Objective To investigate the spatial distribution of Aedes albopictus in China at different time periods from 2000 to 2019, so as to provide insights into precise management of Ae. albopictus in China. Methods Data pertaining to the distribution of Ae. albopictus in China from 2000 to 2019 were collected through literature retrieval with terms of “Aedes albopictus”, “monitoring”, “survey”, “density”, “distribution”, and “outbreak” in national and international databases. The title and time of the publication, sampling sites, sampling time, mosquito capture methods, and mosquito species and density were extracted, and the longitude and latitude of sampling sites were obtained through Baidu Map. Meteorological element data at meteorological observation stations within China were obtained from the National Climatic Data Center of the United States, and the annual maximum temperature, annual minimum temperature, average temperature in January, average temperature in July, annual temperature range, daily temperature range and relative humidity were calculated and subjected to Kriging interpolation. Monthly cumulative precipitation grid data and monthly average temperature grid data with a resolution of 1 km for China from 2000 to 2019 were obtained from the National Tibetan Plateau Scientific Data Center, and the annual precipitation and annual average temperature were calculated cumulatively. Population density data in China from 2000 to 2019 were obtained from the WorldPop Hub, and the gross domestic product (GDP) in China was obtained from the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The above data were divided into 5-year intervals to calculate data during the periods from 2000 to 2004, from 2005 to 2009, from 2010 to 2014, and from 2015 to 2019. Ae. albopictus distribution data were modeled in China from 2000 to 2019 and during each period with the classification random forest (RF) model, to predict the distribution of Ae. albopictus across the country and analyze the distribution of Ae. albopictus based on the seven major climate zones in China. The performance of RF models was evaluated by accuracy, precision, recall, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and the importance of each feature in the RF model was evaluated with mean decrease accuracy (MDA). Results A total of 1 191 Chinese publictions and 391 English publications were retrieved, among which 580 articles provided detailed data on the sampling sites of Ae. albopictus and specific sampling years, meeting the inclusion criteria. A total of 2 234 Ae. albopictus sampling sites were included in China from 2000 to 2019, and RF modeling results showed that the overall Ae. Albopictus distribution area was mainly found in southeastern and southwestern provinces of China from 2000 to 2019, with scattered distribution in coastal areas of northeastern provinces, such as Liaoning Province. The accuracy, precision, recall and AUC of the RF model were 0.915 to 0.947, 0.933 to 0.975, 0.898 to 0.978, and 0.902 to 0.932 for the distribution of Ae. albopictus at different time periods from 2000 to 2019. Among all features in the RF models, population density was the most contributing factor to the distribution of Ae. albopictus in China, followed by GDP, and all meteorological variables contributed relatively less to the predictive power of the RF model. In China’s seven major climate zones, Ae. albopictus was almost entirely distributed in the marginal tropical humid region, the north subtropical humid region, and the warm temperate semi-humid region. The combined distribution area of these three zones accounted for 100.0% of the national distribution area from 2000 to 2004, from 2005 to 2009, and from 2010 to 2014, and 99.9% from 2015 to 2019, and the proportion of Ae. albopictus distribution area in the warm temperate semihumid region increased gradually from 20.2% to 30.2%. Conclusions Ae. albopictus is mainly distributed in the southeastern and southwestern provinces of China and is greatly influenced by population and economic factors. The warm temperate semi-humid region in China is gradually becoming a hot spot for the distribution of Ae. albopictus.

Neurological diseases are a major health concern, and brain injury is a typical pathological process in various neurological disorders. Different biomarkers in the blood or the cerebrospinal fluid are associated with specific physiological and pathological processes. They are vital in identifying, diagnosing, and treating brain injuries. In this review, we described biomarkers for neuronal cell body injury (neuron-specific enolase, ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1, αII-spectrin), axonal injury (neurofilament proteins, tau), astrocyte injury (S100β, glial fibrillary acidic protein), demyelination (myelin basic protein), autoantibodies, and other emerging biomarkers (extracellular vesicles, microRNAs). We aimed to summarize the applications of these biomarkers and their related interests and limits in the diagnosis and prognosis for neurological diseases, including traumatic brain injury, status epilepticus, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and infection. In addition, a reasonable outlook for brain injury biomarkers as ideal detection tools for neurological diseases is presented.
Humans ; Biomarkers/cerebrospinal fluid* ; Nervous System Diseases/diagnosis* ; Brain Injuries/metabolism* ; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/cerebrospinal fluid* ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/blood* ; S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit/blood* ; tau Proteins/cerebrospinal fluid* ; Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/blood* ; Myelin Basic Protein/cerebrospinal fluid* ; Neurofilament Proteins/blood* ; MicroRNAs/blood* ; Brain Injuries, Traumatic/metabolism*

This study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of Buyang Huanwu Decoction in regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress via the inositol-requiring enzyme 1α(IRE1α)/apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1(ASK1)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK) pathway to improve neurological function in rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury(CIRI). SPF-grade male sprague-dawley(SD) rats were randomly divided into Sham group, model group, Buyang Huanwu Decoction group, and edaravone group. Except for the Sham group, the other groups were subjected to the modified suture method to establish a middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion(MCAO/R) model. After treatment, neurological function was assessed using the Zea Longa scoring system. Gait analysis was used to detect the motor function. Detection of relative infarct area in brain tissue using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride(TTC) staining. Nissl staining was used to observe the structure of neuronal cells. Western blot and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR) were used to detect IRE1α, ASK1, JNK, B cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2), Bcl-2 related X protein(Bax), and Caspase-3 in the brain tissue. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the positive expression of IRE1α, ASK1, and JNK. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the fluorescence expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3. The results showed that compared with the Sham group, the model group exhibited increased neurological scores(P<0.01), increased ratio of ground contact area and strength in both forelimbs(P<0.01), enlarged relative infarct area of brain tissue(P<0.05), and a reduced number of Nissl staining-positive cells(P<0.01). The protein and mRNA expression levels of IRE1α, ASK1, JNK, Bax, and Caspase-3 in brain tissue were significantly elevated, while those of Bcl-2 were decreased(P<0.05). Compared with the model group, both the Buyang Huanwu Decoction group and edaravone group showed reduced neurological scores(P<0.05), decreased ratio of ground contact area and strength in both forelimbs(P<0.05), smaller relative infarct area(P<0.05), alleviated neuronal damage, and increased number of Nissl staining-positive cells(P<0.05). The expression levels of IRE1α, ASK1, JNK, Bax, and Caspase-3 protein and mRNA in brain tissue were significantly reduced, while those of Bcl-2 were significantly increased(P<0.05). The results indicated that Buyang Huanwu Decoction can effectively improve brain injury in CIRI rats, and its mechanism of action may be related to regulating the endoplasmic reticulum stress IRE1α/ASK1/JNK signaling pathway.
Animals ; Male ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage* ; Rats ; MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 5/genetics* ; Ischemic Stroke/physiopathology* ; Humans ; MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects* ; Apoptosis/drug effects* ; Endoribonucleases/genetics* ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics* ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/drug effects* ; Multienzyme Complexes

OBJECTIVES: To explore the efficacy of DSA-guided intrathecal drug delivery system combined with Zi Wu Liu Zhu Acupoint Therapy for management of cancer pain and provide reference for its standardized clinical application. Methods and. RESULTS: Recommendations were formulated based on literature review and expert group discussion, and consensus was reached following expert consultation. The consensus recommendations are comprehensive, covering the entire treatment procedures from preoperative assessment and preparation, surgical operation process, postoperative management and traditional Chinese medicine treatment to individualized treatment planning. The study results showed that the treatment plans combining traditional Chinese with Western medicine effectively alleviated cancer pain, reduced the use of opioid drugs, and significantly improved the quality of life and enhanced immune function of the patients. Postoperative follow-up suggested good treatment tolerance among the patients without serious complications. CONCLUSIONS The formulated consensus is comprehensive and can provide reference for clinicians to use DSA-guided intrathecal drug delivery system combined with Zi Wu Liu Zhu Acupoint Therapy. The combined treatment has a high clinical value with a good safety profile for management of cancer pain.
Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Cancer Pain/therapy* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use* ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Pain Management/methods* ; China

Objective:The current study aimed to evaluate the possible protective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against Indum-tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticle (Nano-ITO) -induced pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) in rats, especially via modulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling.Methods:In October 2019, 50 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated into five groups (10 rats each) as follows: blank control group, saline control group, NAC control group (200 mg/kg), Nano-ITO group (receiving a repeated intratracheal dose of 6 mg/kg Nano-ITO) and NAC intervention group (pre-treated intraperitoneally with 200 mg/kg NAC 1.5 h before the administration of an intratracheal dose of 6 mg/kg Nano-ITO). The rats were exposed twice a week for 12 weeks. Rats were then euthanized under anesthesia, and their lungs were removed for histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. The comparison of indicators reflecting oxidative stress and pulmonary inflammation among groups was conducted using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni's test. The effect of NAC on Nano-ITO induced NF-κB signaling pathway in rats was analyzed.Results:Histopathological examination of Nano-ITO exposed rats revealed diffuse alveolar damage, including PAP, cholesterol crystals, alveolar fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, and alveolar emphysema. Immunohistochemical results of Nano-ITO exposed rats showed strong positive for nuclear factor κB p65 (NF-κB p65) and nuclear factor Kappa B inhibitory factor kinase (IKK-β) and weak positive for nuclear factor κB inhibitory protein α (IκB-α) in the nuclei of bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells. Compared with blank control group, saline control group and NAC control group, the level of total protein (TP) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of rats in Nano-ITO group was significantly increased ( P<0.05), and the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) content and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were significantly increased ( P<0.05), the levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were significantly increased ( P<0.05), and the levels of NF-κB p65, IKK-β, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lung tissue were significantly increased ( P<0.05). Compared with Nano-ITO group, the levels of TP, T-AOC, MDA and TNF-α in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of rats in NAC intervention group were significantly decreased ( P<0.05), and the levels of NF-κB p65 and ROS in lung tissue were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Western blot results showed that compared with the control groups, the protein expressions of NF-κB p65 and IKK-β in the lung tissue of Nano-ITO group were increased, while the protein expression of IκB-α was decreased ( P<0.05). Compared with Nano-ITO group, the protein expressions of NF-κB p65 and IKK-β in lung tissue of rats in NAC intervention group were decreased, while the protein expression of IκB-α was increased ( P<0.05) . Conclusion:The study demonstrated that Nano-ITO might induce pulmonary toxicity through the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway, and NAC could antagonize the pulmonary toxicity of Nano-ITO by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Objective:To evaluate the disinfection effect of high-energy pulse ultraviolet disinfection equipment in medical institution settings.Methods:The disinfection effect was evaluated through field tests and laboratory tests. Among them, 135 high-frequency contact points were selected from nine departments in the field test. Samples were collected before and after disinfection, and the disinfection effects of 75% alcohol wipes wiping disinfection, high-energy pulse ultraviolet disinfection robot disinfection and high-energy pulse ultraviolet handheld disinfection instrument were compared. In the laboratory test, 30 infected areas of the simulated test table were exposed to vertical ultraviolet irradiation and the bacterial-killing rate before and after disinfection was calculated.Results:In the field test, the bacteria-killing rates of 75% alcohol wipes, high-energy pulse ultraviolet disinfection robot and high-energy pulse ultraviolet handheld disinfection instrument were 94.99%, 91.53% and 95.94%, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant. The disinfection effect of the high-energy pulse ultraviolet handheld disinfection instrument was better than that of the high-energy pulse ultraviolet disinfection robot ( P values <0.05). In the laboratory test, the killing log value of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on the carrier were both greater than 3.00. In the simulated field test, the killing log value of Staphylococcus aureus on the surface samples were 4.99. Conclusion:Both the high-energy pulse ultraviolet handheld disinfection instrument and the high-energy pulse ultraviolet disinfection robot have good disinfection effects, which are similar to the disinfection effects of conventional 75% alcohol wipes.

Objective To investigate the origin of Biomphalaria straminea in China, so as to provide insights into assessment of schistosomiasis mansoni transmission risk and B. straminea control. Methods Guanlan River, Dasha River, Shenzhen Reservoir, upper and lower reaches of Kuiyong River, and Xinzhen River in Shenzhen, China, were selected as sampling sites. Ten Biomphalaria samples were collected from each site, and genomic DNA was extracted from Biomphalaria samples. DNA samples were obtained from 15 B. straminea sampled from 5 sampling sites in Minas Gerais State, Pará State, Federal District, Pernambuco State, and Sao Paulo State in Brazil, South America. Cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) genes were sampled using the above DNA templates, and the amplified products were sequenced. The COI and 16S rRNA gene sequences were downloaded from GenBank, and the sampling sites were acquired. All COI and 16S rRNA gene sequences were aligned and evolutionary trees of B. straminea were created based on COI and 16S rRNA gene sequences to identify the genetic similarity and evolutionary relationship between B. straminea samples from China and South America. Results A total of 60 COI gene sequences with a length of 529 bp and 3 haplotypes were obtained from B. straminea sampled from China. There were 165 COI gene sequences of B. straminea retrieved from GenBank, and following alignment with the above 60 gene sequences, a total of 33 haplotypes were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the three haplotypes of B. straminea from China were clustered into one clade, among which the haplotype China11 and three B. straminea samples from Brazil retrieved from GenBank belonged to the same haplotype. Geographical evolution analysis showed that the B. straminea samples from three sampling sites along eastern coasts of Brazil had the same haplotype with China11, and B. straminea samples from other two sampling sites were closely, genetically related to China11. A total of 60 16S rDNA gene sequences with approximately 322 bp in length were amplified from B. straminea in China, with 2 haplotypes identified. A total of 70 16S rDNA gene sequences of B. straminea were captured from GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Biomphalaria snails collected from China were clustered into a clade, and the haplotype China64 and the haplotype 229BS from Brazil shared the same haplotype. The 49 16S rDNA gene sequences of B. straminea from 25 sampling sites in southern Brazil, which were captured from GenBank, were included in the present analysis, and the B. straminea from 3 sampling sites shared the same haplotype with China64 in China. Geographical evolution analysis based on COI and 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that B. straminea sampled from eastern coastal areas of Brazil shared the same haplotypes in two gene fragment sequences with Biomphalaria snails collected from China. Conclusions The Biomphalaria snails in China are characterized as B. straminea, which have a low genetic diversity. The Biomphalaria snails in China have a high genetic similarity with B. straminea sampled from eastern coastal areas of Brazil, which may have originated from the eastern coastal areas of Brazil.

Epilepsy is a common neurological disease,has the characteristics of recurrent attacks and long-term treatment,thus bringing great pressure to patients and their families.Therefore,it is particularly important to do a good job of disability assessment.In recent years,with the development of the discipline,academic organizations such as the International League Against Epilepsy(ILAE)and China Association Against Epilepsy(CAAE)have successively updated the definition and diagnostic criteria of epilepsy and seizures.However,some items of epilepsy in the current Criteria for Disability Rating of Military Personnel(Trial)issued by People's Liberation Army(PLA)in 2011 can no longer meet the latest guidelines at home and abroad.Therefore,we suggest that the items related to epilepsy in the Criteria for Disability Rating of Military Personnel(Trial)should be revised to ensure that the disability evaluation being completed fairly and successfully.

Integrase inhibitors (INSTIs) are the newest class of antiretroviral drug which are available to people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Since 2007, five types of INSTIs have been marketed: Raltegravir, Elvitegravir, Dolutegravir, Bictegravir and Cabotegravir, all of which were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in treatment-na?ve individuals. Compared with other types of antiretroviral drugs, INSTIs have better efficacy and tolerability, so many countries around the world have listed INSTIs-containing regimens as the preferred regimen for HIV ART. In recent years, with the widespread use of INSTIs, some research data suggest that INSTIs may have some adverse effects (AEs), such as central nervous system symptoms, abnormal lipid metabolism, weight gain, abnormal liver and kidney function, etc. This review summarizes the current use of INSTIs in people living with the HIV, and highlights the clinical efficacy and their AEs among the five types of INSTIs in China.

Helicobacter pylori infection is an important causative factor in a variety of gastrointestinal diseases,such as atrophic gastritis,peptic ulcer disease,and gastric cancer.Timely eradication treatment is con-ducive to maintaining the health of patients.With the increase of drug resistance in Helicobacter pylori,dual therapy with proton pump inhibitors combined with high-dose amoxicillin has gradually gained attention.Potassium-competitive acid blockers are new types of antacids that have a faster onset of action and a longer lasting acid sup-pression effect than traditional proton pump inhibitors,making it more suitable for dual therapy.In recent years,scholars have carried out a lot of exploration,improvement and verification of potassium-competitive acid blockers dual therapy,and this article reviews its research progress.