Objective: To investigate the accuracy of the mandibular curve of Spee and mandibular curve of Wilson curve, mandibular posterior crown inclination, maxillary and mandibular arch width, and mandibular incisor labial inclination changes in the invisible orthodontic treatment of extracted and non-extracted patients to provide a basis for the study of the therapeutic efficacy of the invisible aligner. Methods: This study was approved by the Unit Medical Ethics Committee. Adult bony Class I patients treated with invisible aligners between 2016 and 2023 were selected and categorized into 32 cases in a group with four first premolar extractions and 33 cases in a non-extraction group. The initial scanning model (T1), the orthodontic plan design model (T2), and the scanning model after alignment and leveling (T3) were collected, and the scanning data at different time points were exported to STL format files. They were then analyzed and measured using GOM Inspect 2019 software; the clinical effect (T1-T3) was defined as AC, and the expected result (T1-T2) was defined as CC. To explore the mandibular curve of Spee, the leveling accuracy of the mandibular Wilson curve (AC/CC×100%), the change in mandibular posterior crown inclination, the change in maxillary and mandibular arch width and the change in mandibular incisor labial inclination. The results were tallied using R4.3.2 software. Results: The leveling accuracy of the mandibular curve of Spee was 3.2% and 10.1% in the extraction and non-extraction groups, respectively; the leveling accuracy of the mandibular first molar in the extraction and non-extraction groups was 9.5% and 4.2%, respectively, and the leveling accuracy of the mandibular second premolar was 32.8% and 25%, respectively. The leveling accuracy of the mandibular curve of Wilson was 126% in the extraction group compared to 704% in the non-extraction group. The maximum values of AC for crown inclination of the mandibular posterior teeth were all found in the first molar and the minimum values in the second premolar (P< 0.05); CC was the greatest in the second premolar and the least in the first molar in the extraction group (P< 0.05), and in the second molar and the least in the second premolar in the non-extraction group (P< 0.05). There was no significant difference in the change of maxillary and mandibular arch widths in the extraction group (P> 0.05); the AC of the arch widths at the maxillary first molar and at the mandibular second premolar and first molar in the non-extraction group was significantly greater than the CC (P< 0.05). The AC of the mandibular second premolar crown inclination was significantly greater in the non-extraction group than in the extraction group (P < 0.05), showing a more pronounced buccal inclination of the crowns; in contrast, there was no significant difference between the mandibular molar crown inclination AC and CC in the two groups (P > 0.05). The CC of mandibular curve of Spee in the extraction group was significantly greater than that in the non-extraction group (P < 0.05), whereas there was no significant difference in AC between the two groups (P > 0.05). In addition, the AC of the labial inclination of the mandibular incisors in the extraction group and the non-extraction group was smaller than the CC, but both were positive, indicating an increase in the degree of labial inclination of the mandibular incisors. Conclusion The invisible aligner mandibular curve of Spee leveling was poorly expressed, and there was a tendency for overexpression of the mandibular curve of Wilson leveling. Increased labial inclination of the mandibular incisors was observed in patients. The extraction group was accurately predicted in arch width control, there was overexpansion in the non-extraction group.

BACKGROUND:Paraspinal muscle degeneration is one of the main causative factors of low back pain,and the changes in the paraspinal muscles are closely related to its occurrence and development.At present,clinical practitioners focus on the changes of paraspinal muscles in degenerative lumbar diseases to prevent and treat lumbar diseases,but ignore the connection and related mechanisms between lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration and paraspinal muscles.OBJECTIVE:To comprehensively summarize the interaction between paraspinal muscles and lumbar intervertebral discs,and to review the relationship and mechanisms between lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration and paraspinal muscles,in order to provide a reference for clinical prevention and treatment.METHODS:Chinese keywords"lumbar intervertebral disc,paraspinal muscle,multifidus muscle,low back pain,degeneration,imaging,magnetic resonance imaging"were used to search the relevant literature in Chinese databases such as CNKI,VIP,and WanFang.English keywords"lumbar disc,paraspinal muscle,multifidus muscle,low back pain,degeneration,imaging,MRI"were used to search the relevant literature in databases such as Medline,PubMed,and Web of Science.After preliminary screening of titles and abstracts,68 articles were finally selected for result analysis according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Researchers have used various methods to evaluate the degree of paraspinal muscle degeneration,and at the same time evaluated the degree of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration according to the Pfirrmann grading system.It is found that clinical diagnosis and treatment should pay attention to gender differences,and the influence of factors such as obesity on the degeneration of intervertebral discs and muscles,in order to develop more individualized treatment plans.(2)There is a certain correlation between lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration and paraspinal muscle fat infiltration,but the research results are controversial.Most studies have found that fat infiltration of the paraspinal muscles(especially the multifidus muscle)is positively correlated with the degree of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration.(3)It is currently believed that the three mechanisms of disuse atrophy,denervation,and inflammatory factors may interact with each other to jointly lead to structural and functional changes in the paraspinal muscles,which are closely related to the occurrence of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration and low back pain.(4)Clinically,attention should be paid to the changes of the muscles at the level below the affected nerve root segment,which is helpful for the diagnosis and localization of lumbar radiculopathy.At the same time,inhibition of inflammatory factors may become a potential target for treatment.(5)Clinically,the first step is to correct nerve root compression through appropriate medication or surgery to control inflammatory reactions and nerve root pain,and then carry out targeted muscle rehabilitation training.If necessary,consider using new treatment methods such as interferential current electrical stimulation to improve the patient's symptoms and prognosis.

Objective To measure and analyze through cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT)of the incidence of alveolar bone fenestration and dehiscence,as well as the thickness and height of the alveolar bone in the maxillary canine region of adult patients with different sagittal skeletal patterns.Methods A total of 174 adult patients meeting the criteria were selected.In the first step,the inci-dence rates of fenestration and dehiscence were measured and statistically analyzed after grouping according to ANB.In the second step,the patients with bone fenestration and bone dehiscence were excluded,and the thickness of the alveolar bone at the apical,mid-dle and cervical regions on the labial and palatal sides of the maxillary canine area and the height of the alveolar crest were measured in the remaining samples.Then,the three groups of patients were further divided into three groups according to the FMA for comparison and analysis.Results The incidence of bone fenestration and bone dehiscence in the maxillary canine area was higher in adult patients with skeletal Class Ⅱ.The thickness of the labial alveolar bone at the apical region in skeletal Class Ⅲ was greater than that in skeletal Class Ⅱ and skeletal Class Ⅰ.The thickness of the palatal alveolar bone at the middle root in skeletal Class Ⅱ:average angle＞low angle＞high angle.In skeletal Class Ⅲ,the thickness of the palatal alveolar bone at the cervical root:low angle＞average angle＞high angle.Conclusion The incidence of bone fenestration and bone dehiscence was the highest in adult patients with skeletal ClassⅡ.The thickness of the labial alveolar bone at the apical region was greater in skeletal Class Ⅲ than in skeletal Class Ⅱ and skeletal Class Ⅰ.The thickness of the palatal alveolar bone at the middle root in skeletal Class Ⅱ high angle patients was thinner than that in the average angle and low angle groups,and the thickness of the palatal alveolar bone at the cervical region in skeletal Class Ⅲ was thinner in the high angle group than in the average angle and low angle groups.

Objective To measure and analyze through cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT)of the incidence of alveolar bone fenestration and dehiscence,as well as the thickness and height of the alveolar bone in the maxillary canine region of adult patients with different sagittal skeletal patterns.Methods A total of 174 adult patients meeting the criteria were selected.In the first step,the inci-dence rates of fenestration and dehiscence were measured and statistically analyzed after grouping according to ANB.In the second step,the patients with bone fenestration and bone dehiscence were excluded,and the thickness of the alveolar bone at the apical,mid-dle and cervical regions on the labial and palatal sides of the maxillary canine area and the height of the alveolar crest were measured in the remaining samples.Then,the three groups of patients were further divided into three groups according to the FMA for comparison and analysis.Results The incidence of bone fenestration and bone dehiscence in the maxillary canine area was higher in adult patients with skeletal Class Ⅱ.The thickness of the labial alveolar bone at the apical region in skeletal Class Ⅲ was greater than that in skeletal Class Ⅱ and skeletal Class Ⅰ.The thickness of the palatal alveolar bone at the middle root in skeletal Class Ⅱ:average angle＞low angle＞high angle.In skeletal Class Ⅲ,the thickness of the palatal alveolar bone at the cervical root:low angle＞average angle＞high angle.Conclusion The incidence of bone fenestration and bone dehiscence was the highest in adult patients with skeletal ClassⅡ.The thickness of the labial alveolar bone at the apical region was greater in skeletal Class Ⅲ than in skeletal Class Ⅱ and skeletal Class Ⅰ.The thickness of the palatal alveolar bone at the middle root in skeletal Class Ⅱ high angle patients was thinner than that in the average angle and low angle groups,and the thickness of the palatal alveolar bone at the cervical region in skeletal Class Ⅲ was thinner in the high angle group than in the average angle and low angle groups.

BACKGROUND:Paraspinal muscle degeneration is one of the main causative factors of low back pain,and the changes in the paraspinal muscles are closely related to its occurrence and development.At present,clinical practitioners focus on the changes of paraspinal muscles in degenerative lumbar diseases to prevent and treat lumbar diseases,but ignore the connection and related mechanisms between lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration and paraspinal muscles.OBJECTIVE:To comprehensively summarize the interaction between paraspinal muscles and lumbar intervertebral discs,and to review the relationship and mechanisms between lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration and paraspinal muscles,in order to provide a reference for clinical prevention and treatment.METHODS:Chinese keywords"lumbar intervertebral disc,paraspinal muscle,multifidus muscle,low back pain,degeneration,imaging,magnetic resonance imaging"were used to search the relevant literature in Chinese databases such as CNKI,VIP,and WanFang.English keywords"lumbar disc,paraspinal muscle,multifidus muscle,low back pain,degeneration,imaging,MRI"were used to search the relevant literature in databases such as Medline,PubMed,and Web of Science.After preliminary screening of titles and abstracts,68 articles were finally selected for result analysis according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Researchers have used various methods to evaluate the degree of paraspinal muscle degeneration,and at the same time evaluated the degree of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration according to the Pfirrmann grading system.It is found that clinical diagnosis and treatment should pay attention to gender differences,and the influence of factors such as obesity on the degeneration of intervertebral discs and muscles,in order to develop more individualized treatment plans.(2)There is a certain correlation between lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration and paraspinal muscle fat infiltration,but the research results are controversial.Most studies have found that fat infiltration of the paraspinal muscles(especially the multifidus muscle)is positively correlated with the degree of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration.(3)It is currently believed that the three mechanisms of disuse atrophy,denervation,and inflammatory factors may interact with each other to jointly lead to structural and functional changes in the paraspinal muscles,which are closely related to the occurrence of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration and low back pain.(4)Clinically,attention should be paid to the changes of the muscles at the level below the affected nerve root segment,which is helpful for the diagnosis and localization of lumbar radiculopathy.At the same time,inhibition of inflammatory factors may become a potential target for treatment.(5)Clinically,the first step is to correct nerve root compression through appropriate medication or surgery to control inflammatory reactions and nerve root pain,and then carry out targeted muscle rehabilitation training.If necessary,consider using new treatment methods such as interferential current electrical stimulation to improve the patient's symptoms and prognosis.

Objective:To retrospectively analyze the surgical treatment of isolated pulmonary mucormycosis, explore the timing and effect of operation.Methods:Clinical data of patients with isolated pulmonary mucormycosis who underwent surgical treatment from April 2019 to April 2024 were collected and retrospectively analyzed, combined with literature review.Results:The clinical data of 13 patients with pulmonary mucormycosis who underwent operation were collected, including 9 males and 4 females, aged 22~64(45.4±15.4)years old. The basic diseases included diabetes mellitus in 10 cases and hematological malignancy in 3 cases. Seven patients had hemoptysis during the course of the disease. All 13 patients received adequate antifungal therapy before surgery, and 12 patients received bronchoscopic interventional therapy. Ten patients underwent lobectomy, two underwent pneumonectomy, and one underwent a right sleeve pneumonectomy. All patients were cured except one patient with bronchopleural fistula after operation. All patients achieved complete elimination of mucor and also discontinuation of antifungal drug.Conclusion:For isolated pulmonary mucormycosis, on the basis of systemic antifungal treatment, actively seek the opportunity of surgical intervention, can shorten the course of the disease and achieve good therapeutic results.

BACKGROUND:Intervertebral disc degeneration is an important cause of low back pain.At present,there are many modeling methods for disc degeneration in China and abroad,but there is not a model for low back pain due to disc degeneration. OBJECTIVE:To compare the effect of mechanical puncture combined with tumor necrosis factor α and complete Freund's adjuvant with a conventional disc mechanical puncture alone. METHODS:A total of 18 male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups,with 6 animals in each group.No treatment was given in the blank group.Animal models of intervertebral disc degeneration were made in the L4-5 segments of rats in the control using conventional mechanical puncture.In the experimental group,on the basis of mechanical puncture,tumor necrosis factor α+complete Freund's adjuvant was injected into the L4-5 intervertebral discs using a microinjector to establish a model of disc degeneration induced by mechanical puncture combined with inflammatory factors.Four weeks after surgery,the pain threshold of rats was measured by the hot plate method for assessing the perception of heat injury in rats with intervertebral disc degeneration.MRI examination was performed to observe the disc degeneration in each group.ELISA was used to detect the levels of serum tumor necrosis factor α,interleukin 1β,interleukin 6 and prostaglandin E2.Hematoxylin-eosin and Safranin O-fast green staining were used to observe the morphological changes of the disc. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:In terms of pain,the behavioral pain threshold of the experimental group was continuously decreased,and the levels of serum inflammatory factors were significantly higher compared with the control group.In terms of morphology,the MRI results showed that the L4-5 nucleus pulposus signal completely disappeared in the experimental group.Histopathological results showed that in the control group,the nucleus pulposus was intact,more notochord cells were visible,and some fiber rings were ruptured,while in the experimental group,there are fewer notochord cells and the structure of the nucleus pulposus and fibrous ring is disturbed,with the boundary disappearing.To conclude,mechanical puncture combined with tumor necrosis factor alpha and complete Freund's adjuvant can successfully establish a discogenic low back pain model in rats.This operation is simple and economical to achieve obvious disc degeneration and low back pain,with greatly shortened molding cycle.This model can be used as a reference for studying discogenic low back pain models.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) synthesis by activated sludge using volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in fermentation liquid of excess sludge as carbon source is a hotspot in the field of environmental biotechnology. However, there is no unified conclusion on the effects of non-VFAs, mainly dissolved organic matter (DOM), on PHA production. Thus, this critical review mainly introduces the main characteristics and common analysis methods of DOM in anaerobic fermentation liquid. The effects of DOM on PHA production are analyzed from the aspects of microbiology, metabolic regulation and sludge properties. The results of different studies showed that high concentration of DOM is bad for PHA production, but an appropriate amount of DOM is conducive to the stability of sludge properties, reducing the final PHA purification cost. Finally, suitable strategies were proposed to regulate the PHA synthesis by activated sludge with DOM for PHA production by anaerobic fermentation liquid.
Anaerobiosis ; Bioreactors ; Fatty Acids, Volatile ; Fermentation ; Polyhydroxyalkanoates ; Sewage

Objective:To develop a role model education intervention model for male nursing students, and to explore the effect of role model education on male nursing students′ professional identity and positive psychological capital.Methods:A total of 60 male nursing freshmen were recruited and randomly assigned to the control group (n=30) and the experimental group (n=30) according to a 1:1 ratio. The control group only accepted the school′s routine teaching tasks and other campus activities. The experimental group received 6-week model education intervention on the basis of the control group once a week. Nursing students′ Professional Identity Questionnaire and Positive Psychological Capital Questionnaire were used for assessment at the time of enrollment and after intervention.Results:Male nursing students' professional identity (50.25±11.19) and positive psychological capital (114.68±29.08) were generally not high. After intervention, the scores of occupational self-concept, retention benefits and resignation risks, social persuasiveness and total score in the experimental group were 22.64±5.19,14.29±2.69,8.00±1.89,64.18±12.15, higher than those of the control group (20.07±3.16, 12.93±1.76, 6.86±1.24, 57.68±6.66), and the difference was statistically significant ( t value was 2.23-2.68, P<0.05). Conclusions:Role model education intervention has a good effect in promoting professional identity and positive psychological capital of male nursing students.

Objective To understand the current situation and requirements of laboratory quality control of blood diseases in Chongqing .Methods A self‐designed questionnaire was designed ,and the investigation was carried out in 60 hospitals of Chongqing district .The main contents of the investigation were related to the instruments of work environment ,the regulations ,the conditions of the personnel ,etc .Results A total of 60 questionnaires were distributed ,57 questionnaires were valid .In the study ,only 14 .04%laboratories were the blood disease specialist laboratory ,most hospitals could complete the basic inspection items .66 .67% hospitals had all the experimental procedures and SOP documents .Most of staffs were with intermediate professional titles and undergraduate education .A total of 35 .08% experimental equipments with the value of over 5 million RMB ,45 .61% equipments had a special in‐spection records .About 45 .61% test reports would refer to the clinical performance ,and had a strict signing guideline .Most of the research objects reflected the problems ,including the backward equipments and the lack of personnel ,and hoped to set up telemedi‐cine indemnity system and carry out further education .Conclusion The overall quality of the laboratory for blood diseases in Chongqing is better ,it is recommended to strengthen the full quality control ,to establish emergency system ,and to improve the quality and level of laboratory .