ObjectiveTo integrate network pharmacology prediction with multi-level experimental verification methods， and to explore in depth the therapeutic efficacy and potential mechanism of luteolin in treating gout. MethodsDatabases were used to obtain potential pharmacodynamic targets of luteolin. Protein-protein interaction （PPI） network construction and network pharmacology analysis techniques were used to screen key core targets of luteolin in gout treatment. Further biological function enrichment analysis and signaling pathway analysis were performed on these targets. Molecular docking simulation was used to calculate the binding energy between luteolin and potential core targets， clarifying the strength of their interactions. In the in vivo experiment for hyperuricemia， 48 mice were randomly divided into a blank group， a model group， an allopurinol group （5 mg·kg^-1）， and low-dose （10 mg·kg^-1）， medium-dose （30 mg·kg^-1）， and high-dose （90 mg·kg^-1） luteolin groups. For the first three days， the blank and model groups were gavaged with an equal volume of normal saline， while the allopurinol group and luteolin groups were gavaged with corresponding drugs. From day 4 onwards， modeling was performed by intraperitoneal injection at 12：00 daily （normal saline for the blank group， and oxonic acid potassium-hypoxanthine mixture for other groups， with 300 mg·kg^-1 for each group）. Gavage intervention was administered at 18：00 daily （normal saline for the blank/model groups， and corresponding drugs for the treatment groups） until day 7. After sampling， levels of serum uric acid （UA）， alanine aminotransferase （ALT）， and aspartate aminotransferase （AST） were measured. Levels of xanthine oxidase （XO） in the liver and kidney， ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 （ABCG2） and malondialdehyde （MDA） in the kidney， and superoxide dismutase （SOD） in the liver were determined. Renal HE staining was also performed. In the pharmacodynamic study of gouty arthritis， 36 rats were randomly divided into a blank group， a model group， a colchicine group （0.315 mg·kg^-1）， and low-dose （7 mg·kg^-1）， medium-dose （21 mg·kg^-1）， and high-dose （63 mg·kg^-1） luteolin groups. The model was established by vertically injecting 100 µL of 25 g·L^-1 monosodium urate suspension into the posterior lateral aspect of the right ankle joint （the blank group was injected with an equal volume of normal saline）， with repeated injections every two days for reinforcement. From day 2 after modeling， daily gavage administration was performed （normal saline for the blank/model groups， and corresponding drugs for the treatment groups） for a total of 16 days. During the experiment， ankle swelling and pain threshold were measured regularly. After sampling， levels of serum tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， interleukin-6 （IL-6）， and interleukin-1β （IL-1β） were determined. Ankle joints were subjected to HE， Masson， and safranin O-fast green staining， and HE staining was also performed on ankle synovial tissue and various organs. Western blot was used to determine the expression levels of key proteins in gout-related signaling pathways. ResultsNetwork pharmacology analysis predicted that luteolin may regulate over 20 core targets， such as XO， ABCG2， nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 （Nrf2）， and SOD， through acting on signaling pathways including NF-κB， phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B （PI3K/Akt）， and ABC transporters， thereby affecting uric acid metabolism and inflammatory responses. In the hyperuricemia model， compared with the blank group， the model group showed significantly increased serum UA level， liver and kidney XO activity， renal ABCG2 expression， and liver SOD activity （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the high-dose luteolin group significantly reduced serum UA level （P<0.01）， inhibited liver and kidney XO activity （P<0.01）， and significantly increased renal ABCG2 expression and liver SOD activity （P<0.01）， effectively alleviating renal oxidative stress damage and improving renal histopathological status. In the gouty arthritis model， compared with the blank group， the model group showed significant ankle swelling， decreased pain threshold， and significantly increased levels of IL-6， IL-1β， and TNF-α in serum and synovial tissue （P<0.01）. The high-dose luteolin group significantly reduced ankle swelling， prolonged hot plate pain threshold， effectively decreased the levels of the above inflammatory factors in serum and synovial tissue （P<0.01）， and significantly improved ankle pathological damage， showing good analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Western blot results further confirmed that luteolin significantly upregulated Nrf2 protein expression and downregulated XO and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain （NOD）-like receptor protein 3 （NLRP3） expression in animals. ConclusionLuteolin can improve symptoms of hyperuricemia and gouty arthritis， and its potential mechanism may be related to inhibiting XO activity， increasing ABCG2 and SOD levels， and regulating Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress-related pathways.

Objective·To identify different comorbidity types resulting from the spontaneous association of psychopathological symptoms among male drug addicts,explore the relationship between latent types and drug addiction,and examine the mediating role of psychological distress.Methods·Four hundred and fifty male drug addicts,recruited by Yunnan First Compulsory Isolation Drug Rehabilitation Center according to the 2017 revised Drug Addiction Identification Method by the Ministry of Public Security,were enrolled as participants.The Symptom Checklist-90(SCL-90),Craving Automated Scale for Substances(CAS-S),and Psychache Scale(PAS)were used to assess the severity of psychopathological symptoms,drug addiction,and psychological distress,respectively.Latent class analysis was employed to identify different types of psychopathological comorbidity that may exist in the participants,and the types were named based on the analysis results.Variance analysis was used to test differences in the severity of drug addiction and psychological distress among different latent types,and a mediation model was established to explore the mediating role of psychological distress between different latent types and drug addiction.Results·Latent class analysis identified three types of psychopathology:high,medium,and low levels,with decreasing positive rates and numbers of comorbidity in each type based on the ten psychopathological symptoms included in the SCL-90.There were significant differences in the severity of psychological distress and drug addiction among the three types of participants.Psychopathological symptoms positively predicted the severity of psychological distress and drug addiction.Psychological distress completely mediated the relationship between medium levels of psychopathology and drug addiction,while partially mediating the relationship between high levels of psychopathology and drug addiction.Conclusion·There are three types of psychopathological comorbidity among male drug addicts:high,medium,and low.Psychological distress plays a complete mediating role between medium levels of psychopathology and drug addiction,and a partial mediating role between high levels of psychopathology and drug addiction.

Objective:To compare the influence of definition methods of different isocenter on postoperative volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans for patients with high-grade glioma (HGG),and to explore the feasibility of determining the treatment isocenter at location stage of computed tomography (CT) simulation system (CT-Sim). Methods:A total of 30 HGG patients who received radiotherapy after surgery in Peking University International Hospital from September 1,2021 to December 31,2022 were selected. 4 kinds of methods,which included center of mass (CT-COM) of target region of tumor bed was delineated by CT-Sim location stage,geometric center of target region of treatment plan system (TPS-Geo),whole brain geometric center of treatment plan system (TPS-Head) and center of mass of target region of TPS (TPS-COM),were respectively adopted to definite treatment isocenter for each patient,and they were respectively set as CT-COM group,TPS-Geo group,TPS-Head group and TPS-COM group to design 4 groups of VMAT treatment. The parameters included dose,conformity index (CI),uniformity index (HI) and machine unite (MU) among 4 groups of target region and organ at risk (OAR) were compared. Results:The doses of target region and OAR of four groups were similar,and all of them can meet the requirements of clinical dosimetry and clinical OAR dose limitation,without statistically significant differences (P>0.05). The covered volumes that brain tissues received 10,20,30,40 and 50 Gy doses in CT-COM group,TPS-Geo group and TPS-COM group closed to the maximum dose,the maximum dose of 2％ volume and mean dose (Dmax,D2％,Dmean) of brainstem,bilateral lens,optic chiasm,bilateral optic nerve and pituitary gland. The V10,V20,V30 of brain tissue,and Dmax,D2％,and Dmean of brainstem in TPS-Head group were slightly higher than those in other three groups,and the Dmean of lens,and Dmax,D2％ and Dmean of optic nerve at health side of TPS-Head group were slightly lower than those of other three groups,without statistically significant differences (P>0.05). Conclusion:The four VMAT plans of defining the treatment isocenter can meet the clinical dosimetric requirements,and can determine the isocenter at CT-Sim location stage,which can effectively avoid the occurrence of errors in the reduction of radiotherapy,and increase precision of delivery of radiotherapy dose,and enhance effective utilization rate of equipment.

Objective:To compare the influence of definition methods of different isocenter on postoperative volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans for patients with high-grade glioma (HGG),and to explore the feasibility of determining the treatment isocenter at location stage of computed tomography (CT) simulation system (CT-Sim). Methods:A total of 30 HGG patients who received radiotherapy after surgery in Peking University International Hospital from September 1,2021 to December 31,2022 were selected. 4 kinds of methods,which included center of mass (CT-COM) of target region of tumor bed was delineated by CT-Sim location stage,geometric center of target region of treatment plan system (TPS-Geo),whole brain geometric center of treatment plan system (TPS-Head) and center of mass of target region of TPS (TPS-COM),were respectively adopted to definite treatment isocenter for each patient,and they were respectively set as CT-COM group,TPS-Geo group,TPS-Head group and TPS-COM group to design 4 groups of VMAT treatment. The parameters included dose,conformity index (CI),uniformity index (HI) and machine unite (MU) among 4 groups of target region and organ at risk (OAR) were compared. Results:The doses of target region and OAR of four groups were similar,and all of them can meet the requirements of clinical dosimetry and clinical OAR dose limitation,without statistically significant differences (P>0.05). The covered volumes that brain tissues received 10,20,30,40 and 50 Gy doses in CT-COM group,TPS-Geo group and TPS-COM group closed to the maximum dose,the maximum dose of 2％ volume and mean dose (Dmax,D2％,Dmean) of brainstem,bilateral lens,optic chiasm,bilateral optic nerve and pituitary gland. The V10,V20,V30 of brain tissue,and Dmax,D2％,and Dmean of brainstem in TPS-Head group were slightly higher than those in other three groups,and the Dmean of lens,and Dmax,D2％ and Dmean of optic nerve at health side of TPS-Head group were slightly lower than those of other three groups,without statistically significant differences (P>0.05). Conclusion:The four VMAT plans of defining the treatment isocenter can meet the clinical dosimetric requirements,and can determine the isocenter at CT-Sim location stage,which can effectively avoid the occurrence of errors in the reduction of radiotherapy,and increase precision of delivery of radiotherapy dose,and enhance effective utilization rate of equipment.

Objective·To identify different comorbidity types resulting from the spontaneous association of psychopathological symptoms among male drug addicts,explore the relationship between latent types and drug addiction,and examine the mediating role of psychological distress.Methods·Four hundred and fifty male drug addicts,recruited by Yunnan First Compulsory Isolation Drug Rehabilitation Center according to the 2017 revised Drug Addiction Identification Method by the Ministry of Public Security,were enrolled as participants.The Symptom Checklist-90(SCL-90),Craving Automated Scale for Substances(CAS-S),and Psychache Scale(PAS)were used to assess the severity of psychopathological symptoms,drug addiction,and psychological distress,respectively.Latent class analysis was employed to identify different types of psychopathological comorbidity that may exist in the participants,and the types were named based on the analysis results.Variance analysis was used to test differences in the severity of drug addiction and psychological distress among different latent types,and a mediation model was established to explore the mediating role of psychological distress between different latent types and drug addiction.Results·Latent class analysis identified three types of psychopathology:high,medium,and low levels,with decreasing positive rates and numbers of comorbidity in each type based on the ten psychopathological symptoms included in the SCL-90.There were significant differences in the severity of psychological distress and drug addiction among the three types of participants.Psychopathological symptoms positively predicted the severity of psychological distress and drug addiction.Psychological distress completely mediated the relationship between medium levels of psychopathology and drug addiction,while partially mediating the relationship between high levels of psychopathology and drug addiction.Conclusion·There are three types of psychopathological comorbidity among male drug addicts:high,medium,and low.Psychological distress plays a complete mediating role between medium levels of psychopathology and drug addiction,and a partial mediating role between high levels of psychopathology and drug addiction.

Oxidative stress(OS)and dopaminergic neuron(DN)dysfunction are implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of various neurological disorders.As the primary active component of the traditional Chinese herb Scutellaria baicalensis,baicalin has garnered significant attention due to its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.Baicalin exhibits a particular affinity for the dopamine(DA)system,maintaining cerebral DA levels by regulating oxidative stress(OS)-related pathways,suggesting that the DA system serves as the"intracerebral target system"through which it exerts its neuroprotective effects.Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2),a central transcription factor regulating redox homeostasis,plays a pivotal role in the anti-OS process mediated by baicalin.This systematic review covers the pharmacological effects of baicalin,providing an in-depth mechanistic analysis of the interaction between OS and DN,with a focus on the latest research progress in baicalin-mediated treatment of OS through the Nrf2 signaling pathway in neurological diseases to provide theoretical references for the pharmacological and molecular mechanisms of baicalin's anti-OS modulation of the DA system for the treatment of neurological diseases.

Objective To explore the effect and mechanism of Sechang Zhixie Powder(SCZXS)on mice with acute diarrhea caused by castor oil.Methods The mice were randomly divided into blank control group,model control group,montmorillonite powder group(1.4 g·kg-1),SCZXS-L group(0.9 g·kg-1),SCZXS-M group(1.8 g·kg-1)and SCZXS-H group(3.6 g·kg-1),10 mice in each group.After continuous administration of 7 days,the acute diarrhea model of mice was prepared by oral administration of castor oil(0.01 mL·g-1).The diarrhea of mice was observed within 4 hours of castor oil administration,and the rate of loose stool,degree of loose stool,and diarrhea index were calculated;the levels of DAO,D-LDH,VIP,and SS in the colon were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay;The morphological changes in the colon tissue of mice were observed after HE staining and the thicknesses of the mucosal and muscular layers of the colon were quantified;AB-PAS staining was performed to observe the effect on mucin in the colon;and the expression of AQP3,Occludin,and ZO-1 in the colon were quantified by immunohistochemistry.Results Compared with the model control group,the rate of loose stool,degree of loose stool,and diarrhea index of the mice in the SCZXS groups tended to decrease,but the difference was not statistically significant.Compared with the model control group,the flat luminal surface of the mice in the SCZXS-M and SCZXS-H group were significantly thickened(P<0.01),and the amount of VIP in the colon was significantly decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01),and that of DAO in the colon was significantly decreased(P<0.01),Occludin and ZO-1 expression were significantly increased(P<0.01),the mucin area ratio was significantly increased(P<0.05)in the SCZXS-M group,and AQP3 expression was significantly increased(P<0.05)in the SCZXS groups.Conclusions SCZXS can improve acute diarrhea induced by castor oil in mice.and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of gastrointestinal hormones and AQP3.In addition,SCZXS improves intestinal damage caused by diarrhea and protects the intestinal barrier.

Clinical diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders still rely primarily on subjective symptom assessment,leading to difficulties in early identification,a lack of objective biomarkers,and insufficient monitoring of treatment efficacy.Proteomics is a field that investigates protein structure,function,interactions,and their alterations under physiological or pathological conditions.In recent years,proteomic technologies have achieved significant advances in psychiatric research:In schizophrenia studies,proteomics has uncovered abnormalities in energy metabolism,immune responses,and lipid metabolism,with some differentially expressed proteins serving as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets;In depressive disorders,proteins associated with inflammatory responses,oxidative stress,and mitochondrial dysfunction have been closely linked to disease mechanisms,and multi-marker panels show promise in improving diagnostic accuracy and monitoring treatment response;In Alzheimer disease research,the detection of Aβ,tau,and related signaling pathway proteins has facilitated early screening and the development of targeted therapies.

Objective:To evaluate the consistency of steady-state blood trough concentration of vancomycin and minimum inhibitory concentration to the area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC/MIC) and promote the rational use of vancomycin.Methods:It was a single center retrospective study. The clinical data of patients admitted to Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2020, who were treated with vancomycin and met the inclusion criteria, were collected. Vancomycin calculator was used to calculate AUC/MIC. According to the steady-state blood trough concentration and AUC/MIC standards, the patients were divided into not meeting standard group, meeting standard group, and exceeding standard group, respectively. The standard-reaching status of steady-state blood trough concentration and AUC/MIC in each group was evaluated, as well as the consistency in patients under the 2 different grouping methods. The patients who met the AUC/MIC standard were divided into not meeting standard group, meeting standard group, and exceeding standard group based on steady-state blood trough concentration. The anti-infection efficacy and incidence of vancomycin-associated acute kidney injury (VA-AKI) were evaluated between the different groups to assess clinical effectiveness and safety.Results:A total of 153 patients were included in the study. Among them, 98 (64.1%) patients were male, with age of 61.0 (53.0, 73.0) years, body mass index of 23.9 (21.5, 27.0) kg/m 2, creatinine clearance rate of 107.2 (84.1, 147.0) ml/min, and acute physiology and chronic health evaluationⅡscore of 9.0 (6.0, 14.0) points. Among the 153 patients, the AUC/MIC and steady-state blood trough concentration did not meet standards in 86 cases, met the standards in 17 cases, and exceeded the upper limit of the standards in 14 cases; the results were consistent in 117 cases for both methods, and the consistency rate was 76.5%; the results were inconsistent in 36 patients (23.5%). Among the 36 patients, the steady-state blood trough concentration did not meet the standard in 34 cases [with initial steady-state blood trough concentration of 13.9 (12.8, 14.4) mg/L], while the AUC/MIC met the standard [437 (420, 471)]. AUC/MIC met the standard in 51 patients (33.3%), of which 34 had the steady-state blood trough concentration of less than 15.0 mg/L, and 17 had the concentration of 15.0-20.0 mg/L; the efficacy of anti-infection was 88.2% and 13/17, respectively, the incidence of VA-AKI was 2.9% and 1/17, respectively; the difference was not significant (all P>0.05). No patients had the steady-state blood trough concentration over than 20.0 mg/L. Conclusions:The consistence between steady-state trough concentration of vancomycin and AUC/MIC is 76.5%, which is acceptable. For those who meet the AUC/MIC standard for vancomycin, even if the steady-state blood trough concentration is less than 15.0 mg/L, as long as the AUC/MIC meets the standard, the efficacy and safety can be guaranteed.

Objective In this paper,the ethnic patent medicines(EPMs)in the Chinese Pharmacopeia,National Basic Medical Insurance,Employment Injury Insurance and Maternity Insurance Medicine List,and National Essential Medicine List(re-ferred to as"one pharmacopeia and two lists")were counted and analyzed.Methods The EPMs in"one pharmacopeia and two lists"were summarized,and the information of manufacturers,medicinal materials used in EPMs,and their current quality standards were collated,and their indicative function,adverse reactions,contraindications,and precautions were analyzed.The modern research level of the above EPMs was analyzed by searching relevant literature on CNKI and PubMed.Results A total of 142 EPMs in"one pharmacopeia and two lists"were included,and 68 of the EPMs had exclusive manufacturers and 98.75％of the medicinal materials had provincial-level or higher quality standards.There were issues such as the expression of indicative function in the instruction being mixed between medical terms,91.55％ of the EPMs lacking sufficient information on adverse re-actions,contraindications,and precautions,and modern basic research was weak.Conclusions In the development of EPMs,it is important to improve information on adverse reactions,contraindications,and precautions in the instructions.In expressing indic-ative function,it is necessary to avoid mixing medical terms,which is more conducive to the clinical promotion of EPMs.