Mass spectrometry imaging(MSI) is an imaging technique based on mass spectrometry, serving as a powerful tool for analyzing the composition and spatial distribution of substances. It holds broad application prospects in biologics research, drug development, environmental science and other fields. This article introduces the principles of MSI and highlights the characteristics of commonly used techniques, including matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging, secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging, and ambient ionization mass spectrometry imaging. This review summarizes recent advances in the application of MSI in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), focusing on four aspects: the spatial distribution of TCM components, safety evaluation, quality control of TCM and quality control of TCM processing process. Furthermore, the advantages, challenges, and future directions of MSI in TCM quality control are discussed, aiming to provide a reference for related research.