Renal fibrosis represents the core pathway through which chronic kidney disease progresses to end-stage renal failure. Therapeutic strategies targeting renal fibrosis provide an important approach for clinically mitigating the transition from acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease. Macrophages, owing to their high heterogeneity in origin and phenotype, play a significant role in various stages of acute inflammation, tissue repair, and fibrosis, thereby holding substantial promise for the treatment of renal fibrosis. This review summarizes the pivotal role of renal macrophages in the transition from acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease, with a focus on their temporal phenotypic reprogramming characteristics and the fibrotic microenvironment interaction network constituted by injured tubules, macrophages, and fibroblasts. On this basis, we systematically outline four core categories of macrophage-targeted intervention strategies: modulation of upstream signaling pathways, induction of macrophage phenotypic reprogramming, blockade of profibrotic factors and their downstream pathways, and selective depletion or engineered modification of profibrotic macrophage subsets. This review aims to provide new insights for future exploration of the timing, precision, and efficacy of macrophage-targeted therapies.

ObjectiveTo investigate the liver-protecting and anti-liver fibrosis effects of astragaloside Ⅳ （AS-Ⅳ） in vitro and in vivo， as well as its mechanism of action in intervention against liver fibrosis. MethodsIn the animal experiment， C57BL/6J mice were divided into control group， model group， low-dose AS-Ⅳ （20 mg/kg） group， and high-dose AS-Ⅳ （80 mg/kg） group. The mice were given intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride for 6 weeks to induce liver fibrosis， and since week 3 of injection， the mice in the low-dose AS-Ⅳ group and the high-dose AS-Ⅳ group were given AS-Ⅳ by gavage at a dose of 20 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg， respectively. The serum levels of alanine aminotransferase （ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase （AST） were measured after 4 weeks of administration， as well as the serum levels of hyaluronic acid （HA）， laminin （LN）， procollagen Ⅲ N-terminal peptide （PⅢNP）， and collagen type Ⅳ （Col-Ⅳ）. HE staining， picrosirius red staining， and Masson staining were used to observe liver histopathology and collagen deposition； RT-qPCR was used to measure the mRNA expression levels of Acta2， Col1a1， and Col3a1 in liver tissue， and Western blot was used to measure the protein expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin （α-SMA）， collagen type Ⅲ （Col-Ⅲ）， phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）， phosphorylated PI3K （pPI3K）， protein kinase B （Akt）， and phosphorylated AKT （p-Akt） in liver tissue； transcriptome sequencing was performed for liver tissue to identify differentially expressed genes and perform a bioinformatics analysis. In the cell experiment， transforming growth factor-β （TGF-β） was used to induce the activation of LX-2 cells， and the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and the PI3K activator 740 Y-P were used for intervention. The cells were divided into control group， model group， AS-Ⅳ group， LY294002 group， and AS-Ⅳ+740 Y-P group， and the cells were harvested after 36 hours of intervention. Changes in the protein expression levels of α-SMA， Col-Ⅲ， pPI3K/PI3K， and pAkt/Akt in LX-2 cells were measured， as well as changes in the relative mRNA expression levels of Acta2， Col1a1， and Col3a1. A one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison of continuous data between multiple groups， and the least significant difference t-test was used for further comparison between two groups. ResultsIn the animal experiment， compared with the model group， the AS-Ⅳ treatment group had significant reductions in the serum levels of ALT， AST， HA， LN， PⅢNP， and Col-Ⅳ （all P<0.01）， the mRNA expression levels of Acta2， Col1a1， and Col3a1 in liver tissue （all P<0.05）， and the protein expression levels of α-SMA， Col-Ⅲ， pPI3K， and pAkt （Ser473） in liver tissue （all P<0.05）. In the cell experiment， compared with the control group， the model group had significant increases in the protein expression levels of α-SMA， Col-Ⅲ， pPI3K， and pAkt （Ser473） after TGF-β induction （all P<0.05）； compared with the model group， the AS-Ⅳ group had significant reductions in the protein expression levels of α-SMA， Col-Ⅲ， pPI3K， and pAkt （Ser473） （all P<0.05）， and both the AS-Ⅳ group and the LY294002 group had significant reductions in the protein expression level of pPI3K and the relative mRNA expression levels of Acta2， Col1a1， and Col3a1 （all P<0.05）. Compared with the AS-Ⅳ group， there were significant increases in the protein expression level of pPI3K and the relative mRNA expression levels of Acta2， col1a1， and Col3a1 after 740 Y-P intervention （all P<0.05）. ConclusionAS-Ⅳ can inhibit hepatic stellate cell activation and improve liver fibrosis， possibly by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

ObjectiveTo compare the differences in color， odor， coumarin content and microbial community composition of Angelicae Dahuricae Radix（ADR） during different drying processes， and to explore the correlation between changes in microbial community composition and changes in quality indexes of ADR. MethodsThe fresh ADR was processed at three drying temperatures（50， 70， 100 ℃） by drying and steaming cutting， semi-fresh cutting and drying， fresh cutting and drying， and sulfur fumigation methods. The color values of samples were extracted by Adobe Photoshop 2022 software and subjected to principal component analysis（PCA）， electronic nose was used to identify the odor information of medicinal powders and subjected to loadings analysis， PCA， and linear discriminant analysis（LDA）， and high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） was used to determine the contents of five coumarins（bergapten， oxypeucedanin， imperatorin， phellopterin， isoimperatorin）. The samples for microbial detection were taken from fresh dried samples， 50 ℃（dried and steamed cut， sulfur fumigated） samples， and 100 ℃（dried and steamed cut） samples when the water content was 50% and 14%， respectively. And the changes of microbial community composition during processing were determined by high-throughput sequencing method. The relationship between the changes of microbial community composition and the changes of odor， color and active component content of ADR during drying process was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. ResultsThe color quantification results showed that an increase in drying temperature led to the decrease of brightness value（L）， and the increases of red-green value（a） and yellow-blue value（b）， and the change of processing method had no obvious effect on the color of medicinal materials. The results of odor quantification showed that W1S， W2S， W5S， W2W and W1W sensor were sensitive to the odor changes of ADR and could be used to distinguish ADR decoction pieces from different processing methods. The results of HPLC showed that the coumarin content of ADR decreased with the increase of drying temperature and the delay of processing time， the optimal processing method was drying and steaming cutting method， and the optimal temperature was 50 ℃. High-throughput sequencing results showed that the dominant bacteria in ADR during processing were Achromobacter， Agrobacterium， Nocardioides， Mycobacterium and Enterobacter， the dominant fungi were Coprinopsis， Meyerozyma and Apiotrichum. The results of correlation analysis showed that the quality indexes of ADR were positively correlated with Agrobacterium， Mycobacterium in bacteria， Candida in fungi， and negatively correlated with Bacillus in bacteria. ConclusionThere are significant differences in the color， odor， coumarin content and microbial community composition of ADR in different drying processes， and the best drying method is drying and steaming cutting at 50 ℃. The relative abundance changes of 9 bacterial genera and 4 fungal genera are closely related to the quality formation of ADR during the drying process.

Objective To explore the feasibility of protocol with low tube voltage,low contrast agent dose,low injection rate,and low trigger threshold based on body weight in coronary computed tomography angiography(CCTA).Methods Patients suspected with coronary heart disease who underwent 320 rows of CCTA were prospectively selected.They were divided into 4 groups:＜60 kg,60-70 kg,71-80 kg,＞80 kg based on different body weights,120 cases for each group,then were randomly divided into experimental group and control group using a random number table method,with 60 patients in each group.Each case in the control group had a tube voltage of 120 kV and a trigger threshold of 240 HU;each case in the experimental group had a tube voltage of 100 kV and a trigger threshold of 190 HU.According to the CCTA application guidelines,the iodine flow rate was used to determine the contrast agent injection rate in the control group,while the injection rate in the experimental group was reduced by 30%.Using an injection time of 12 s,the control group's contrast agent dose was obtained,and that of the experimental group decreased by 30%.Two radiologists evaluated the CT values,contrast-to-noise ratio(CNR),image quality score,and signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of the middle segment of the right coronary artery,proximal segment of the left anterior descending branch,and proximal segment of the left circumflex branch,as well as compared the effective dose(ED)of volume scanning and threshold monitoring sequences.One-way ANOVA,independent sample t-test,and Mann-Whitney U-test were used to evaluate the differences in each parameter.Results There were no statistically significant differences in general information and subjective image scores between the experimental group and the control group(P＞0.05).There were no statistically significant differences in CT values,CNR,and SNR between the experimental group and the control group at different body weights for the middle segment of the right coronary artery,the proximal segment of the left anterior descending branch,and the proximal segment of the left circumflex branch(P＞0.05).In terms of radiation dose,the comparison between the control group and the experimental group at the same body weights showed statistically significant differences both in volume scanning and threshold monitoring sequences(P＜0.001),and the ED of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group.Conclusion The protocol with low tube voltage,low contrast agent dose,low injection rate,and low trigger threshold determined based on different body weights can achieve satisfactory image quality for CCTA,while significantly reducing the radiation dose of volume scanning and threshold monitoring sequences.

Latent human immunodeficiency virus（HIV）infection remains the principal barrier to functional cure. Proviruses integrate into multiple immune cell types and persist long term，creating a heterogeneous reservoir. Accurate identification of latent infection and assessment of proviral intactness and function are prerequisites for progress toward cure. Here we compare key reservoir assays and their trade-offs，including HIV DNA quantification by quantitative PCR（qPCR）and droplet digital PCR（ddPCR），detection of replication-competent virus by the quantitative viral outgrowth assay（QVOA），and inducible transcription/protein readouts such as Tat/Rev induced limiting dilution assay（TILDA）and viral protein spot assay（VIP-SPOT）. We also outline applications of spatial transcriptomics and in situ hybridization（RNAscope/DNAscope）for anatomic localization and functional analysis. We also summarize advances in experimental models，spanning in-vitro systems（primary T-cell and myeloid latency models）and in-vivo platforms（humanized mice and rhesus macaque SHIV models）used for mechanism studies and intervention testing. Looking ahead，coordinated use of these orthogonal tools can improve estimates of reservoir size，inducibility，and tissue distribution，and provide a practical platform for translational studies toward functional cure.

Background and Aims:Sleeve gastrectomy(SG)has become the most widely performed bariatric procedure worldwide,but postoperative gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)remains a major concern.This multicenter study aimed to identify independent risk factors associated with GERD after SG to guide preoperative assessment and intraoperative management.Methods:Clinical data of 672 patients who underwent SG between January 2020 and December 2022 in six bariatric centers and completed a 12-month follow-up were retrospectively analyzed.Demographic characteristics,esophagogastric junction(EGJ)integrity graded by the AFS system,operative parameters,and postoperative outcomes were compared between patients with and without GERD.Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify predictors of postoperative GERD.Results:The overall incidence of GERD after SG was 24.7%(166/672).Multivariate analysis revealed that a preoperative BMI>35 kg/m2(OR=1.68,P=0.033),EGJ integrity AFS grade>2(OR=2.90,P=0.006),and preoperative reflux symptoms(OR=2.44,P=0.030)were independent risk factors for GERD.A staple line more than 1 cm from the angle of His(OR=0.45,P<0.001)and a bougie size>36 Fr(OR=0.08,P=0.001)were protective factors.Conclusion:High BMI,impaired EGJ integrity,and preoperative reflux symptoms significantly increase the risk of GERD after SG,whereas adequate preservation of the His angle and appropriate bougie calibration may reduce it.Comprehensive preoperative EGJ assessment and standardized surgical techniques are essential for minimizing postoperative reflux.

Latent human immunodeficiency virus（HIV）infection remains the principal barrier to functional cure. Proviruses integrate into multiple immune cell types and persist long term，creating a heterogeneous reservoir. Accurate identification of latent infection and assessment of proviral intactness and function are prerequisites for progress toward cure. Here we compare key reservoir assays and their trade-offs，including HIV DNA quantification by quantitative PCR（qPCR）and droplet digital PCR（ddPCR），detection of replication-competent virus by the quantitative viral outgrowth assay（QVOA），and inducible transcription/protein readouts such as Tat/Rev induced limiting dilution assay（TILDA）and viral protein spot assay（VIP-SPOT）. We also outline applications of spatial transcriptomics and in situ hybridization（RNAscope/DNAscope）for anatomic localization and functional analysis. We also summarize advances in experimental models，spanning in-vitro systems（primary T-cell and myeloid latency models）and in-vivo platforms（humanized mice and rhesus macaque SHIV models）used for mechanism studies and intervention testing. Looking ahead，coordinated use of these orthogonal tools can improve estimates of reservoir size，inducibility，and tissue distribution，and provide a practical platform for translational studies toward functional cure.

Objective:To describe the body mass index (BMI) level and long-term trends of Chinese older adults aged 65 and above.Methods:Older adults aged 65 and above from six waves (2002-2018) of the China Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey were selected as the study population. Multiple cross-sectional design with six survey waves conducted in 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014, and 2018 was adopted, enrolling 15 647, 15 358, 15 622, 9 166, 6 302, and 12 417 participants, respectively. Additionally, a total of 13, 755 participants were included in the cohort study design. Relevant information was collected through questionnaires and physical examinations. The χ2 trend test was used to compare the changes in the rates of underweight and overweight/obesity over the years, and the linear mixed-e?ects model (LMM) was used to fit trajectory curves of BMI changes with advancing age in older adults. Results:The baseline ages of the participants included in 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014, and 2018 were (85.16±11.26), (84.23±11.83), (84.99±12.16), (81.10±11.86), (78.89±11.30), and (83.08±12.42) years, respectively, with a relatively high proportion of females and rural residents. In the cohort study, the 13 755 participants had a median ( Q1, Q3) follow-up time of 6.5 (5.2, 10.0) years, with a cumulative follow-up duration of 109 041 person-years. In each wave, males had higher BMI than females, urban residents had higher BMI than rural residents, and BMI gradually decreased with increasing age (all P<0.001). The mean BMI of older adults in China increased from (19.37±3.80) kg/m2 in 2002 to (22.04±4.01) kg/m2 in 2018 ( P<0.001). Across all survey years, the prevalence of underweight was consistently higher in women than in men and in rural areas than in urban areas, with an upward trend as age increased (all P<0.001). In 2018, the underweight rates in the 65-79, 80-89, 90-99, and ≥100-year-old age groups were 8.0%, 16.7%, 26.2%, and 35.5%, respectively. Meanwhile, the prevalence of overweight/obesity was higher in men than in women and in urban areas than in rural areas, showing a declining trend with advancing age (all P<0.001). The prevalence of underweight among the older adults decreased significantly from 45.2% in 2002 to 18.9% in 2018 ( P<0.001), while the prevalence of overweight/obesity increased from 11.0% in 1998 to 29.6% in 2018 ( P<0.001). The trajectory curves fitted by the LMM model showed that individuals born in later decades had higher BMI levels at the same age compared to earlier cohorts. Conclusion:From 2002 to 2018, the BMI level among Chinese older adults showed an increasing trend. The prevalence of underweight showed a declining trend, while the rates of obesity and overweight increased. However, the underweight rate remained notably high among the oldest old.

Objective:To compare the efficacy and safety of postauricular injection (PI) and intratympanic injection (II) of glucocorticoids (GC) in the initial treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SHL).Methods:Electronic databases retrieval (PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, VIP, WANFANG) was performed to identify all randomized controlled trials about PI and II of GC in the initial treatment of SHL between 2015 and 2024. Meta-analysis was performed on the studies met the inclusion criteria by RevMan5.4.Results:A total of 971 articles were retrieved, and 23 Chinese articles were included after screening. Meta-analysis found that the total effective rate of PI was significantly higher than that of II ( OR=1.37, 95% CI:1.15-1.65, P=0.000 6), with higher recovery of the hearing threshold (SMD=1.24, 95% CI:0.01-2.46, P=0.05) and a lower incidence of adverse reactions and complications ( OR=0.20, 95% CI:0.15-0.28, P<0.000 01). Conclusions:Compared with II, PI has a better efficacy and safety. Nonetheless, whatever topical administration of GC that can be regarded as the first choice of initial therapeutic schedules to SHL requires further studied.

Background and Aims:Sleeve gastrectomy(SG)has become the most widely performed bariatric procedure worldwide,but postoperative gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)remains a major concern.This multicenter study aimed to identify independent risk factors associated with GERD after SG to guide preoperative assessment and intraoperative management.Methods:Clinical data of 672 patients who underwent SG between January 2020 and December 2022 in six bariatric centers and completed a 12-month follow-up were retrospectively analyzed.Demographic characteristics,esophagogastric junction(EGJ)integrity graded by the AFS system,operative parameters,and postoperative outcomes were compared between patients with and without GERD.Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify predictors of postoperative GERD.Results:The overall incidence of GERD after SG was 24.7%(166/672).Multivariate analysis revealed that a preoperative BMI>35 kg/m2(OR=1.68,P=0.033),EGJ integrity AFS grade>2(OR=2.90,P=0.006),and preoperative reflux symptoms(OR=2.44,P=0.030)were independent risk factors for GERD.A staple line more than 1 cm from the angle of His(OR=0.45,P<0.001)and a bougie size>36 Fr(OR=0.08,P=0.001)were protective factors.Conclusion:High BMI,impaired EGJ integrity,and preoperative reflux symptoms significantly increase the risk of GERD after SG,whereas adequate preservation of the His angle and appropriate bougie calibration may reduce it.Comprehensive preoperative EGJ assessment and standardized surgical techniques are essential for minimizing postoperative reflux.