Allergen specific immunotherapy（AIT）, as an effective treatment for allergic rhinitis, asthma, and other allergic diseases, has received widespread attention in the field of health economic evaluation in recent years. This article reviews the current status and progress of economic research on AIT, mainly discussing the socioeconomic burden of allergic rhinitis, the results of health economic studies from different countries, and the primary methods used in health economic research on allergic rhinitis. Existing studies indicate that, although AIT involves high initial costs, it offers significant long-term economic benefits by reducing healthcare resource utilization, improving patient quality of life, and decreasing medication dependence. Moreover, reducing initial costs, applying standardized assessment tools, and conducting cross-national comparative analyses have become key directions for future research. Overall, AIT demonstrates strong potential in terms of long-term health benefits and cost savings, providing solid economic evidence for the management of allergic diseases.
Humans ; Desensitization, Immunologic/economics* ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Rhinitis, Allergic/economics* ; Economics, Medical

Objective:To construct an anticipatory grief intervention scheme for family caregivers of advanced cancer patients based on narrative theory, and to provide reference for anticipatory grief nursing intervention.Methods:From October 2022 to May 2023, through literature research, semi-structured interview and brainstorming method, the first draft of nursing intervention plan was constructed, the Delphi method was used to conduct 2 rounds of correspondence consultation with 15 experts, and the indicators at all levels were modified according to the opinions of experts, and the final draft of intervention plan was formed.Results:The experts were all female, aged (49.67 ± 5.83) years old. The authority coefficient of the two rounds of experts was 0.87. The Kendall coordination coefficients of the first, second, and third level indicators after the first round of expert inquiry were 0.195, 0.113, and 0.093, respectively. The Kendall coordination coefficients of the first, second, and third level indicators after the second round of expert inquiry were 0.200, 0.119, and 0.101, respectively. The differences were statistically significant ( χ2 values were 8.76-107.21, all P<0.05).Finally, a nursing intervention plan based on narrative theory was formed, which included 4 primary indicators, 19 secondary indicators and 72 tertiary indicators. Conclusions:The anticipatory grief intervention scheme for family caregivers of advanced cancer patients is scientific, practical and feasible, and can be used for psychological nursing of family caregivers.

Objective To explore the characteristics of TCM prescriptions for acute gouty arthritis based on data mining methods;To provide reference for clinical treatment.Methods The clinical literature on the TCM treatment of acute gouty arthritis was retrieved from CNKI,Wanfang Data,VIP and SinoMed.The obtained formulas were input into Excel 2019 to establish a database,and SPSS Modeler 18.0,SPSS Statistics 26.0 and Cytoscape 3.9.1 were used for frequency analysis,association rule analysis,clustering analysis and factor analysis.Results A total of 290 articles meeting the requirements were included,including 295 prescriptions,involving 218 kinds of Chinese materia medica,with a total frequency of 3 573 times.24 kinds of Chinese materia medica,including Coicis Semen,Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex,Atractylodis Rhizoma,Smilacis Glabrae Rhizoma,Dioscoreae Spongiosae Rhizoma,Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma,Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix were used frequently in the treatment of acute gouty arthritis.The commonly used drugs were heat-clearing drugs,moisture-clearing drugs,blood circulation-activating drugs for removing blood stasis,and wind-dampness drugs.The property was mainly cold,the taste was mainly bitter,and the meridians were mainly liver,stomach,spleen and kidney meridians.The analysis of high-frequency drug association rules obtained 22 drug combinations,among which the core drug pairs were Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex-Atractylodis Rhizoma,Coicis Semen-Atractylodis Rhizoma-Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex.Clustering analysis obtained 4 clustering methods,and factor analysis obtained 9 common factors.Conclusion The main treatment of acute gouty arthritis by TCM is clearing heat and dampness,removing blood stasis and clearing collaterals,tonifying liver and kidney,regulating spleen and stomach,which could provide reference for the clinical treatment of acute gouty arthritis.

Objective:To investigate the clinical and imaging characteristics of cervical spine hyperextension injury plus multilevel disco-ligamentous complex (MDLC) injury and the therapeutic effectiveness of their treatment.Methods:A total of 456 patients with cervical hyperextension injury were hospitalized between January 2010 and October 2020 at Department of Orthopaedics, The 909th Hospital, Dongnan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University. A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of the 43 patients among them who had been diagnosed with MDLC injury and undergone surgical treatment and been fully followed up. They were 37 males and 6 females with an age of (50.6±10.7) years. According to the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) grading, there were 1 case of grade A, 8 cases of grade B, 18 cases of grade C, and 16 cases of grade D. The Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score was (7.9±1.6) points. Anterior cervical decompression, fusion and internal fixation were conducted for 42 patients, and posterior total laminectomy and internal fixation for 1 patient. The clinical and imaging manifestations of the patients, and the consistency between preoperative and intraoperative diagnosis of disco-ligamentous complex (DLC) injury were analyzed. ASIA grading and JOA score were used to assess the outcomes of surgical treatment and comparisons were made between preoperation and postoperation.Results:DLC injury existed at 99 levels (43 cases), with a high incidence at level C 5-6 (30 cases), and high-signal manifestations of cervical cord injury existed at 48 levels, with a high incidence at level C 3-4 (16 cases). Two-segment DLC injury was the most common [74.4% (32/43)], while three-segment DLC injury existed in 9 cases and four-segment DLC injury in 2 cases. There were 21 cases of jumping MDLC injury and 22 cases of continuous MDLC injury. At preoperation, DLC injury was suspected in 10 patients (at 11 levels), of whom 8 (at 9 levels) were diagnosed intraoperatively with DLC injury, and 2 (at 2 levels) were excluded from the DLC injury. All the 43 patients were followed up for (54.7±10.7) months. By the ASIA grading at the last follow-up, 3 cases were grade C, 13 cases grade D, and 27 cases grade E. The JOA score at the last follow-up was (15.1±2.2) points. Both the 2 outcomes showed significant improvements compared with the preoperative values ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The clinical incidence of cervical hyperextension injury combined with MDLC injury is low, but relatively higher in the middle-aged and elderly patients. As the level of DLC injury is often inconsistent with the likely level of cervical spinal cord injury, surgical exploration of the DLC structure with suspected injury can reduce the rate of missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis.

Objective:To study the effects of cathepsin K(CTSK)on the healing process of tooth extraction socket and type H blood vessel angiogenesis in mice.Methods:Ctsk knockout(Ctsk-/-)mice were generated by CRISPR/Cas9 technology,and genotype sequen-cing,general observation,Micro-CT and immunohistochemistry were performed to confirm successful knockout of Ctsk.Then 8 week-old WT and Ctsk-/-mice were used to establish the tooth extraction modle by extracting the left maxillary first molars,and the mice were sac-rificed at the day 7,10,14,21,28 and 35 respectively(n=3)after tooth extraction.Then samples were subjected to stereo microscope and Micro-CT examination.Immunofluorescence staining was used to study the effect of Ctsk knockout on type H blood vessel angiogene-sis.Results:Ctsk knockout did not affect the soft tissue healing of tooth extraction socket,but significantly promoted the bone healing process,and Ctsk deficency significantly enhanced type H blood vessel angiogenesis in the tooth extraction socket.Conclusion:Ctsk knockout can enhance type H vessel angiogenesis,and promote bone healing process of tooth extraction socket in mice.

Objective To explore the characteristics of TCM in the treatment of asymptomatic hyperuricemia based on data mining.Methods Clinical literature on the TCM treatment of asymptomatic hyperuricemia in CNKI,Wanfang Data,VIP and SinoMed was retrieved.After screening,the prescriptions obtained were input into Excel 2019 database,and SPSS Modeler 18.0,SPSS Statistics 26.0 and Cytoscape 3.9.1 were used for frequency analysis,association rule analysis,clustering analysis and factor analysis.Results A total of 133 articles meeting the criteria were included,and 140 prescriptions were included,involving 202 kinds of Chinese materia medica,with a total frequency of 1 387 times.22 drugs,such as Smilacis Glabrae Rhizoma,Coicis Semen,Dioscoreae Spongiosae Rhizoma,Astrctylodis Rhizoma,were frequently used in the treatment of asymptomatic hyperuricemia.The commonly used drugs were drugs for urine excretion to strain off dampness,tonics,clearing heat,promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis.The medicinal property was mainly warm,the medicinal taste was mainly sweet,and the meridians were mainly liver,spleen,stomach and kidney meridians.21 groups of medicinal combinations were obtained by high frequency drug association rule analysis,among which the core drug pairs were Coicis Semen-Astrctylodis Rhizoma,Smilacis Glabrae Rhizoma-Dioscoreae Spongiosae Rhizoma-Coicis Semen,Coicis Semen-Astrctylodis Rhizoma-Smilacis Glabrae Rhizoma,etc.Clustering analysis obtained 5 clustering methods,and factor analysis obtained 7 common factors.Conclusion In the TCM treatment of asymptomatic hyperuricemia,the main methods are urine excretion to strain off dampness,strengthening spleen and tonifying qi,and the main drugs are Smilacis Glabrae Rhizoma,Coicis Semen,Dioscoreae Spongiosae Rhizoma,Astrctylodis Rhizoma,which can provide reference for clinical treatment of asymptomatic hyperuricemia.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism of Xumingtang in Gu Jin Lu Yan （《古今录验》） in regulating cell pyroptosis through the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α （HIF-1α）/NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 （NLRP3） pathway in ischemic stroke （IS）. MethodSD rats were randomly divided into a sham operation group， a model group， low- and high-dose Xumingtang groups， and a metformin group， with 20 rats in each group. Oral administration was performed for 3 days， and tissue samples were collected. Differential messenger RNA （mRNA） was screened using high-throughput sequencing， and Gene Ontology （GO） and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） pathway analyses were performed on key differentially expressed genes. The modified neurological severity score （mNSS） and 2，3，5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride （TTC） staining were used to evaluate the effect of brain infarction. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used for pathological morphological observation of brain tissue. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to compare the levels of interleukin-1β （IL-1β） and interleukin-18 （IL-18） in the ischemic cortical region. Double staining immunohistochemistry was used to detect the co-localization of HIF-1α and NLRP3. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （PCR） was performed to detect the mRNA expression of NLRP3， HIF-1α， Caspase-1 （CASP-1）， and gasdermin D （GSDMD）. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of HIF-1α， NLRP3， CASP-1， and GSDMD. ResultA total of 5 705 differentially expressed genes （2 733 downregulated and 2 972 upregulated） were obtained by mRNA sequencing. After conversion to homologous genes and intersection with the pyroptosis gene set， 95 key differentially expressed pyroptosis genes were obtained. Compared with the sham operation group， the model group showed significantly increased mNSS scores， larger brain infarction areas （P<0.01）， diverse neuronal morphology， disordered arrangement， widened cell gaps， significantly increased levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in the ischemic cortical region （P<0.01）， enhanced co-localization fluorescence intensity， and significantly increased mRNA and protein expression levels of HIF-1α， NLRP3， CASP-1， and GSDMD （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the high-dose Xumingtang group showed the most significant improvement in neurological function scores and brain infarction areas （P<0.01）. The neuronal integrity and arrangement were more complete， and the cell gaps were narrower in all groups with drug treatment， with significantly reduced co-localization fluorescence intensity. Xumingtang could reduce the levels of IL-1β， IL-18， and the mRNA and protein expression of HIF-1α， NLRP3， CASP-1， and GSDMD （P<0.05， P<0.01）， with the high-dose Xumingtang group showing the most significant effect （P<0.01）. ConclusionXumingtang in Gu Jin Lu Yan can inhibit cell pyroptosis and promote neurological function recovery after IS， which may be related to the inhibition of the HIF-1α/NLRP3 pathway.

Objective: To summarize our preliminary clinical experience of ultrasound-guided needle-perc combined with standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in the treatment of staghorn stones, and to analyze its safety and efficacy. Methods: The clinical data of 65 patients with staghorn stones treated by ultrasound-guided needle-perc combined with standard PCNL under general anesthesia with the patient in prone position from December 2017 to June 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 41 males and 24 females were included. The mean age was (53.5+ 8.9) years. The mean body mass index (BMI) was (25.1±2.9) kg/m², and the mean stone diameter was (10.9±3.1) cm. Among them, there were 3 cases with bilateral staghorn stones, 38 cases with complete staghorn calculi, 36 cases with non- or mild preoperative hydronephrosis, 12 cases with previous ipsilateral renal surgery, and 9 cases with solitary kidneys. Ultrasound-guided renal access and tract dilation were used to establish F24 standard channel. Pneumatic combined with ultrasonic lithotripsy with suction system was used to treat staghorn stones under nephroscope. Needle-perc consists of F4.2 needle-like metal sheath connected with a three-way tube. A 0.6 mm diameter video fiber, 200 um holmium laser fiber and liquid perfusion device can be connected through the three-way tube respectively. The residual stone in the parallel calyx after standard PCNL were punctured by needle-perc under ultrasound guidance, and then the holmium laser fiber was used for lithotripsy. Results: In this study, a total of 68 renal units were included. The median operative time was 79.8 minutes, ranging 45-129 minutes. The median decrease of hemoglobin on postoperative day 1 was 10.6 g/L, ranging 0-25.9 g/L. The median length of postoperative hospital stay was 5.5 days, ranging 4-7 days and the median time of tract establishment was 4.8 minutes, ranging 2.5-9.6 minutes. The median number of standard tract established was 1.5, ranging 1-3 and the median number of needle-perc punctured was 1.0, ranging 1-3. The total complication rate was 10.3% (7 cases), including 5 cases of Clavien grade Ⅰ, 2 cases of postoperative fever, 3 cases of analgesic use. There were 2 cases of Clavien grade Ⅱ. All of them were blood transfusion. The initial stone free rate was 79.4%(54/68). Of the 14 patients with residual stones, 9 patients underwent second-stage operation, 7 patients were stone free, and the final stone free rate was 89.7%(61/68). Conclusions Ultrasound-guided needle-perc combined with standard PCNL is safe and effective in the treatment of staghorn stone.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of tract dilation monitored by ultrasound in percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL),and the risk factors for its failure.Methods A retrospective study was conducted on patients underwent PCNL with only one access (F24) using balloon dilator and sequential dilators (Amplatz and telescopic metal dilators) from December 2014 to December 2018 in Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital.A total of 231 patients (130 males and 101 females) underwent ultrasound-guided PCNL with a mean age of (52.3 ± 9.8) years were included in our study.Mean BMI was (25.8 ± 3.1) kg/m2.Mean size of stone was (3.9 ± 1.1)cm,51.1％ (118/231) of which were staghorn stones.Under ultrasound guidance,after puncture of the target calyx,the balloon dilator was advanced through the guide wire,and inflated to establish the F24 standard renal access.Patients' clinical parameters such as age,gender,BMI,stone diameter,history of open nephrolithotomy were collected.Risk factors for the failure of ultrasound guided balloon dilation were analyzed by logistic regression analysis.Results Tract dilation succeed in 89.2 ％ cases (206 succeed,25 failed) at first attempt.Median tract dilation time was 4.2 min (2.2-8.0 min).Mean operation time was 85.5 min(45.0-120.0 min).Median hemoglobin drop at the first postoperative day was 16.0 g/L (5.0-25.8 g/L).The total rate of complication was 9.1％ (21 cases),including 18 cases Clavien Ⅰ and 3 cases Clavien Ⅱ.The stone free rate was 89.6％ (207/231).Logistic regression analysis revealed that lower pole access (P =0.014) was a risk factor for the failure of access establishment,while the presence of hydronephrosis of target calyx (P ＜ 0.001) would significantly increase the success rate.Conclusions Tract dilation using balloon catheter can be safely monitored by ultrasound with high success rate and low complication rate.Lower pole puncture will make tract establishment difficulty.Patients with a hydronephrotic target calyx are more suitable for this procedure.

Objective To describe and introduce the initial clinical application of a novel instrument needle-perc for percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in upper urinary tract stones.Methods 24 patients with upper urinary stone treated by PCNL were collected retrospectively between August 2017 and January 2018.Sixteen patients were male and 8 were female.Average age was 41.2 years,ranging 26-65 years.Eight cases had upper pole stones,6 cases had pelvic stones,8 cases had lower pole stones and 4 cases had the stone in UPJ.The mean calculus size was 1.2 cm,ranging 0.5-1.4 cm.All patients were punctured under total ultrasound with needle-perc.Six cases had upper calyceal puncture,10 cases had middle calyceal puncture and 8 cases had lower calyceal puncture.The needle-shaped nephroscope consists of a puncture sheath and a needle handle.The puncture sheath is a hollow metal sheath with an outer diameter of F4.2,an inner diameter of F3.6,and a length of 15 cm.The tip of the sheath is beveled to facilitate puncture.The outer end of sheath is connected to the needle handle through a screw interface.And the three interfaces of the three-way tube can be respectively connected with a liquid irrigation device,a video optical fiber and a 200 μm holmium laser fiber.The needle-perc integrated image system,the irrigation system,and the nephroscope channel are integrated.The tissue passing through the needle can be simultaneously observed through video optical fiber during puncturing.After the tip of the sheath is inserted into the target calyx,the holmium laser fiber is connected for fragmenting or dusting.Results Needle-perc was successful in 22 cases,2 patients were converted to larger tract(F16).The mean opeartive time was 49.2 min,ranging 22-75 min and the mean hemoglobin loss was 5.2 g/L,ranging 0-13.8 g/L.Mean postoperative hospital stay was 3 days,ranging 1 to 6 days.No Double-J stents or nephrostomy tube was placed in the 22 patients.Complications (Clavien Ⅱ) occurred in 4 cases,including fever in 2 cases and renal colic in 2 cases.Plain film of KUB or CT scan was done and stone free rate at 1 month was 90.9％ (20/22),2 patients needed ESWL to remove the residual stones.Conclusions Needle-perc is efficient and safe for small renal stones (size ＜ 1.5 cm) from our initial experience,with high stone-free rate and low complication rate in early follow-up.