Objective To analyze the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD)in Nanning City,Liangqing District from 2012 to 2023.Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to describe the three distribution characteristics of HFMD,and to predict the incidence trend of HFMD.Results From 2012 to 2023,Liangqing District of Nanning City reported a total of 19 715 cases of HFMD.The incidence rates varied significantly across different years,with statistically significant differences(P＜0.01).The urban area reported the highest number of cases.The disease primarily occurred from April to October,with the highest incidence among children aged 6 months to 5 years,mainly among children in daycare and preschools.From 2012 to 2023,a total of 588 cases were diagnosed through laboratory tests,with the highest detection rate of other enteroviruses,and a relatively lower detection rate of EV71.Predictions indicate that the incidence of HFMD in Liangqing District of Nanning City will decrease in 2025 compared to 2023.Conclusion Incidence of HFMD in Liangqing District,Nanning is high,especially among children aged 6 months to 5 years.It is suggested to strengthen the epidemic surveillance,continue to carry out pathogen surveillance.

Supraclinoid internal carotid artery(ICA)fenestration is a rare vascular developmental variant,and this anomaly may be associated with aneurysm formation.Whether the fenestration is originated from the embryonic development of the ICA or the posterior communicating artery(PCoA)remains controversial.This article retrospectively analyzed the imaging data,diagnosis and treatment process of one patient with supraclinoid ICA fenestration combined with an aneurysm,and further literature review was conducted combining with the case study.The aim of this study was to analyze the etiology of supraclinoid ICA fenestration and its correlation with aneurysm formation,in order to improve clinicians' understanding of this rare anomaly and facilitate the formulation of appropriate treatment plans.

Supraclinoid internal carotid artery(ICA)fenestration is a rare vascular developmental variant,and this anomaly may be associated with aneurysm formation.Whether the fenestration is originated from the embryonic development of the ICA or the posterior communicating artery(PCoA)remains controversial.This article retrospectively analyzed the imaging data,diagnosis and treatment process of one patient with supraclinoid ICA fenestration combined with an aneurysm,and further literature review was conducted combining with the case study.The aim of this study was to analyze the etiology of supraclinoid ICA fenestration and its correlation with aneurysm formation,in order to improve clinicians' understanding of this rare anomaly and facilitate the formulation of appropriate treatment plans.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD)in Nanning City,Liangqing District from 2012 to 2023.Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to describe the three distribution characteristics of HFMD,and to predict the incidence trend of HFMD.Results From 2012 to 2023,Liangqing District of Nanning City reported a total of 19 715 cases of HFMD.The incidence rates varied significantly across different years,with statistically significant differences(P＜0.01).The urban area reported the highest number of cases.The disease primarily occurred from April to October,with the highest incidence among children aged 6 months to 5 years,mainly among children in daycare and preschools.From 2012 to 2023,a total of 588 cases were diagnosed through laboratory tests,with the highest detection rate of other enteroviruses,and a relatively lower detection rate of EV71.Predictions indicate that the incidence of HFMD in Liangqing District of Nanning City will decrease in 2025 compared to 2023.Conclusion Incidence of HFMD in Liangqing District,Nanning is high,especially among children aged 6 months to 5 years.It is suggested to strengthen the epidemic surveillance,continue to carry out pathogen surveillance.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common gynaecological endocrine diseases in women and the main cause of anovulatory infertility. Compared with women with normal ovulation, PCOS patients are more likely to face ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, poor-quality of oocyte and fertilization failure in assisted reproduction treatment, so ovulation induction in PCOS patients has attracted much attention in the reproductive field. Progestin-primed ovarian stimulation (PPOS) protocol uses exogenous progesterone effectively to block luteinizing hormone surge to achieve ideal number of retrieved oocytes, embryo quality and pregnancy outcomes. This article reviews the mechanism, clinical application and development of PPOS protocol in PCOS patients.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common gynaecological endocrine diseases in women and the main cause of anovulatory infertility. Compared with women with normal ovulation, PCOS patients are more likely to face ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, poor-quality of oocyte and fertilization failure in assisted reproduction treatment, so ovulation induction in PCOS patients has attracted much attention in the reproductive field. Progestin-primed ovarian stimulation (PPOS) protocol uses exogenous progesterone effectively to block luteinizing hormone surge to achieve ideal number of retrieved oocytes, embryo quality and pregnancy outcomes. This article reviews the mechanism, clinical application and development of PPOS protocol in PCOS patients.

ObjectiveTo investigate the deafness genetic mutation spectrum in nonsyndromic hearing impairment (NSHI) associated with enlarged vestibular aqueducts (EVA). MethodsFrom October, 2015 to August, 2016, 85 patients with NSHI from Hubei Yichang Special Education School were examined with temporal bone CT, and 20 deafness-related gene mutations in GJB2, GJB3, SLC26A4 and mtDNA 12S rRNA were detected with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. ResultsA total of 31 patients were found EVA with temporal bone CT. Compared with non-EVA patients, the proportion of deafness-related gene mutations was more in patients with EVA (χ² = 11.160, P = 0.001), especially for c.919-2A>G mutation of SLC26A4 (χ² = 23.870, P < 0.001). ConclusionThe deafness gene mutation spectrum is different in NSHI patients with or without EVA. It is needed to optimize genetic testing scheme for deafness for early diagnosis and intervention of NSHI associated with EVA.

A global expert consensus (the Delphi consensus) on follicular development, pituitary inhibition, triggering ovulation, and luteal phase support was organized and published in 2021 by Merck Darmstadt, Germany, to further complement the 2019 European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) Guidelines on Ovarian Stimulation by in vitro Fertilization (IVF)/Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection(ICSI). Compared with the ESHRE guidelines, the Delphi consensus incorporates more types of research evidence and expert experience, and finally the expert group has reached a good consensus on follicular development, pituitary suppression and triggering of ovulation, but luteal support is still controversial. This article intends to provide a reference for the optimization of assisted reproductive technology through the interpretation of this consensus.

A global expert consensus (the Delphi consensus) on follicular development, pituitary inhibition, triggering ovulation, and luteal phase support was organized and published in 2021 by Merck Darmstadt, Germany, to further complement the 2019 European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) Guidelines on Ovarian Stimulation by in vitro Fertilization (IVF)/Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection(ICSI). Compared with the ESHRE guidelines, the Delphi consensus incorporates more types of research evidence and expert experience, and finally the expert group has reached a good consensus on follicular development, pituitary suppression and triggering of ovulation, but luteal support is still controversial. This article intends to provide a reference for the optimization of assisted reproductive technology through the interpretation of this consensus.

DNA methylation is a prevalent epigenetic modification in vertebrates, and it has been shown to be involved the regulation of gene expression and embryo development. However, it remains unclear how DNA methylation regulates sexual development, especially in species without sex chromosomes. To determine this, we utilized zebrafish to investigate DNA methylation reprogramming during juvenile germ cell development and adult female-to-male sex transition. We reveal that primordial germ cells (PGCs) undergo significant DNA methylation reprogramming during germ cell development, and the methylome of PGCs is reset to an oocyte/ovary-like pattern at 9 days post fertilization (9 dpf). When DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity in juveniles was blocked after 9 dpf, the zebrafish developed into females. We also show that Tet3 is involved in PGC development. Notably, we find that DNA methylome reprogramming during adult zebrafish sex transition is similar to the reprogramming during the sex differentiation from 9 dpf PGCs to sperm. Furthermore, inhibiting DNMT activity can prevent the female-to-male sex transition, sug-gesting that methylation reprogramming is required for zebrafish sex transition. In summary, DNA methylation plays important roles in zebrafish germ cell development and sexual plasticity.