OBJECTIVE To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of 6 kinds of GLP-1RAs in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） patients with overweight or obesity， and to provide evidence-based reference for clinical practice. METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed， Embase， Web of Science， the Cochrane Library， CNKI， VIP， Wanfang Data， and CBM from the inception to December 1， 2025. Randomized controlled trials （RCTs） were screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data extraction and risk of bias assessment were performed on the included studies. Network meta-analysis was conducted using Stata 17.0 software. RESULTS A total of 29 eligible RCTs were included， involving 7 404 patients. Six GLP-1RAs were evaluated： semaglutide， liraglutide， exenatide， dulaglutide， polyethylene glycol loxenatide， and beinaglutide. In terms of glycemic control， semaglutide had the highest probability of ranking first in reducing glycated hemoglobin （HbA1c） and fasting plasma glucose levels， followed by polyethylene glycol loxenatide. In terms of weight management， semaglutide showed the highest probability of ranking first， followed by liraglutide and exenatide. Regarding safety， dulaglutide had the highest probability of ranking first in reducing the incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events； none of the GLP-1RAs significantly increased the risk of severe hypoglycemia. Subgroup analysis revealed that liraglutide 1.8 mg， qd and exenatide extend-release 2.0 mg， qw demonstrated superior efficacy in reducing HbA1c and body weight compared with other doses/dosage forms of the same agents. CONCLUSIONS For T2DM patients with overweight or obesity， semaglutide offers the greatest benefits in glycemic control and weight reduction， while dulaglutide demonstrates superior gastrointestinal tolerability. Liraglutide 1.8 mg， qd and exenatide extend-release 2.0 mg， qw show relatively better overall efficacy in glycemic control and weight reduction among the same agents.

In this paper， by referring to ancient and modern literature， the textual research of Inulae Flos has been conducted to clarify the name， origin， production area， quality evaluation， harvesting， processing and others， so as to provide reference and basis for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing this herb. After textual research， it could be verified that the medicinal use of Inulae Flos was first recorded in Shennong Bencaojing of the Han dynasty. In successive dynasties， Xuanfuhua has been taken as the official name， and it also has other alternative names such as Jinfeicao， Daogeng and Jinqianhua. The period before the Song and Yuan dynasties， the main origin of Inulae Flos was the Asteraceae plant Inula japonica， and from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the present， I. japonica and I. britannica are the primary source. In addition to the dominant basal species， there are also regional species such as I. linariifolia， I. helianthus-aquatili， and I. hupehensis. The earliest recorded production areas in ancient times were Henan， Hubei and other places， and the literature records that it has been distributed throughout the country since modern times. The medicinal part is its flower， the harvesting and processing method recorded in the past dynasties is mainly harvested in the fifth and ninth lunar months， and dried in the sun， and the modern harvesting is mostly harvested in summer and autumn when the flowers bloom， in order to remove impurities， dry in the shade or dry in the sun. In addition， the roots， whole herbs and aerial parts are used as medicinal materials. In ancient times， there were no records about the quality of Inulae Flos， and in modern times， it is generally believed that the quality of complete flower structure， small receptacles， large blooms， yellow petals， long filaments， many fluffs， no fragments， and no branches is better. Ancient processing methods primarily involved cleaning， steaming， and sun-drying， supplemented by techniques such as boiling， roasting， burning， simmering， stir-frying， and honey-processing. Modern processing focuses mainly on cleaning the stems and leaves before use. Regarding the medicinal properties， ancient texts describe it as salty and sweet in taste， slightly warm in nature， and mildly toxic. Modern studies characterize it as bitter， pungent， and salty in taste， with a slightly warm nature. Its therapeutic effects remain consistent across eras， including descending Qi， resolving phlegm， promoting diuresis， and stopping vomiting. Based on the research results， it is recommended that when developing famous classical formulas containing Inulae Flos， either I. japonica or I. britannica should be used as the medicinal source. Processing methods should follow formula requirements， where no processing instructions are specified， the raw products may be used after cleaning.

To gain an in-depth understanding of the clinical application of Rehmanniae Radix during the Qing Dynasty and to clarify its specifications and corresponding therapeutic effects， this study took Rehmanniae Radix in the prescriptions documented in Research on Medical Cases of the Qing Imperial Court as the research subject. According to historical medical literature， a comprehensive investigation was conducted on the specifications， therapeutic efficacy， frequency of use， dosage， and seasonal patterns of Rehmanniae Radix employed by imperial physicians. The findings revealed that Rehmanniae Radix in the medical cases of the Qing court was primarily classified into three categories： Xiaoshengdi， Zhongshengdi， and Dashengdi. Xiaoshengdi was also referred to as Xishengdi or Cishengdi， all denoting dried Rehmanniae Radix. The term Xishengdi was inconsistently defined in the literature. It should refer to the slender variant of dried Rehmanniae Radix and was utilized as a specific specification in the medical cases of the Qing court. In contrast， the wild fresh roots of Rehmanniae Radix， described as "as slender as fingers"， were commonly documented as fresh Rehmanniae Radix in these medical cases. There were variations in Rehmanniae Radix size and grading between historical and contemporary standards. Furthermore， therapeutic differences were observed among Rehmanniae Radix specifications in the medical cases of the Qing court. Xiaoshengdi and Zhongshengdi exhibited slightly stronger blood-cooling and heat-clearing effects while maintaining a non-cloying Yin-nourishing property. In contrast， Dashengdi demonstrated a greater emphasis on Yin supplementation with relatively milder heat-clearing activity. In the medical cases of the Qing court， the dosage of Rehmanniae Radix in different specifications was usually 11.2-18.7 g per dose， typically administered twice daily. Rehmanniae Radix in different specifications exhibits variations in efficacy， which can provide evidence-based insights for precise clinical application.

In this paper， by referring to ancient and modern literature， the textual research of Inulae Flos has been conducted to clarify the name， origin， production area， quality evaluation， harvesting， processing and others， so as to provide reference and basis for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing this herb. After textual research， it could be verified that the medicinal use of Inulae Flos was first recorded in Shennong Bencaojing of the Han dynasty. In successive dynasties， Xuanfuhua has been taken as the official name， and it also has other alternative names such as Jinfeicao， Daogeng and Jinqianhua. The period before the Song and Yuan dynasties， the main origin of Inulae Flos was the Asteraceae plant Inula japonica， and from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the present， I. japonica and I. britannica are the primary source. In addition to the dominant basal species， there are also regional species such as I. linariifolia， I. helianthus-aquatili， and I. hupehensis. The earliest recorded production areas in ancient times were Henan， Hubei and other places， and the literature records that it has been distributed throughout the country since modern times. The medicinal part is its flower， the harvesting and processing method recorded in the past dynasties is mainly harvested in the fifth and ninth lunar months， and dried in the sun， and the modern harvesting is mostly harvested in summer and autumn when the flowers bloom， in order to remove impurities， dry in the shade or dry in the sun. In addition， the roots， whole herbs and aerial parts are used as medicinal materials. In ancient times， there were no records about the quality of Inulae Flos， and in modern times， it is generally believed that the quality of complete flower structure， small receptacles， large blooms， yellow petals， long filaments， many fluffs， no fragments， and no branches is better. Ancient processing methods primarily involved cleaning， steaming， and sun-drying， supplemented by techniques such as boiling， roasting， burning， simmering， stir-frying， and honey-processing. Modern processing focuses mainly on cleaning the stems and leaves before use. Regarding the medicinal properties， ancient texts describe it as salty and sweet in taste， slightly warm in nature， and mildly toxic. Modern studies characterize it as bitter， pungent， and salty in taste， with a slightly warm nature. Its therapeutic effects remain consistent across eras， including descending Qi， resolving phlegm， promoting diuresis， and stopping vomiting. Based on the research results， it is recommended that when developing famous classical formulas containing Inulae Flos， either I. japonica or I. britannica should be used as the medicinal source. Processing methods should follow formula requirements， where no processing instructions are specified， the raw products may be used after cleaning.

To gain an in-depth understanding of the clinical application of Rehmanniae Radix during the Qing Dynasty and to clarify its specifications and corresponding therapeutic effects， this study took Rehmanniae Radix in the prescriptions documented in Research on Medical Cases of the Qing Imperial Court as the research subject. According to historical medical literature， a comprehensive investigation was conducted on the specifications， therapeutic efficacy， frequency of use， dosage， and seasonal patterns of Rehmanniae Radix employed by imperial physicians. The findings revealed that Rehmanniae Radix in the medical cases of the Qing court was primarily classified into three categories： Xiaoshengdi， Zhongshengdi， and Dashengdi. Xiaoshengdi was also referred to as Xishengdi or Cishengdi， all denoting dried Rehmanniae Radix. The term Xishengdi was inconsistently defined in the literature. It should refer to the slender variant of dried Rehmanniae Radix and was utilized as a specific specification in the medical cases of the Qing court. In contrast， the wild fresh roots of Rehmanniae Radix， described as "as slender as fingers"， were commonly documented as fresh Rehmanniae Radix in these medical cases. There were variations in Rehmanniae Radix size and grading between historical and contemporary standards. Furthermore， therapeutic differences were observed among Rehmanniae Radix specifications in the medical cases of the Qing court. Xiaoshengdi and Zhongshengdi exhibited slightly stronger blood-cooling and heat-clearing effects while maintaining a non-cloying Yin-nourishing property. In contrast， Dashengdi demonstrated a greater emphasis on Yin supplementation with relatively milder heat-clearing activity. In the medical cases of the Qing court， the dosage of Rehmanniae Radix in different specifications was usually 11.2-18.7 g per dose， typically administered twice daily. Rehmanniae Radix in different specifications exhibits variations in efficacy， which can provide evidence-based insights for precise clinical application.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of modified Buyang Huanwu Tang on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury （CI/RI） in mice via the PTEN-induced putative kinase 1/E3 ubiquitin ligase （PINK1/Parkin） signaling pathway-mediated mitophagy， and to explore the underlying mechanism by which modified Buyang Huanwu Tang improves CI/RI. MethodsSeventy-two male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into six groups （n = 12 per group）： Sham-operated group， middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion （MCAO/R） model group， low-， medium-， and high-dose modified Buyang Huanwu Tang groups （8.84， 17.68， 35.36 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， and an aspirin group （13.00 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）. Neurological deficit scores were assessed using the Zea-Longa method. Cerebral infarct volume ratio was measured by 2，3，5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride （TTC） staining. Histopathological changes and neuronal injury in brain tissues were observed using hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining and Nissl staining. Apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling （TUNEL） assay. Mitochondrial ultrastructure in brain tissue was observed by transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. Serum levels of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and malondialdehyde （MDA） were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The mRNA and protein expression levels of PINK1， Parkin， microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B （LC3B， LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ）， and p62 in brain tissues were detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR （Real-time PCR） and Western blot， respectively. ResultsCompared with the sham-operated group， the MCAO/R model group showed significantly increased neurological deficit scores and cerebral infarct volume ratios （P<0.01）. Severe cortical injury on the infarct side was observed， characterized by decreased neuronal density， cytoplasmic vacuolation， nuclear pyknosis， a marked reduction in Nissl bodies， dissolution of Nissl bodies in the cytoplasm of some pyramidal neurons， and blurred cellular boundaries. The number of TUNEL-positive cells increased significantly （P<0.01）. Mitochondria exhibited cristae membrane rupture and matrix vacuolation， with rupture of the outer mitochondrial membrane and formation of autophagosomes， the number of which increased significantly. Serum SOD activity decreased significantly （P<0.01）， while MDA content increased significantly （P<0.01）. In infarcted brain tissues of model mice， the relative mRNA expression and protein levels of PINK1， Parkin and LC3B were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， whereas p62 mRNA and protein expression were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， showing statistical significance. Compared with the model group， all treatment groups showed significantly decreased neurological deficit scores and cerebral infarct volume ratios （P<0.01）. Neuronal density increased significantly， cytoplasmic vacuolation was alleviated， nuclear morphology tended to be more regular and clearer， Nissl body density increased significantly with reduced dissolution and improved contour clarity. The mitochondrial cristae structure was partially restored， with some mitochondria showing autophagosome encapsulation， and the degree of mitochondrial damage was alleviated. Serum SOD activity increased significantly （P<0.01）， while MDA content decreased significantly. The mRNA and protein expression levels of PINK1， Parkin， and LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while p62 mRNA and protein expression in the low- and medium-dose modified Buyang Huanwu Tang groups were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， showing statistical significance. ConclusionModified Buyang Huanwu Tang can upregulate the protein expression levels of PINK1， Parkin， and LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ and downregulate p62 protein expression， suggesting that it may improve CI/RI by regulating the expression of proteins related to the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway. Regulation of the mitophagy pathway may be one of the mechanisms by which modified Buyang Huanwu Tang alleviates CI/RI in mice.

AIM To study the chemical constituents from Gymnema tingens Spreng.and their in vitro hypoglycemic activity.METHODS The 70％ethanol extract was isolated and purified by macroporous resin,silica gel,sephadex LH-20,and semi-preparative HPLC,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by physicochemical propeties and spectral data.The in vitro hypoglycemic activity was evaluated by glucose uptake test in L6 cells.RESULTS Seventeen compounds were isolated and identified as 7-desoxyneocynapanogenin A(1),glaucogenin(2),cynatratoside A(3),atratcynoside F(4),(+)-lyoniresinol(5),(+)-lyoniresinol 3-O-α-D-rhamnopyranoside-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside(6),fernandoside(7),3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl-1-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside(8),khaephuoside A(9),khaephuoside B(10),3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(11),liquiritigenin(12),7,3'-dihydroxy-flavanone-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(13),pinoresinol(14),syringaldehyde(15),(+)-1-hydroxy-pinoresinol-1-β-D-glucopyranoside(16),β-amyrin(17).Compounds 2-5、7、9、10、12、17 could promote the glucose uptake in L6 cells.CONCLUSION Compound 1 is a new compound,and 2-9、11-13、15-17 are isolated from this plant for the first time.Compounds 2-5、7、9、10、12、17 have good hypoglycemic activity.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the clinical characteristics of the patients with severe infections who were treated with polymyxin B and compare the plasma concentration of polymyxin B among the patients with severe infections with different creatinine clearance rates(Ccr).METHODS The clinical data were collected from 152 patients with severe infections who were treated with intravenous polymyxin B in intensive care unit(ICU)of Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University from Jan.2021 to Mar.2023.The trough concentration(Cmin),median concen-tration(C1/2t)and peak concentration(Cmax)of polymyxin B were determined after 5 doses were completed.Based of the area under the curve(AUC)of drug concentration of polymyxin B(AUC0～24h)combined with the Ccr level[the ≤30 to＜60 ml/min group(n=40),the 60 to＜130ml/min group(n=79),and the ≥ 130ml/min group(n=33)],the AUC0～24h of polymyxin B were calculated,and the influence of Ccr on the plasma concentration was observed.RESULTS Among the 152 patients with severe infections,118 were male,and 34 were female,with the age ranging between 20 and 90 years old;the patients with high blood pressure accounted for 14.47％(22/152),the patients with diabetes mellitus 7.24％(11/152).Polymyxin B is primarily used in clinical settings for the treatment of pulmonary infections and bloodstream infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae.The median initial dose and the median maintenance dose were 1.35(1.00,1.67)mg/kg q12 h and 1.07(0.83,1.25)mg/kg q12 h,respectively.The median AUC0～24h of polymyxin B was 76.57(54.65,106.47)μg·h/ml among the 152 patients,and the patients with AUC0～24 h ranging between 50 and 100 μg·h/ml accounted for 53.95％(82/152).Although the median AUC0～24h of polymyxin B of all the three groups ranged between 50 and 100)μg·h/ml,there were significant differences in Cmin,C1/2t,Cmax and AUC0～24h among the three groups(P＜0.05).In addition,there were significant differences in the AUC0～24h of polymyxin B less than 50 μg·h/ml,ranging between 50 and 100 μg·h/ml and more than 100 μg·h/ml among the three groups of patients(x2=21.632,P＜0.001).CONCLUSION Therapeutic drug monitoring(TDM)is nec-essary for the patients with severe infection who receive the polymyxin B for treatment,especially for the patients with Ccr ≤30 to＜60 ml/min and Ccr ≥130 ml/min.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the 7 species of common pathogens causing acute respiratory infection(ARI)in children in Zhongshan,Guangdong,from 2019 to 2023,and to provide references for preventive measures and clinical treatment of ARI.METHODS A total of 14 261 children with ARI aged 14 years and younger,hospital-ized in the Pediatric Department of Zhongshan City People's Hospital from Jan.2019 to Oct.2022 and from Mar.to Dec.2023,were selected as the study subjects.The positive detection rates of seven common respiratory pathogens were compared across three periods:pre-pandemic period(2019),pandemic control period(from 2020 to Oct.2022)and normalization period(from Mar.to Dec.2023)of COVID-19.RESULTS The overall detection rates of pathogens were 59.72％,37.83％and 85.82％in the pre-pandemic,control and normalization periods,respectively.The pathogens with the highest detection rates were Streptococcus pneumoniae(Spn)at 19.81％,respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)at 11.33％,Mycoplasma pneumoniae(MP)at 9.53％,Haemophilus influ-enzae(Hi)at 5.90％,influenza A virus(FluA)at 3.49％,adenovirus(ADV)at 3.30％and Bordetella pertussis(BP)at 0.72％.The mixed infection rate was 8.46％in the pre-pandemic period,mainly involving"MP+Spn"and"Spn+RSV".During the pandemic control period,the mixed infection rates were 4.95％,4.65％and 3.66％,respectively.After the pandemic normalization,the mixed infection rate rose to 17.75％,mainly invol-ving"Hi+Spn"and"Spn+RSV".The detection rates of RSV were 7.82％,11.90％and 14.44％in the pre-pan-demic,control and normalization periods,respectively,with a delayed epidemic pattern observed.The detection rates of Spn were 26.47％,17.45％and 16.99％in the three periods,respectively.The detection rates of MP were 12.53％,1.83％and 24.17％,respectively,with a delayed outbreak observed.CONCLUSIONS The preven-tion and control of COVID-19 involves non-pharmaceutical interventions,which are later lifted.The transmission of these seven common respiratory pathogens is affected,necessitating continuous monitoring of the pathogens.

Objective:To investigate the application value of scenario simulation combined with standardized patient teaching in the training of doctor-patient communication skills among interns.Methods:A total of 110 clinical medicine interns were selected from Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and were divided into experimental group and control group using a random number table, with 55 interns in each group. The interns in the control group received traditional lecturing, and those in the experimental group received scenario simulation combined with standardized patient case-based teaching. The SEGUE Communication Skill Evaluation Scale and Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire were used to assess the improvement in communication skills in both groups, and Physician Self-Evaluation Scale and Course Satisfaction Questionnaire were used to assess the effectiveness of the course and the degree of satisfaction with the course. SPSS 26.0 was used for the t-test, the Mann-Whitney U test, and the rank sum test. Results:After training, both groups showed significant improvements in communication skills and patient satisfaction [experimental group in terms of communication skills: (55.38±13.11) vs. (74.82±6.75), P<0.001; experimental group in terms of patient satisfaction: 39.00 (39.00, 42.00) vs. 81.00 (79.00, 83.00), P<0.01; control group in terms of communication skills: (56.53±12.34) vs. (65.45±10.18), P<0.001; control group in terms of patient satisfaction: 39.00 (39.00, 42.00) vs. 73.00 (68.00, 77.00), P<0.001], and the experimental group had significantly higher scores than the control group [communication skills: (74.82±6.75) vs. (65.45±10.18), P<0.001; patient satisfaction: 81.00 (79.00, 83.00) vs. 73.00 (68.00, 77.00), P<0.001]. The Physician Self-Evaluation Scale showed that the experimental group had a significant improvement compared with the control group ( P<0.05). The results of the Course Satisfaction Questionnaire showed that the degree of overall satisfaction of the course was only 87.28% in the control group, while all the interns in the experimental group were satisfied with the course ( P<0.001); the new teaching method showed great advantages ( P<0.001). Conclusions:In the training of doctor-patient communication skills among interns, the application of scenario simulation combined with standardized patient case-based teaching can significantly improve their abilities of the application of knowledge application, humanistic concern, and communication skills, and therefore, it is an effective and promising method for the training of doctor-patient communication skills.