Due to its high sensitivity and non-destructive nature, Raman spectroscopy has become an essential analytical tool in biopharmaceutical analysis and drug development. Despite of the computational demands, data requirements, or ethical considerations, artificial intelligence (AI) and particularly deep learning algorithms has further advanced Raman spectroscopy by enhancing data processing, feature extraction, and model optimization, which not only improves the accuracy and efficiency of Raman spectroscopy detection, but also greatly expands its range of application. AI-guided Raman spectroscopy has numerous applications in biomedicine, including characterizing drug structures, analyzing drug forms, controlling drug quality, identifying components, and studying drug-biomolecule interactions. AI-guided Raman spectroscopy has also revolutionized biomedical research and clinical diagnostics, particularly in disease early diagnosis and treatment optimization. Therefore, AI methods are crucial to advancing Raman spectroscopy in biopharmaceutical research and clinical diagnostics, offering new perspectives and tools for disease treatment and pharmaceutical process control. In summary, integrating AI and Raman spectroscopy in biomedicine has significantly improved analytical capabilities, offering innovative approaches for research and clinical applications.

Objective:To investigate the effect of low-dose ketamine on neuroinflammation and microcirculation in mice with traumatic brain injury (TBI).Methods:Sixty adult male C57BL/6 mice, weighing 22-28 g, were randomly divided into sham-operated group, TBI group, Sham+ketamine group, and TBI+ketamine group ( n=15). A controlled cortical impingement (CCI) method was used to establish TBI models in the later 2 groups. Sham+ketamine group and TBI+ketamine group were intraperitoneally injected with 30 mg/kg ketamine once daily for 3 d at 30 min after TBI; sham-operated group and TBI group were intraperitoneally injected same amount of saline at the same time points. Cerebral cortical blood flow in 6 mice from each group was measured by laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) before, immediately after, 30 min after, 1 d after and 3 d after modeling, respectively. Three d after modeling, immunohistochemical staining and immunofluorescent double label staining were used to detect the nuclear translocation of microglia markers, ionized calcin-antibody-1 (Iba-1) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 in damaged cortical brain tissues in 6 mice from each group. The remaining 3 mice in each group were sacrificed and tissue plasma was extracted 3 d after modeling; levels of NF-κB p65, phosphorylated (p)-NF-κB p65, p-IκB and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cortical brain tissues were detected by Western blotting. Expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1-β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), iNOS, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in cortical brain tissues were detected by ELISA. Results:LSCI indicated that, 3 d after modeling, relative blood flow in local cerebral microcirculation of TBI+ketamine group was significantly increased compared with that of TBI group ( P<0.05). Immunohistochemical staining indicated that compared with the sham-operated group and Sham+ketamine group, the TBI group and TBI+ketamine group had significantly increased number of Iba-1 positive cells in the cerebral cortex ( P<0.05); compared with the TBI group, the TBI+ketamine group had significantly decreased number of Iba-1 positive cells ( P<0.05). ELISA indicated that compared with the sham-operated group and Sham+ketamine group, the TBI group and TBI+ketamine group had significantly increased expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, ROS and RNS in damaged cortical brain tissues ( P<0.05); compared with the TBI group, the TBI+ ketamine group had significantly decreased expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, ROS and RNS in damaged cortical brain tissues ( P<0.05). Immunofluorescent double label staining indicated obviously inhibited NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation in TBI+ketamine group when it was compared with TBI group. Western blotting indicated that compared with the sham-operated group and Sham+ketamine group, the TBI+ketamine group had significantly increased iNOS, NF-κB p65, p-NF-κB p65 and P-IκB protein expressions in damaged cortical brain tissues ( P<0.05); compared with the TBI group, the TBI+ketamine group had significantly decreased protein expressions of iNOS, NF-κB p65, p-NF-κB p65 and p-IκB in damaged cortical brain tissues ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Low-dose ketamine reduces neuroinflammation and improves cerebral microcirculatory blood flow after open TBI, whose mechanism may be related to inhibition of microglia NF-κB/iNOS pathway.

Abstract A suspected case of cutaneous anthrax was reported by Gongliu County Disease Control and Prevention Center, Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on August 19, 2021. Then, an epidemiological survey was performed by a joint investigation team consisting of professionals from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, intermediate-level trainees from the Field Epidemiology Training Program of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and professionals from Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention. A total of 11 cutaneous anthrax cases were identified, including 8 suspected cases and 3 clinically diagnosed cases, and all cases were villagers in Y Village, X Township, Gongliu County, without severe case or deaths found. The onset of the first case occurred on July 27, and the onset of the last case occurred on August 16. The main clinical manifestations included ulcerative eschar on hands and exposed skin of the upper extremity. A Bacillus anthracis isolate was detected in meat samples from infected cattle. Epidemiological surveys showed that villagers did not report infected cattle to related sectors and privately slaughtered and ate meat from infected cattle without any effective protective measures, resulting in this outbreak. It is recommended to strengthen health education for people raising, selling and slaughtering livestock, and publicize zoonotic disease control knowledge, including anthrax, and establish an effective surveillance and response system for anthrax for immediate identification and treatment of epidemics.

Objective:To understand the epidemiological and genotypic characteristics of imported cases of measles virus of D8 genotype in Hebei province.Methods:Epidemiological investigation of measles cases in surveillance was carried out. The throat swabs of the measles cases in acute phase were collected for real time RT-PCR identification, measles virus culture and genotype identification.Results:A total of 36 imported measles cases of genotype D8 were detected. The cases were mainly distributed in 8 counties of Handan city. Number of confirmed measles cases in Cheng'an county was the highest, accounting for 58.33% (21/36) of all the reported cases. All patients had fever and rash, and 55.55% (20/36) of the cases were under 2 years old and 86.11% (31/36) of the cases had no immunization history. The children with pneumonia accounted for 44.12% (15/34) of the total children with D8 genotype measles virus infection. The nucleotide and amino acid homologies between the imported measles virus genotype D8 and the WHO reference strain of D8 genotype (D8-Manchester.UNK/30.94) were 98.4%-98.6% and 97.3%, respectively. Compared with the strains of H1 genotype in China, the nucleotide and amino acid homologies were 92.8%-93.1% and 93.3%, respectively.Conclusions:The imported cases of measles virus of D8 genotype might have caused local transmission in Hebei province. Molecular epidemiological surveillance for measles virus needs to be further strengthened. It is necessary to detect and control the epidemic early and improve the coverage rate and timely rate of measles vaccination. It is also important to prevent cross infection in hospitals.

Objective:To investigate the clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of tremor in patients with epilepsy, and explore the related factors affecting the occurrence of tremor.Methods:A cross-sectional survey was conducted to collect 80 patients with epilepsy in the Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from September 2018 to September 2019. Patients were divided into tremor group and non-tremor group according to clinical evaluation. All patients with epilepsy were evaluated by the Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor and were examined by electromyography (EMG).Results:There were 22 (27.5%, 22/80) patients who were found with tremor by self-reported complaint and (or) physical examination by clinicians, mainly manifested as postural tremor in the upper limbs, and 7.5% (6/80) patients also showed resting tremor. The EMG examination revealed that 51 patients (63.8%, 51/80) had tremor in the upper limbs. The incidence was 2.3 times as much as clinical evaluation. Among them, 42 patients (82.3%, 42/51) manifested postural tremor in upper limbs, 32 patients (62.7%, 32/51) manifested resting tremor. The peak frequency of postural tremor was (7.2±4.1) Hz, and synchronous burst pattern was mainly showed. The peak frequency of resting tremor was (5.3±2.2) Hz, and alternating burst pattern was mainly showed. Multivariate analysis showed that large number of medications and long duration of taking valproate acid were significantly related to the occurrence of tremor in patients with epilepsy.Conclusions:Tremor is mainly manifested as postural tremor in the upper limbs in patients with epilepsy. The EMG is a more sensitive and objective examination, which can detect tremor that was not yet noticed. Large number of medications and long duration of taking valproate acid might be the mainly associated factors for occurrence of tremor in patients with epilepsy.

Objective:To understand the genetic variation of soft tissue sarcomas, and to provide a scientific evidence for the individualized treatment.Methods:The somatic mutation and germline mutation of 45 adult soft tissue sarcomas had been detected by high-throughput sequencing technology, the clinical data were also analyzed.Results:A total of 88 gene mutations were detected in 45 samples, including 78 single nucleotide variation (SNV), 13 insertion/deletion (Indel) and 19 copy number variation (CNV). The most common mutant genes are TP53, CDKN2A, MDM2, CDK4, NF1 and PTEN. Among them, the mutation rates of TP53-MDM2/MDM4-CDKN2A pathway, CDKN2A/CDK4/RB1 pathway, and RAS/NF1/PTEN/PI3K pathway were more frequent (32/88, 36%). In terms of immunotherapy biomarkers among 10 samples, the median value of tumor mutation burden was 2.02 muts/Mb (0-4.24 muts/Mb), and all were microsatellite stable.Conclusions:This study analyzes the genetic variation of soft tissue sarcoma, and determines the high-frequency gene mutations and pathways, which may be the potential drug targets. This finding can provide scientific evidences for the personalized treatment of soft tissue sarcoma.

Objective:To understand the genetic variation of soft tissue sarcomas, and to provide a scientific evidence for the individualized treatment.Methods:The somatic mutation and germline mutation of 45 adult soft tissue sarcomas had been detected by high-throughput sequencing technology, the clinical data were also analyzed.Results:A total of 88 gene mutations were detected in 45 samples, including 78 single nucleotide variation (SNV), 13 insertion/deletion (Indel) and 19 copy number variation (CNV). The most common mutant genes are TP53, CDKN2A, MDM2, CDK4, NF1 and PTEN. Among them, the mutation rates of TP53-MDM2/MDM4-CDKN2A pathway, CDKN2A/CDK4/RB1 pathway, and RAS/NF1/PTEN/PI3K pathway were more frequent (32/88, 36%). In terms of immunotherapy biomarkers among 10 samples, the median value of tumor mutation burden was 2.02 muts/Mb (0-4.24 muts/Mb), and all were microsatellite stable.Conclusions:This study analyzes the genetic variation of soft tissue sarcoma, and determines the high-frequency gene mutations and pathways, which may be the potential drug targets. This finding can provide scientific evidences for the personalized treatment of soft tissue sarcoma.

Objective To explore the characteristics of conceptual priming and perceptual priming in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods The implicit memory (conceptual repetition priming and perceptual repetition priming) and Neuropsychological (DS, VFT, CTT interference time) tests were conducted on 30 aMCI patients, 30 AD patients and 30 normal elderly people. Results Compared with the normal elderly group and the aMCI group, DS, VFT, CTT interference time and conceptual repetition priming of AD patients were lower than those in the normal elderly group (P<0.01). However, perceptual repetition priming was no statistically significant among the groups (P>0.05). Conclusion AD patients have impairments on the conceptual repetition priming , DS, VFT, CTT interference time and implicit memory and the decrease in the frontal lobe function may be an important neurological basis for AD.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of sodium ferulate (SF) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced preterm delivery and intra-uterine fetal death (IUFD). METHODS Pregnant Kunming mice were subcutaneously pretreated with SF (25 or 50 mg · kg-1) from gestational day (GD) 10 to GD 15 and with the single injection of LPS (150μg·kg-1, ip) on GD15.5. The incidence of preterm delivery and IUFD was observed. HE staining was used for uterine and placental histological evaluation. The levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) as well as the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were detected in the maternal liver, placenta, and fetal liver using commercial kits. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in amniotic fluid were evaluated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS For LPS group, the incidence of preterm was 47.8%, delivery time was (17.5 ± 1.3) d, and the pups′survival rate was only 42.6%. Compared with LPS-treated group, SF 50 mg · kg-1 group showed a lower incidence of preterm (14.3%, P<0.01), longer gestational days (18.4 ± 0.5, P<0.05), and a higher pups′survival rate (75.6%, P<0.01). SF 50 mg · kg-1 restored the LPS-induced GSH both in the maternal and fatal liver (a tendency without statistical significance), GST activity〔(163±82) kU·g-1 protein vs (95±90) kU·g-1 protein, P<0.01)〕in the placenta, TBARS content〔(2.5±0.4)μmol·g-1 protein vs (3.1±0.6)μmol·g-1 protein, P<0.01〕in the fetal liver, and TNF-αlevel〔(11±8) ng·L-1 vs (20±8) ng·L-1, P<0.01〕in the amniotic fluid. SF also attenuated LPS-induced placental congestion and neutrophil infiltra?tion in the uterus. CONCLUSION SF may protect against LPS-induced preterm delivery and IUFD, and anti-oxidation as well as anti-inflammation may contribute to these effects.

Marine traditional Chinese medicine (MTCM) is an important part of Chinese medicine (CM),there are some differences in understanding of the current literature and the extension of the connotation of marine medicine,which leads to the definition dispute of MTCM,hindering clinical application and further development of MTCM.In this study,we explored the concept of MTCM in literature,discussed the attributes of ocean marine CM,summed up the differences between the land CM and MTCM over variety characteristics,effect of drug composition characteristics and biological activity characteristics,and discussed the connotation and extension of MTCM from three aspects of theoretical basis and the effect and source of the drug,leading to the formation of the narrow and broad concept of MTCM.The five kinds of disputes in the definition of MTCM were discriminated according to the concept and connotation,which provided a theoretical basis for the definition and the research of MTCM.Moreover,we also defined the English translation and its abbreviation as Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine (MTCM).