OBJECTIVE To explore the clinical distribution and drug resistance of common species of pathogens iso-lated from a three-A hospital of Guangzhou from Jan.2017 to 2023 Dec.so as to provide bases for clinical diagno-sis and reasonable use of antibiotics.METHODS A total of 10,086 strains of aerobic bacteria were clinically isola-ted from the patients who were hospitalized in a three-A hospital of Guangzhou from 2017 to 2023.The constituent ratios of the common species of pathogens,specimen sources,distribution of departments and drug resistance rates to commonly used antibiotics were retrospectively analyzed.RESULTS Totally 10,086 strains of pathogens were isolated from the specimens of the hospitalized patients from 2017 to 2023.Klebsiella pneumoniae,Pseudo-monas aeruginosa,Escherichia coli,Acinetobacter baumannii and Staphylococcus aureus ranked the top 5 species of pathogens.The sputum,midstream urine and whole blood were the major specimen sources.The hospital-asso-ciated infection was highly prevalent in critical care medicine department,neurology department,geriatrics depart-ment,neurosurgery department and urology department.The result of drug resistance showed that the drug re-sistance rates of the K.pneumoniae and P.aeruginosa strains to various types of antibiotics showed upward trends(P＜0.05);the drug resistance rate of the A.baumannii strains to imipenem was decreased,while the drug resist-ance rates to most of the antibiotics were more than 45％.No gram-positive cocci strains that were resistant to vancomycin,teicoplanin or linezolid were found.CONCLUSIONS The common clinical isolates of pathogens are generally resistant to antibiotics.It is necessary for clinicians to attach great importance to the culture of pathogens and drug susceptibility testing and reasonably use antibiotics based on the result of drug susceptibility testing so as to reduce the occurrence and spread of drug-resistant strains.The hospital should strengthen the surveillance of drug resistance of bacteria so as to boost the clinical curative effect,standardize the management and use of antibi-otics and take effective measures to control of the hospital-associated infection.

OBJECTIVE To explore the clinical distribution and drug resistance of common species of pathogens iso-lated from a three-A hospital of Guangzhou from Jan.2017 to 2023 Dec.so as to provide bases for clinical diagno-sis and reasonable use of antibiotics.METHODS A total of 10,086 strains of aerobic bacteria were clinically isola-ted from the patients who were hospitalized in a three-A hospital of Guangzhou from 2017 to 2023.The constituent ratios of the common species of pathogens,specimen sources,distribution of departments and drug resistance rates to commonly used antibiotics were retrospectively analyzed.RESULTS Totally 10,086 strains of pathogens were isolated from the specimens of the hospitalized patients from 2017 to 2023.Klebsiella pneumoniae,Pseudo-monas aeruginosa,Escherichia coli,Acinetobacter baumannii and Staphylococcus aureus ranked the top 5 species of pathogens.The sputum,midstream urine and whole blood were the major specimen sources.The hospital-asso-ciated infection was highly prevalent in critical care medicine department,neurology department,geriatrics depart-ment,neurosurgery department and urology department.The result of drug resistance showed that the drug re-sistance rates of the K.pneumoniae and P.aeruginosa strains to various types of antibiotics showed upward trends(P＜0.05);the drug resistance rate of the A.baumannii strains to imipenem was decreased,while the drug resist-ance rates to most of the antibiotics were more than 45％.No gram-positive cocci strains that were resistant to vancomycin,teicoplanin or linezolid were found.CONCLUSIONS The common clinical isolates of pathogens are generally resistant to antibiotics.It is necessary for clinicians to attach great importance to the culture of pathogens and drug susceptibility testing and reasonably use antibiotics based on the result of drug susceptibility testing so as to reduce the occurrence and spread of drug-resistant strains.The hospital should strengthen the surveillance of drug resistance of bacteria so as to boost the clinical curative effect,standardize the management and use of antibi-otics and take effective measures to control of the hospital-associated infection.

OBJECTIVE To explore the potential mechanism of the effect of Xuebijing injection （XBJ） on neurological function and survival of rats after cardiac arrest （CA）/cardiopulmonary resuscitation （CPR） based on the S-nitrosoglutathione reductase （GSNOR）/S-nitrosoglutathione （GSNO） pathway. METHODS The CA/CPR rat model was established by ventricular fibrillation. Using a sham operation group as control， high-throughput sequencing was employed to analyze and mine the differentially expressed genes （DEGs）. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the contents of GSNOR and GSNO in the hippocampus； the active components of XBJ were screened and subjected to molecular docking analysis with GSNOR. The rats successfully modeled using the same method were divided into model group （n＝30）， inhibitor （GSNOR inhibitor） group （n＝30）， XBJ group （n＝30） and XBJ+inhibitor group （n＝30）， and a sham operation group （n＝30） was set up. Neurological function was evaluated and survival status was recorded at 3 hours， 24 hours and 3 days after the first 89） drug intervention. The contents of GSNOR and GSNO in the hippocampus of rats were determined in each group at the 0191） above time points， and the relationship of the contents of GSNOR and GSNO with modified neurologic severity scale （mNSS） score was analyzed. RESULTS GSNOR coding gene was differentially expressed between the model group and the sham operation group. Compared with the sham operation group， GSNOR content increased significantly in the hippocampus of rats in model group， while GSNO content decreased significantly （P＜0.05）. The active components of XBJ， such as 4- methylenemiltirone and salviolone， could be bound to GSNOR protein， with the binding energy lower than －6 kcal/mol， mainly connected by hydrogen bonds. Animal experiments revealed that mNSS score and GSNOR levels in the hippocampus of rats in the model group were significantly higher than those in the sham operation group （P＜0.05）， while GSNO levels and survival rate were significantly lower than those in the sham operation group （P＜0.05）. The above indexes of rats were improved significantly in administration groups， the mNSS score in the XBJ group was significantly lower than that in the inhibitor group， the content changes of GSNOR and GSNO in the inhibitor group were more obvious than those in the XBJ group， and the various indicators in the XBJ+inhibitor group were significantly better than the XBJ group and the inhibitor group （P＜0.05）. GSNOR content was positively correlated with the mNSS score， and GSNO content was negatively correlated with the mNSS score （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS XBJ can improve the neurological function of rats and enhance their survival rates after CA/CPR， the mechanism of which may be associated with the down-regulation of GSNOR and the up-regulation of GSNO.

In the earliest days,the idea that surviving a single infection often resulted in lifelong immunity to the infecting pathogen was recorded and then led to the discovery of vaccination.We have now confirmed that such protection is primarily based on the generation of immunological memory in antibody response.With the wide implementation of more and more vaccines around the world,it is well documented that different vaccines have different potential regarding to the duration of antibody response.In clinical observations,live-attenuated vaccines often elicit long-term immunity but are also accompanied with risks in safety that are hard to avoid.In order to develop novel vaccines with both excellent potential in eliciting antibody memory and low safety risk,it is critical to further investigate the mechanism of antibody memory in the perspective of immunology.Antibody memory is mediated by certain long-lived B cells:long-lived plasma cell can secret antibody to maintain serum antibody titer while memory B cell contributes to the rapid immune response during the secondary encounter of pathogens.Cellular and molecular processes that drive the production of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells are subjects of intensive research and have important implications for global health.Several factors in the vaccine would indeed affect and regulate these processes,including the antigen valency,vaccine kinetics and the signal integration of both antigen and danger molecules.Many studies have focused on strategies to manipulate these factors to improve or develop new vaccines.Here,we will summarize our current knowledge on how the component in vaccines will affect their potential in generating and sustaining antibody memory,and also point out the challenges we face in the route of developing a"perfect"vaccine.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of 7 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) including rs13278062 (TNFRSF10A), rs3750846 (ARMS2-HTRA1), rs429358 (APOE), rs5817082 (CEPT), rs2043085 (LIPC), rs1626340 (TGFBR1), and rs8135665 (SLC16A8) identified through genome-wide association study (GWAS) with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) among ethnic Han Chinese from Sichuan, China. METHODS: A cohort of 576 AMD patients and 572 healthy controls were enrolled in a case-control study. The SNPs were genotyped by a Mass array MALDI-TOF System. On the premise that the genotype distribution of each SNP locus in both groups satisfied Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the genetic pattern was analyzed and the scores of allele and genotype frequencies ware compared. RESULTS: There was a significant association between TNFRSF10A rs13278062 and AMD under the heterozygous model (P = 0.000, OR = 1.529, 95%CI = 1.196-1.954) and the dominant model (P = 0.002, OR = 1.459, 95%CI = 1.154-1.865), suggesting that subjects carrying rs13278062GT and rs13278062TT + GT are more likely to develop the AMD, whereas no significant difference was observed for rs13278062 under other models. No association was detected with the other six SNPs and AMD under various genetic models. CONCLUSION This case-control association study has indicated that TNFRSF10A rs13278062 is associated with AMD under the heterozygous and dominant models, suggesting that the TNFRSF10A variant may be involved in the development of AMD among ethnic Han Chinese population.
Case-Control Studies ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Genotype ; High-Temperature Requirement A Serine Peptidase 1/genetics* ; Humans ; Macular Degeneration/genetics* ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

Objective:To study the anti-motion sickness effect of atrial natriuretic peptide（ANP）through establishing two types of motion sickness rat models by giving rotational stimulation or intraperitoneal arginine vasopressin（AVP）injection.Methods:Normal Sprague-Dawley rats were rotated 120 min to induce motion sickness. The behavioural changes in their ingestion of 0.15% saccharin sodium solution（SSS）and consumption of kaolin were measured；and the susceptibilities of the rats to motion sickness were thus determined. The behavioural changes in the ingestion of 0.15% SSS after the intraperitoneal injection of AVP were also recorded. Finally，after the intraperitoneal injection of ANP，inhibitory influences on taste aversion to 0.15% SSS induced by these two methods were determined.Results:After the rotational stimulation，the rats reduced their intake of 0.15% SSS（taste aversion）or increased the intake of kaolin（pica）. The intraperitoneal injection of AVP in rats could also induce taste aversion to 0.15% SSS. However，the intraperitoneal injection of ANP effectively inhibited this conditioned taste aversion to 0.15% SSS induced either by rotational stimulation or AVP injection.Conclusion:Both rotational stimulation and intraperitoneal injection of AVP could induce motion sickness；and the intraperitoneal injection of ANP could help relieve motion sickness in rats.

Objective:To explore inner ear mechanism of 6-gingerol，an active ingredient of ginger，for resisting motion sickness in rats.Methods:By stimulating SD rats with rotation，so as to induce conditioned anorexia to 0.15% saccharin solution，thus simulating motion sickness. Using qRT-PCR，western blotting，ELISA，and other related biological techniques to detect aquaporin 2（AQP2），plasma arginine vasopressin（AVP）V2 receptor（V2R），transient receptor potential ion channel 4（TRPV4）mRNA，and protein expression levels of the rats’ inner ears，and observe the impact of TRPV4 antagonist ruthenium red on the effect of 6-gingerol countering motion sickness.Results:After 6-gingerol inhibited the rotational stimulation，the expression levels of AQP2 mRNA and protein in the inner ear of rats were significantly increased（ P<0.05），the TRPV4 mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly decreased（ P<0.05），and the expression levels of V2R mRNA and protein were decreased（ P<0.05）. After using ruthenium red（5 mg/kg）alone，the reduction of drinking saccharin in rats was significant（ P<0.01）. The 6-gingerol combing with ruthenium red（5 mg/kg）could eliminate the inhibitory effect of 6-gingerol pretreatment on the reduction of saccharin drinking in rats after rotational stimulation（ P<0.01）. Conclusion:The mechanism of 6-gingerol for resisting motion sickness may be related to its impact on the transcriptions and expressions of V2R and TRPV4 in inner ear，and then on the AQP2 expression.

Objective:To study the anti-motion sickness effect of atrial natriuretic peptide（ANP）through establishing two types of motion sickness rat models by giving rotational stimulation or intraperitoneal arginine vasopressin（AVP）injection.Methods:Normal Sprague-Dawley rats were rotated 120 min to induce motion sickness. The behavioural changes in their ingestion of 0.15% saccharin sodium solution（SSS）and consumption of kaolin were measured；and the susceptibilities of the rats to motion sickness were thus determined. The behavioural changes in the ingestion of 0.15% SSS after the intraperitoneal injection of AVP were also recorded. Finally，after the intraperitoneal injection of ANP，inhibitory influences on taste aversion to 0.15% SSS induced by these two methods were determined.Results:After the rotational stimulation，the rats reduced their intake of 0.15% SSS（taste aversion）or increased the intake of kaolin（pica）. The intraperitoneal injection of AVP in rats could also induce taste aversion to 0.15% SSS. However，the intraperitoneal injection of ANP effectively inhibited this conditioned taste aversion to 0.15% SSS induced either by rotational stimulation or AVP injection.Conclusion:Both rotational stimulation and intraperitoneal injection of AVP could induce motion sickness；and the intraperitoneal injection of ANP could help relieve motion sickness in rats.

Objective:To explore inner ear mechanism of 6-gingerol，an active ingredient of ginger，for resisting motion sickness in rats.Methods:By stimulating SD rats with rotation，so as to induce conditioned anorexia to 0.15% saccharin solution，thus simulating motion sickness. Using qRT-PCR，western blotting，ELISA，and other related biological techniques to detect aquaporin 2（AQP2），plasma arginine vasopressin（AVP）V2 receptor（V2R），transient receptor potential ion channel 4（TRPV4）mRNA，and protein expression levels of the rats’ inner ears，and observe the impact of TRPV4 antagonist ruthenium red on the effect of 6-gingerol countering motion sickness.Results:After 6-gingerol inhibited the rotational stimulation，the expression levels of AQP2 mRNA and protein in the inner ear of rats were significantly increased（ P<0.05），the TRPV4 mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly decreased（ P<0.05），and the expression levels of V2R mRNA and protein were decreased（ P<0.05）. After using ruthenium red（5 mg/kg）alone，the reduction of drinking saccharin in rats was significant（ P<0.01）. The 6-gingerol combing with ruthenium red（5 mg/kg）could eliminate the inhibitory effect of 6-gingerol pretreatment on the reduction of saccharin drinking in rats after rotational stimulation（ P<0.01）. Conclusion:The mechanism of 6-gingerol for resisting motion sickness may be related to its impact on the transcriptions and expressions of V2R and TRPV4 in inner ear，and then on the AQP2 expression.

On January 22, 2020, China National Center for Bioinformation (CNCB) released the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Resource (2019nCoVR), an open-access information resource for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). 2019nCoVR features a comprehensive integra-tion of sequence and clinical information for all publicly available SARS-CoV-2 isolates, which are manually curated with value-added annotations and quality evaluated by an automated in-house pipeline. Of particular note, 2019nCoVR offers systematic analyses to generate a dynamic landscape of SARS-CoV-2 genomic variations at a global scale. It provides all identified variants and their detailed statistics for each virus isolate, and congregates the quality score, functional annotation,and population frequency for each variant. Spatiotemporal change for each variant can be visualized and historical viral haplotype network maps for the course of the outbreak are also generated based on all complete and high-quality genomes available. Moreover, 2019nCoVR provides a full collection of SARS-CoV-2 relevant literature on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), including published papers from PubMed as well as preprints from services such as bioRxiv and medRxiv through Europe PMC. Furthermore, by linking with relevant databases in CNCB, 2019nCoVR offers data submission services for raw sequence reads and assembled genomes, and data sharing with NCBI. Collectively, SARS-CoV-2 is updated daily to collect the latest information on genome sequences, variants, hap-lotypes, and literature for a timely reflection, making 2019nCoVR a valuable resource for the global research community. 2019nCoVR is accessible at https://bigd.big.ac.cn/ncov/.