Biomolecular condensates are formed through phase separation of biomacromolecules such as proteins and RNAs. These condensates exhibit liquid-like properties that can futher transition into more stable material states. They form complex internal structures via multivalent weak interactions, enabling precise spatiotemporal regulations. However, the use of inconsistent and non-standardized terminology has become increasingly problematic, hindering academic exchange and the dissemination of scientific knowledge. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the terminology related to biomolecular condensates in order to clarify concepts, promote interdisciplinary cooperation, enhance research efficiency, and support the healthy development of this field.

ObjectiveThe rapid advancement of bioanalytical technologies has heightened the demand for high-throughput, label-free, and real-time cellular analysis. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) operating in the GHz frequency range (GHz-EIS) has emerged as a promising tool for characterizing cell suspensions due to its ability to rapidly and non-invasively capture the dielectric properties of cells and their microenvironment. Although GHz-EIS enables rapid and label-free detection of cell suspensions, significant challenges remain in interpreting GHz impedance data for complex samples, limiting the broader application of this technique in cellular research. To address these challenges, this study presents a novel method that integrates GHz-EIS with deep learning algorithms, aiming to improve the precision of cell suspension concentration identification and quantification. This method provides a more efficient and accurate solution for the analysis of GHz impedance data. MethodsThe proposed method comprises two key components: dielectric property dataset construction and backpropagation (BP) neural network modeling. Yeast cell suspensions at varying concentrations were prepared and separately introduced into a coaxial sensor for impedance measurement. The dielectric properties of these suspensions were extracted using a GHz-EIS dielectric property extraction method applied to the measured impedance data. A dielectric properties dataset incorporating concentration labels was subsequently established and divided into training and testing subsets. A BP neural network model employing specific activation functions (ReLU and Leaky ReLU) was then designed. The model was trained and tested using the constructed dataset, and optimal model parameters were obtained through this process. This BP neural network enables automated extraction and analytical processing of dielectric properties, facilitating precise recognition of cell suspension concentrations through data-driven training. ResultsThrough comparative analysis with conventional centrifugal methods, the recognized concentration values of cell suspensions showed high consistency, with relative errors consistently below 5%. Notably, high-concentration samples exhibited even smaller deviations, further validating the precision and reliability of the proposed methodology. To benchmark the recognition performance against different algorithms, two typical approaches—support vector machines (SVM) and K-nearest neighbor (KNN)—were selected for comparison. The proposed method demonstrated superior performance in quantifying cell concentrations. Specifically, the BP neural network achieved a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 2.06% and an R² value of 0.997 across the entire concentration range, demonstrating both high predictive accuracy and excellent model fit. ConclusionThis study demonstrates that the proposed method enables accurate and rapid determination of unknown sample concentrations. By combining GHz-EIS with BP neural network algorithms, efficient identification of cell concentrations is achieved, laying the foundation for the development of a convenient online cell analysis platform and showing significant application prospects. Compared to typical recognition approaches, the proposed method exhibits superior capabilities in recognizing cell suspension concentrations. Furthermore, this methodology not only accelerates research in cell biology and precision medicine but also paves the way for future EIS biosensors capable of intelligent, adaptive analysis in dynamic biological research.

Immobilized enzyme-based enzyme electrode biosensors, characterized by high sensitivity and efficiency, strong specificity, and compact size, demonstrate broad application prospects in life science research, disease diagnosis and monitoring, etc. Immobilization of enzyme is a critical step in determining the performance (stability, sensitivity, and reproducibility) of the biosensors. Random immobilization (physical adsorption, covalent cross-linking, etc.) can easily bring about problems, such as decreased enzyme activity and relatively unstable immobilization. Whereas, directional immobilization utilizing amino acid residue mutation, affinity peptide fusion, or nucleotide-specific binding to restrict the orientation of the enzymes provides new possibilities to solve the problems caused by random immobilization. In this paper, the principles, advantages and disadvantages and the application progress of enzyme electrode biosensors of different directional immobilization strategies for enzyme molecular sensing elements by specific amino acids (lysine, histidine, cysteine, unnatural amino acid) with functional groups introduced based on site-specific mutation, affinity peptides (gold binding peptides, carbon binding peptides, carbohydrate binding domains) fused through genetic engineering, and specific binding between nucleotides and target enzymes (proteins) were reviewed, and the application fields, advantages and limitations of various immobilized enzyme interface characterization techniques were discussed, hoping to provide theoretical and technical guidance for the creation of high-performance enzyme sensing elements and the manufacture of enzyme electrode sensors.

The Chinese Pharmacopoeia is the legal technical standard which should be followed during the research, production, use, and administration of drugs. At present, the new edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia is planned to be promulgated and implemented. This article summarizes and analyzes the main characteristics and the content of updates and amendments of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition(Volume Ⅰ), to provide a reference for the correct understanding and accurate implementation the new edition of the pharmacopoeia.

Objective: To explore the correlation between traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) constitution and depressive symptom among school aged children and adolescents, so as to provide evidences for informing constitution based regulation and prevention of depressive symptom. Methods: From June to December 2024, a total of 4 729 students aged 6-14 were recruited by cluster random sampling from 10 primary schools in Baoding (Hebei Province), Heze and Liaocheng (Shandong Province). General information, TCM constitution and depressive symptom were collected. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were used to analyze related factors and threshold effects of depressive symptom. Binary Logistic regression was applied to examine the association between depressive symptom and TCM constitution, with subgroup analyses conducted. Results: The detection rate of depressive symptom among the included children and adolescents was 25.82%. RCS analyses indicated non linear associations between depressive symptom and age (inflection point at 10 years old), bedtime (inflection point at 22:00), and wake up time (inflection point at 6:30 ) (all P non linearity <0.01). Linear associations were observed with body mass index (BMI) and sleep duration (all P non linearity > 0.05 ). After adjusting for covariates such as age, BMI and sleep status, binary Logistic regression analyses showed that Yin deficient constitution ( OR =1.26, 95% CI =1.09-1.45) and Phlegm-dampness constitution ( OR =1.42, 95% CI =1.11-1.82) were significantly associated with depressive symptom among children and adolescents (all P <0.05). Conclusions Depressive symptom among school aged children and adolescents is primarily associated with Yin deficiency and Phlegm dampness constitutions in TCM constitution. Active attention should be paid to susceptible TCM constitution among children and adolescents. Targeted health guidance and interventions should be implemented to improve TCM constitution health status for preventing the occurrence of depressive symptom.

Aim To compare the pharmacokinetics of pemirolast potassium tablets in healthy subjects in Chi-na under single fasting and postprandial conditions,and to evaluate the bioequivalence of the test prepara-tion(T)and the reference preparation(R).Methods A randomized,open-ended,single-dose,two-cycle,double-cross bioequivalence trial design was adopted,and 26 and 30 subjects were enrolled in the fasting group and the postprandial group,respectively,and 10 mg of the test preparation and the reference preparation were taken in the fasting or postprandial state each cy-cle,and venous blood was collected at the designed time points before and after the administration cycle.The concentration of pemirolast potassium in plasma was determined by LC-MS/MS method,and the phar-macokinetic parameters were calculated with PhoenixTM WinNonlin ?(8.3)software,and the bioequivalence analysis of the two preparations was performed.Re-sults The t1/2 of the test preparation and the reference preparation was(4.44±0.91)h and(4.49±0.93)h,respectively;the median tmax was(1.96±1.29)h and(2.18±1.25)h,respectively;the Cmax was(867.12±205.56)μg·L-1 and(863.35±172.03)μg·L-1,respectively;the AUC0-t was(5 513.23±1463.67)h·μg·L-1 and(5 661.32±1 628.65)h·μg·L-1,respectively;AUC0_∞ was(5 699.81±1477.68)h·μg·L-1 and(5 849.44±1 644.75)h·μg·L-1,respectively.The statistical results of the 90％confidence intervals of the main pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax,AUC0-t,and AUC0-∞ was 92.49％～107.53％,94.71％～100.67％and 95.28％～100.27％,respectively,all of which were within the range of 80.00％～125.00％,and the safety of the tested preparation and the reference preparation was good when taken orally on an empty stomach.The t1/2 of single oral administration after prandial administra-tion of the tested preparation and the reference prepara-tion was(4.46±0.78)and(4.51±0.84)h,respec-tively;the median tmax was(3.08±1.36)h and(3.28±1.28)h,respectively;the Cmax was(683.83±111.87)μg·L-1 and(689.77±110.24)μg·L-1,respectively;the AUC0-t was(5 695.99±1566.05)h·μg·L-1 and(5 773.60±1 551.04)h·μg·L-1,respectively;the AUC0-∞ was(5 914.06±1 551.86)h·μg·L-1 and(5 967.30±1552.89)h·μg·L-1,respectively.The 90％confi-dence interval of Cmax,AUC0-t,and AUC0-∞ was 93.56％～104.69％,96.43％～100.83％,and 97.29％～101.14％,respectively,which was in the range of 80.00％～125.00％,and the safety of the tested preparation and the reference preparation was good after meals.Conclusion In the state of fasting and postprandial single oral administration,the two kinds of pemirolast potassium tablets have good bio-equivalence.

Objective To explore feasibility of 3D metal printing technology combined with virtual design proximal clavicle anatomical plate.Methods A 52-year-old male healthy volunteer was retrospectively selected to design proximal clavicle anatomical plate system by using Mimics15.01,NX12.0 and other software.STL data were input into 3D printer to print 1∶1 clavicle model and proximal clavicle anatomical plate.The fit of the plate was tested in vitro and the accuracy of screw position was evaluated by imaging.Printing time of model,nail path design and fabrication time of the anatomical plate at proximal clavicle were recorded.Results The 3D metal printing proximal clavicle anatomical plate fitted well to clavicle model,orienta-tion of proximal clavicle locking screw was accurate,and X-ray and CT scan showed the screw position was good.Printing time of model,the time of nail path design,and the time of making anatomical plate of proximal clavicle were 120,15 and 300 min respectively.Conclusion The proximal clavicular anatomical plate system based on 3D metal printing technology could achieve good lamination of proximal clavicular fracture plate and precise screw placement,providing a new and accurate surgical method for the treatment of the proximal clavicular fracture.

Objective To explore establishment and finite element analysis of personalized proximal clavicular anatomical plate screw fixation model.Methods A 40-year-old male healthy volunteer was selected and the finite element analysis modules of 3D reconstruction software Mimics 15.01,Hypermesh 2019 and Abaqus 2020 were used.The finite element model of anatomic plate at the proximal clavicle was established,and a vertical load of 250 N was applied to the distal end of long axis of clavicle about 15 mm,then the overall structure,plate and screw displacement cloud image,Mises stress distribution were ob-served.Results The displacement distribution of the overall structure shows the maximum displacement was distributed on the distal clavicle.Under the four conditions of normal upper limb weight,longitudinal clavicle fracture,oblique fracture and shoulder impact violence during fall,longitudinal clavicle fracture and oblique fracture,the maximum displacement were 1.04 mm,1.03 mm,1.35 mm and 1.33 mm,respectively.The displacement cloud map of titanium alloy steel plate showed the largest displacement was distributed near the distal clavicular bone,and the maximum displacement were 0.89 mm,0.88 mm,1.10 mm and 1.09 mm,respectively.The displacement cloud map of titanium alloy screw showed the largest displacement was distribut-ed at the root of the distal screw,and the maximum displacement were 0.88 mm,0.87 mm,1.08 mm and 1.06 mm,respectively.Mises stress distribution showed the maximum stress was mainly distributed on titanium alloy plates and screws,and the stress on the clavicle was very small.Mises stress distribution cloud showed the maximum Mises stress was distributed at the second row of screw holes near the clavicle,and the maximum Mises stress were 673.1,678.1,648.5,654.4 MPa,respectively.The maximum stresses of titanium alloy screws were 414.5,417.4,415.8 and 419.7 MPa,respectively.Conclusion The biomechan-ical changes of personalized proximal clavicular anatomical plates are demonstrated by using 3D finite element method to pro-vide biomechanical data for personalized proximal clavicular anatomical plates.

Objective To observe whether there was difference of inferior glenohumeral joint capsule thickness(ICT)measured on coronal and transverse axillary section with high-frequency ultrasound.Methods ICT of 56 patients with frozen shoulder(FS group)and 115 healthy controls(HC group)were measured on coronal and transverse axillary sections with high-frequency ultrasound.The ultrasonic findings were compared between groups,while ICT measured on different sections were compared within groups.Results In FS group,ICT thickened,presented as low echo with poor boundary clarity,with reduced and uneven internal echo.No echo areas could be detected when there was fluid accumulation,and concomitant blood flow signal could be observed.In HC group,the inferior glenohumeral joint capsule presented as moderate echo with clear boundary,with uniform low or equal echo.No significant difference of ICT values measured on coronal or transverse section was found within both groups(both P＞0.05).Conclusion ICT measured on coronal and transverse axillary section with high-frequency ultrasound were not significantly different.

Objective:To explore effect of oleanolic acid on allergic rhinitis(AR)and its potential mechanism.Methods:Peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs)were isolated by density gradient centrifugation.Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect expressions of Foxp3,IL-17A,Beclin1,and RORγt mRNA in nasal mucosa;flow cytometry was employed to assess proportion of Treg and Th17 cells in PBMCs;Western blot was utilized to determine expressions of RORγt,LC3-Ⅰ,LC3-Ⅱ,Beclin1,and P62 proteins in nasal mucosal.Mice were randomly divided into Control,ovalbumin(OVA),L-oleanolic acid,H-oleanolic acid,DSGC,3-MA and H-oleanolic acid+Rapa groups.Histological changes were observed by HE staining and Periodate Schiff(PAS)staining.Serological changes,expressions of IL-17A,IL-10,eosinophilic cationic protein(ECP)and anti-OVA-specific antibodies were detected by ELISA.Results:AR patients had Th17/Treg imbalance and activated autophagy.Oleanolic acid restored Th17/Treg balance and inhibited autophagy in vitro.In vivo experiments demonstrated that oleanolic acid inhibited OVA-induced allergic nasal symptoms and activation of autophagy pathway,which was same as regulation of 3-MA,while Rapa could weaken effects of high dose of oleanolic acid.Moreover,oleanolic acid reduced infiltration of different inflammatory cells of nasal lavage fluid,prevented damages to epithelial cells,and improved nasal mucosal thickness and mucus secretion.Oleanolic acid regulated balance of mouse Th17/Treg-associated cytokines expressions.Conclusion:Oleanolic acid can be used to treat AR,whose effect is realized through inhibiting autophagy to regulate Th17/Treg balance.