanghai was assessed. Results DONs were detected in cereal and bakery samples collected in 2022 and 2023 with different levels of contamination. The level of DONs in cereal foods in 2023 (mean: 36.33 µg·kg⁻¹) decreased compared to 2022 (mean: 23.64 µg·kg⁻¹). However, the positive rate (71.67%) and level (mean: 51.22 µg·kg⁻¹) of DONs in bakery products increased significantly compared with 2022 (positive rate: 10.00%, mean: 24.39 µg·kg⁻¹). The mean consumption of cereals in 783 pregnant women was 222.48 g·d⁻¹ and the mean consumption of bakery products was 36.07 g·d⁻¹, and there was no statistically significant difference in the intake of all types of cereals and bakery products across the early, middle, and late stages of pregnancy. The modelled intakes of DONs via commercial cereals and bakery products for pregnant women in Shanghai were calculated to be 0.20 and 0.57 µg·(kg·d)⁻¹ in 2022 for the mean level and the 95th percentile level, respectively, and 0.16 µg·(kg·d)⁻¹ and 0.35 µg·(kg·d)⁻¹ in 2023, respectively. The results of the health risk assessment showed that pregnant women in Shanghai had 2.6% and 1.4% probability of exposure to DONs from cereal consumption in 2022 and 2023, respectively. Conclusion The risk of exposure of pregnant women in Shanghai to DONs via commercial cereals and bakery products is relatively low (1.4%-2.6%). However, considering the physical sensitivity of pregnant women, they should avoid consuming moldy grains and appropriately reduce intake of bakery products.

ObjectiveTo conduct comprehensive assessment of internal and external cadmium exposure and health risks for Shanghai residents. MethodsCadmium levels in food samples were calculated by employing two dietary exposure assessment methods， total diet study （TDS） and food frequency questionnaire （FFQ）， to estimate the daily dietary cadmium exposure of Shanghai residents. The provisional tolerable monthly intake （PTMI） of cadmium set by joint food and agriculture organization/WHO expert committee on food additives （JECFA） was applied to evaluate the health risk. Differences in dietary and urinary cadmium were compared by rank-sum test among different regions， age， gender， smoking status， and BMI groups， and the association between internal and external cadmium exposure was investigated by correlation analysis. ResultsThe mean value of urinary cadmium for 1 300 respondents was 0.542 μg·L^-1. Urinary cadmium was higher in the population in central urban and urban-rural fringe areas than in the suburban area， higher in the older age group than in the younger age group， and higher in the smoking group than in the non-smoking group （all P<0.01）. The two assessment methods showed that the mean values of daily dietary cadmium exposure for Shanghai residents were 0.306 and 0.090 μg·kg^-1， with 3.69% and 0.85% of Shanghai residents exceeding the PTMI， respectively. Correlation analyses showed that dietary exposure to cadmium based on the FFQ method was positively correlated with the urinary cadmium level when smoking status， age， gender， and BMI were adjusted. ConclusionDietary exposure to cadmium of Shanghai residents is mainly derived from vegetables， aquatic products， cereals and potatoes， and is overall at a low-risk level. Dietary exposure assessment based on FFQ and risk monitoring data can effectively estimate long-term cadmium exposure.

Objective:To compare the efficacy of lower extremity three dimensional CT venography (CTV) and lower extremity ascending phlebography in evaluating recurrent varicose veins.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data from 235 patients with unilateral recurrent varicose veins who were treated at the Department of Vascular Surgery,Beijing Shijitan Hospital,Capital Medical University, between January 2015 and December 2020.There were 112 males and 123 females, with an age of (62.5±11.4)years (range:24 to 75 years).Patients were stratified into two groups based on preoperative imaging examination:the CTV group (utilizing lower extremity venous ultrasound+lower extremity CTV) and the control group (employing lower extremity venous ultrasound+lower extremity ascending phlebography).The two groups were matched in a 1∶1 ratio using propensity score matching, resulting in 43 cases per group.Comparative analyses between the groups at the one-year postoperative follow-up were performed using independent sample t tests, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, χ2 tests, and linear regression analysis. Results:One year post-surgery,the CTV group exhibited a lower venous clinical severity score (VCSS) compared to the control group( M(IQR),3.0(4.3) vs.4.0(5.8), Z=-2.038, P=0.040).Additionally, the chronic venous insufficiency patients′ quality of life questionnaire (CIVIQ-20) scores were significantly higher in the CTV group than in the control group (89.0(8.0) vs.82.5(17.0), Z=-2.627, P=0.010).Patients in the CTV group also experienced a shorter ulcer healing time compared to the control group (4.0(4.0) weeks vs.12.0(7.0) weeks, Z=-3.217, P<0.01).Both groups showed no clinically symptomatic recurrent varicose veins or ulcers.However, they exhibited ultrasound-detectable varicose vein recurrence, with no statistically significant difference ( χ2=0.453, P=0.500).The number of diseased vessels requiring management based on ultrasound supplemented by CTV was 16, while the number supplemented by ascending phlebography was 7,with a statistically significant difference ( χ2=4.800, P=0.030).Linear regression analysis demonstrated that clinical-etiology-anatomy-pathology clinical grading and the preoperative imaging examination method exerted independent influences on VCSS and CIVIQ-20 during the one-year postoperative assessment. Conclusions:CTV-assisted ultrasound enables a direct and comprehensive evaluation and localization of diseased veins in patients with recurrent varicose veins.The utilization of lower extremity vein ultrasound combined with CTV-guided management of lower extremity vessels in minimally invasive treatment significantly improves patient prognosis, surpassing the assessment provided by ascending phlebography.

Objective:To compare the efficacy of lower extremity three dimensional CT venography (CTV) and lower extremity ascending phlebography in evaluating recurrent varicose veins.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data from 235 patients with unilateral recurrent varicose veins who were treated at the Department of Vascular Surgery,Beijing Shijitan Hospital,Capital Medical University, between January 2015 and December 2020.There were 112 males and 123 females, with an age of (62.5±11.4)years (range:24 to 75 years).Patients were stratified into two groups based on preoperative imaging examination:the CTV group (utilizing lower extremity venous ultrasound+lower extremity CTV) and the control group (employing lower extremity venous ultrasound+lower extremity ascending phlebography).The two groups were matched in a 1∶1 ratio using propensity score matching, resulting in 43 cases per group.Comparative analyses between the groups at the one-year postoperative follow-up were performed using independent sample t tests, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, χ2 tests, and linear regression analysis. Results:One year post-surgery,the CTV group exhibited a lower venous clinical severity score (VCSS) compared to the control group( M(IQR),3.0(4.3) vs.4.0(5.8), Z=-2.038, P=0.040).Additionally, the chronic venous insufficiency patients′ quality of life questionnaire (CIVIQ-20) scores were significantly higher in the CTV group than in the control group (89.0(8.0) vs.82.5(17.0), Z=-2.627, P=0.010).Patients in the CTV group also experienced a shorter ulcer healing time compared to the control group (4.0(4.0) weeks vs.12.0(7.0) weeks, Z=-3.217, P<0.01).Both groups showed no clinically symptomatic recurrent varicose veins or ulcers.However, they exhibited ultrasound-detectable varicose vein recurrence, with no statistically significant difference ( χ2=0.453, P=0.500).The number of diseased vessels requiring management based on ultrasound supplemented by CTV was 16, while the number supplemented by ascending phlebography was 7,with a statistically significant difference ( χ2=4.800, P=0.030).Linear regression analysis demonstrated that clinical-etiology-anatomy-pathology clinical grading and the preoperative imaging examination method exerted independent influences on VCSS and CIVIQ-20 during the one-year postoperative assessment. Conclusions:CTV-assisted ultrasound enables a direct and comprehensive evaluation and localization of diseased veins in patients with recurrent varicose veins.The utilization of lower extremity vein ultrasound combined with CTV-guided management of lower extremity vessels in minimally invasive treatment significantly improves patient prognosis, surpassing the assessment provided by ascending phlebography.

ObjectiveTo provide basic data of daily dietary intake from various food categories as well as in different regions， seasons， genders， and age groups in Shanghai residents aged 15 and over. MethodsMultistage stratified proportional probability sampling （PPS） was used to extract the samples， and food frequency questionnaire （FFQ） was used to investigate the dietary intake of the subjects in four seasons from 2012 to 2013. The weighted statistical analysis of the samples comprehensively considered the sampling design weights， the stratified adjustment weights， and the non-response adjustment weights. ResultsThe total daily dietary intake （excluding drinking water） of residents aged 15 years and above was 1 174.71 g， and the highest three daily dietary intake categories were cereals （252.31 g）， vegetables （205.36 g） and fruits （141.00 g）. The total daily dietary intake of the residents in the urban area， the suburban area and the rural area was 1 209.15 g，1 172.27 g and 948.50 g， respectively， and the total daily dietary intake in the outer suburb area was significantly lower than that in other areas （F=74.12，P<0.001）. The total daily dietary intake in different seasons was 1 232.47 g in spring， 1 166.80 g in summer， 1 241.15 g in autumn and 1 088.83 g in winter， respectively. The total daily dietary intake in winter was lower than that in other seasons （F=15.96，P<0.001）. Fruits and beverages intake showed apparent seasonality. The total daily dietary intake in male and female residents was 1 234.03 g and 1 112.32 g， respectively， and the total daily dietary intake of male was higher than that of female （F=78.59，P<0.001）. The total daily dietary intake of residents in different age groups was 1 218.64 g for 15‒44 years old， 1 141.27 g for 45‒59 years old， and 1 064.54 g for 60 years old and above （F=20.28，P<0.001）. ConclusionThe daily intake of cereals， livestock and poultry meat， aquatic products， eggs and edible oil is relatively balanced， but the daily intake of vegetables， fruits and milk is relatively insufficient for the residents aged 15 years and above in Shanghai. The daily intake of different food types shows distinguishable characteristics in urban and rural areas， seasons， age groups and genders.

Objective:To explore the relationship between health promoting lifestyle and metabolic related indicators of military pilots.Methods:The physical examination data of 342 pilots in Air Force Healthcare Center for Special Services, Hangzhou were collected. Health-promoting Lifestyle Profile-Ⅱ (HPLP-Ⅱ) was used to score and analyze the relationship between health promoting lifestyle and metabolic related indicators. The test results of metabolic indicators and the score of HPLP-Ⅱ of the pilots in different age groups were compared.Results:A total of 328 effective questionnaires were obtained, with the effective rate of 95.91%. The pilots were divided into 3 groups, including ≤30 years group (159 cases), 31-40 years group (110 cases), and ≥40 years group (59 cases). There were 87 unhealthy lifestyle cases (26.52%) with HPLP-Ⅱ grades in general, 202 good cases (61.59%) and 39 excellent cases (11.89%). The scores of nutritional status, physical activity, stress management and the total score of HPLP-Ⅱ of pilots were negatively correlated with triglyceride levels ( r=-0.230--0.143, P<0.01). The nutritional status score was positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein ( r=0.112, P=0.043). The scores of self-actualization, interpersonal relationship, health responsibility, nutritional status, physical activity, stress management and the total score of HPLP-Ⅱ were all negatively correlated with fasting plasma glucose ( r=-0.221--0.134, P<0.01 or 0.05). The scores of nutritional status and physical activity were negatively correlated with arteriosclerosis index ( r=-0.147, -0.114, P=0.008, 0.039). There were significant differences in diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose, arteriosclerosis index, γ-glutamyl transferase and body mass index among pilots in different age groups ( F=3.591-18.809, P<0.05 or 0.01). There were significant differences in interpersonal relationship, physical activity, stress management and the total score of HPLP-Ⅱ among pilots in different age groups ( F=3.084-5.083, P<0.05 or 0.01). Conclusion:The health promoting lifestyle of pilots is related to the metabolic indicators. It is recommended that pilots should improve the unhealthy lifestyles and the relevant indicators should be tested.

Objective:To explore the relationship between health promoting lifestyle and metabolic related indicators of military pilots.Methods:The physical examination data of 342 pilots in Air Force Healthcare Center for Special Services, Hangzhou were collected. Health-promoting Lifestyle Profile-Ⅱ (HPLP-Ⅱ) was used to score and analyze the relationship between health promoting lifestyle and metabolic related indicators. The test results of metabolic indicators and the score of HPLP-Ⅱ of the pilots in different age groups were compared.Results:A total of 328 effective questionnaires were obtained, with the effective rate of 95.91%. The pilots were divided into 3 groups, including ≤30 years group (159 cases), 31-40 years group (110 cases), and ≥40 years group (59 cases). There were 87 unhealthy lifestyle cases (26.52%) with HPLP-Ⅱ grades in general, 202 good cases (61.59%) and 39 excellent cases (11.89%). The scores of nutritional status, physical activity, stress management and the total score of HPLP-Ⅱ of pilots were negatively correlated with triglyceride levels ( r=-0.230--0.143, P<0.01). The nutritional status score was positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein ( r=0.112, P=0.043). The scores of self-actualization, interpersonal relationship, health responsibility, nutritional status, physical activity, stress management and the total score of HPLP-Ⅱ were all negatively correlated with fasting plasma glucose ( r=-0.221--0.134, P<0.01 or 0.05). The scores of nutritional status and physical activity were negatively correlated with arteriosclerosis index ( r=-0.147, -0.114, P=0.008, 0.039). There were significant differences in diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose, arteriosclerosis index, γ-glutamyl transferase and body mass index among pilots in different age groups ( F=3.591-18.809, P<0.05 or 0.01). There were significant differences in interpersonal relationship, physical activity, stress management and the total score of HPLP-Ⅱ among pilots in different age groups ( F=3.084-5.083, P<0.05 or 0.01). Conclusion:The health promoting lifestyle of pilots is related to the metabolic indicators. It is recommended that pilots should improve the unhealthy lifestyles and the relevant indicators should be tested.

OBJECTIVE：To study the effects of costunolide on the proliferation ，migration and apoptosis of breast cancer SK-BR-3 cells and its mechanism. METHODS ：SK-BR-3 cells in logarithmic growth period were collected and cultured with different concentrations （10，20，30，40，50 μmol/L）of costunolide for 24，48，72 h. Inhibitory rate of costunolide on cell proliferation was detected with CCK- 8. The cells were divided into blank control group and costunolide group （10，20，30 μmol/L）. Hoechst 33258 fluorescence was used to observe the morphology and apoptosis of cells ，and apoptotic rate of cells were calculated. Cell scratch test was used to detect the migration ability of cells and calculate the migration rate. Western blotting was used to detect the relative expression level of Bcl- 2，Bax，Caspase-3 and Cleaved Caspase- 3 in cells. RESULTS ：The proliferation of SK-BR-3 cells were significantly inhibited by costunolide （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01），and it shows a trend of concentration and time dependence. In the blank control group ，cells possessed clear contour ，regular shape and good adherence . Compared with blank control group，the number of cells were decreased significantly in 10，20，30 μmol/L costunolide groups，the cell structure was loose，the volume was reduced ，and the gap became larger ，and most of the cell contour disappeared and became round ，the cell adherence was poor ；cell migration rate and Bcl- 2 protein relative expression level were decreased significantly ，while apoptosis rate and the relative expression level of Bax ，Caspase-3 and Cleaved Caspase- 3 protein were significantly increased （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS ： Costunolide can inhibit the proliferation and migration ，and induce apoptosis of human breast cancer SK-BR- 3 cells，mechanism of which may be through up-regulating the expression of Bax ，Caspase-3 and Cleaved Caspase- 3 while down-regulating the expression ofBcl-2.

Objective: To understand the energy and major nutrients intake of high school students in Shanghai, and to provide basis for formulating target nutritional interventions and health education. Methods: The probability-proportional-to-size sampling technique was used to select 19 high schools, from which 9 boys and 9 girls from same class were randomly recruited for each grade. A total of 900 high school students were surveyed on their energy and major nutrients intake. Results: The medians of intake of energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, sodium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B-1, vitamin B-2, vitamin C and dietary fiber were 2 353 kcal/d, 97.3 g/d, 95.4 g/d, 265.4 g/d, 602.1 mg/d, 4 373 mg/d, 24.3 mg/d, 495.6 μgRE/d, 1.08 mg/d,1.21 mg/d, 83.2 mg/d and 1.01 g/d, respectively. Among of them, the medians of intake of energy, calcium, vitamin A, vitamin B-1, vitamin B-2, vitamin C and dietary fiber for boys and girls were lower than reference standard(P<0.05). The medians of intake of energy and major nutrients in high school students who lived in countryside were less than those lived in suburban and urban(P<0.05), except carbohydrates and iron. The percentages of energy supplied byprotein, fat and carbohydrate were 16.9%, 37.2%and 46.0%, respectively. Conclusion The energy and calorigenic nutrients intake can meet the demand of daily consumption in high school students in Shanghai, but the intake of dietary fiber, some minerals and vitamins have a various degrees of deficiency. The proportion of energy supplied bycalorigenic nutrients is unbalanced.