Nifedipine-induced gingival overgrowth (NIGO) refers to gingival hyperplasia caused by long-term use of the hypertensive drug nifedipine (NIF), and it is a drug adverse reaction. NIGO is characterized by a high incidence rate and a large patient base, and it is one of the most common types of gingival hyperplasia in clinical practice. Previous studies on the etiology of NIGO mainly focused on the pharmacological effects of NIF, while in recent years, it has been proposed that inflammation may also be a major risk factor for NIGO. Plaque is the initiating factor of periodontal inflammation. However, the role and mechanism of bacteria in the pathogenesis of NIGO remain unclear at present. Therefore, this article reviews relevant research and finds that bacteria may be involved in the pathogenesis of NIGO through the following pathways: ① Hypertensive drugs represented by NIF can cause dysbiosis of the oral flora, increasing the relative abundance of periodontal pathogenic bacteria. The inflammatory chemokines released by fibroblasts in the immune response to bacteria can work in synergy with NIF to promote excessive collagen production or recruit immune cells to participate in tissue fibrosis. ② Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a significant role in fibrotic diseases. Bacterial infections can significantly increase the level of TGF-β, promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition or allowing TGF-β and its downstream substances to directly participate in gingival fibrosis. ③ Bacteria can also cause massive proliferation of gingival fibroblasts, increased collagen synthesis and reduced degradation by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, interfering with integrin α2β1 expression, and inhibiting miR-200 to alter the cell cycle, ultimately exacerbating NIGO. In conclusion, bacteria may be an important factor in aggravating NIGO, and oral health management for patients with hypertension should be given due attention. Future research can focus on the interaction between the oral microbiota and immune cells in NIGO patients, providing new strategies for their prevention and treatment.

The repair of the periodontal membrane is essential for the successful management of periodontal disease and dental trauma. Emdogain^® (EMD) is widely used in periodontal therapy due to its ability to promote repair. Despite substantial research, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying EMD's effects, particularly at the single-cell resolution, remain incompletely understood. This study established a delayed tooth replantation model in rats to investigate these aspects. Tooth loss rate and degree of loosening were evaluated at 4 and 8 weeks. Micro-CT, HE staining, TRAP staining, and immunofluorescence staining were evaluated to assess EMD's efficacy. Single-cell sequencing analyses generated single-cell maps that explored enrichment pathways, cell communication, and potential repair mechanisms. Findings indicated that EMD could reduce the rate of tooth loss, promote periodontal membrane repair, and reduce root and bone resorption. Single-cell analysis revealed that EMD promotes the importance of Vtn+ fibroblasts, enhancing matrix and tissue regeneration functions. Additionally, EMD stimulated osteogenic pathways, reduced osteoclastic activity, and promoted angiogenesis-related pathways, particularly bone-related H-type vessel expression in endothelial cells. Gene modules associated with angiogenesis, osteogenesis, and odontoblast differentiation were identified, suggesting EMD might facilitate osteogenesis and odontoblast differentiation by upregulating endothelium-related genes. Immune cell analysis indicated that EMD did not elicit a significant immune response. Cell communication analysis suggested that EMD fostered pro-regenerative networks driven by interactions between mesenchymal stem cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. In conclusion, EMD proves to be an effective root surface therapy agent that supports the restoration of delayed replantation teeth.
Animals ; Tooth Replantation/methods* ; Rats ; Dental Enamel Proteins/pharmacology* ; Single-Cell Analysis ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; X-Ray Microtomography ; Osteogenesis/drug effects* ; Male ; Periodontal Ligament/drug effects*

Diquat (DQ) is a non-selective, foliage-applied herbicide that is known to cause liver and kidney damage, while the impact on the lungs is relatively mild. Current domestic and international reports on diquat poisoning primarily focus on liver and kidney injuries, with limited documentation of cases leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and lung damage. This paper presents a retrospective analysis of two documented cases of diquat poisoning, both exhibiting ARDS. In both cases, the condition rapidly progressed upon the onset of ARDS despite aggressive treatment, ultimately resulting in the death of the patients.

Diquat (DQ) is a non-selective, foliage-applied herbicide that is known to cause liver and kidney damage, while the impact on the lungs is relatively mild. Current domestic and international reports on diquat poisoning primarily focus on liver and kidney injuries, with limited documentation of cases leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and lung damage. This paper presents a retrospective analysis of two documented cases of diquat poisoning, both exhibiting ARDS. In both cases, the condition rapidly progressed upon the onset of ARDS despite aggressive treatment, ultimately resulting in the death of the patients.

Periodontitis is the most widespread oral disease and is closely related to the oral microbiota. The oral microbiota is adversely affected by some pharmacologic treatments. Systemic antibiotics are widely used for infectious diseases but can lead to gut dysbiosis, causing negative effects on the human body. Whether systemic antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis can affect the oral microbiota or even periodontitis has not yet been addressed. In this research, mice were exposed to drinking water containing a cocktail of four antibiotics to explore how systemic antibiotics affect microbiota pathogenicity and oral bone loss. The results demonstrated, for the first time, that gut dysbiosis caused by long-term use of antibiotics can disturb the oral microbiota and aggravate periodontitis. Moreover, the expression of cytokines related to Th17 was increased while transcription factors and cytokines related to Treg were decreased in the periodontal tissue. Fecal microbiota transplantation with normal mice feces restored the gut microbiota and barrier, decreased the pathogenicity of the oral microbiota, reversed the Th17/Treg imbalance in periodontal tissue, and alleviated alveolar bone loss. This study highlights the potential adverse effects of long-term systemic antibiotics-induced gut dysbiosis on the oral microbiota and periodontitis. A Th17/Treg imbalance might be related to this relationship. Importantly, these results reveal that the periodontal condition of patients should be assessed regularly when using systemic antibiotics in clinical practice.
Humans ; Mice ; Animals ; Dysbiosis ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology* ; Virulence ; Microbiota ; Periodontitis/chemically induced* ; Cytokines

Rapid and effective hemostasis and wound healing are essential for life saving and improved quality of life. At present, traditional materials for hemostasis and wound healing have limited effects, with limitations such as unsatisfactory tissue adhesion effect, immunogenicity, secondary damage and infection risk, so it is urgent to develop new and efficient materials. Protein-based hydrogels have attracted more and more attention in the field of hemostasis and wound healing because of their good biocompatibility, biodegradability, injectability, adjustable mechanical properties and wet bonding. The authors review the definition of protein-based hydrogels and the research progress in various protein-based hydrogels in promotion of hemostasis and wound healing, in order to provide a reference for the application of protein-based hydrogels in wound repair.

Oral soft tissue engineering involves the reconstruction or restoration of oral and maxillofacial functions and esthetics. As an emerging technology from the early 21st century, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting promises great application potentials in the preparation of scaffolds and engineered tissues/organs. Although oral soft tissues include dental pulp, periodontal ligament, gum, oral mucosa, and salivary glands as well as related maxillofacial skin, vascular, muscular, and neuronal tissues, the current application of 3D bioprinting in oral soft tissue-restoration is mainly limited to dental pulp-regeneration. Different bioinks are used to load dental pulp cells into the dentin matrix for restoring the dental pulp tissue; 3D bioprinting has only been reported in a few in vitro studies on periodontal ligament-reconstruction and salivary gland culture; and 3D bioprinting used towards regenerating gingival tissue/oral mucosa has not been demonstrated. The limited application of 3D bioprinting in oral soft tissue engineering is perhaps related to the complex, fine, and orderly structure of the periodontal ligament, the moist environment of the oral cavity, the small operating space, and the continuous chewing pressure. The studies on bioprinting of skin, vascular, muscular, and neuronal tissues are broad, but they are typically not oral-specific. This article introduces the current application status and prospects of 3D bioprinting in the regeneration of oral soft tissues, using cytocompatible hydrogels as bioinks.

OBJECTIVETo investigate caries status of primary and permanent teeth among 6-year-old children in Sichuan Province and correlation between caries of deciduous molars and first permanent molars.

METHODSReferenced to the sampling programme of the third national epidemiological survey of oral health status, a total of 714 children aged 6 were randomly sampled in clusters including 3 urban sampling spots and 3 rural sampling spots, the correlation between caries of deciduous molars and first permanent molars was explored.

RESULTSThe prevalence rate of deciduous tooth caries of 6-year-old children in Sichuan province was 74.37%, the mean number of dmft of 6-year-old was 3.94 +/- 3.93, the filling rate was only 4.96%. The prevalence rate and mean dmft of deciduous tooth caries showed no significant difference between different area and gender (P>0.05), however, the children came from city showed significant higher filling rate than those from countryside (P<0.05). The first permanent molars erupted have 2.98% in caries, the filling rate was 7.69%. Caries of deciduous molars was the first permanent molars caries risk factors among 6-year-old children in Sichuan province [P=0.001, r=0.175, OR=5.756, 95%CI (1.733, 19.121)]. There was weak correlation between caries of deciduous molars and first permanent molars (P<0.001, r=0.194).

CONCLUSIONCaries status of primary among 6-year-old children in Sichuan Province are serious. Caries experience of deciduous molars may play an important role in predicting the first permanent molars caries in clinic and prevention.

Child ; DMF Index ; Dental Caries ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Molar ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Tooth, Deciduous