ObjectiveTo observe the changes in the levels of different subtypes of epidermal growth factor receptor （ErbB）， namely ErbB1， ErbB2， ErbB3， and ErbB4， in the spinal dorsal horn of inflammatory pain model rats， and to explore their mechanism of mediating hyperalgesia as well as the intervention mechanism of electroacupuncture at "Zusanli （ST 36）" and "Kunlun （BL 60）". MethodsThe study was divided into five parts. In experiment 1， 14 Sprague Dawley （SD） rats were randomly divided into control and inflammatory pain group （7 rats each group） to observe the pain behavior and the protein expression of different ErbB receptor subtypes in the spinal dorsal horn. In experiment 2， 30 rats were randomly divided into control group 1， inflammatory pain group 1， and low-， medium-， and high-concentration TX1-85-1 groups， with 6 rats in each group， to observe the effect of inhibiting spinal ErbB3 on inflammatory pain. In experiment 3， 12 rats were randomly divided into control virus group and ErbB3 knockdown virus group， with 6 rats in each group， to observe the effect of knocking down ErbB3 in the spinal dorsal horn on inflammatory pain. In experiment 4， 44 rats were randomly divided into control group 2， inflammatory pain group 2， electroacupuncture group， and sham electroacupuncture group， with 11 rats in each group， to observe the effect of electroacupuncture. In experiment 5， 40 rats were randomly divided into control group 3， inflammatory pain group 3， electroacupuncture group 1， and electroacupuncture + NRG1 group， with 10 rats in each group， to observe the effect of activating ErbB3 on electroacupuncture. A rat model of inflammatory pain was established by subcutaneous injection of 100 μl of complete Freund's adjuvant into the sole of the unilateral hind foot of SD rats. Rats in the low-， medium-， and high-concentration TX1-85-1 groups were intrathecally injected with ErbB3 inhibitor TX1-85-1 on day 5 to day 7 after modeling. Rats in the ErbB3 knockdown virus group were injected with ErbB3 knockdown virus packaged with adenovirus vector-based short hairpin RNA （shRNA） into the spinal dorsal horn in situ 3 weeks before modeling. Rats in each electroacupuncture group received electroacupuncture at bilateral "Zusanli （ST 36）" and "Kunlun （BL 60）" from day 1 to day 7 after modeling， with dense-sparse waves at a frequency of 2 Hz/100 Hz and a current of 0.5-1.5 mA for 30 minutes once a day. Rats in the electroacupuncture + NRG1 group were intrathecally injected with ErbB3 ligand recombinant human neuregulin-1 （NRG1） after electroacupuncture intervention from day 5 to day 7 after modeling. The mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency of rats were measured on day 1， 3， 5， and 7 after modeling to evaluate behavior， and Western Blot was used to detect the protein and phosphorylation levels of each ErbB subtype in the spinal dorsal horn. ResultsCompared with the control group， rats in the inflammatory pain group showed decreased mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency of rats， and increased expression of phosphorylated ErbB3 （p-ErbB3） protein in the spinal dorsal horn on days 1， 3， 5， and 7 after modeling （P＜0.01）. On day 5 and day 7 after modeling， compared with the inflammatory pain group 1， the mecha-nical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency of rats in the medium- and high-concentration TX1-85-1 groups increased， and the expression of p-ErbB3 protein decreased （P＜0.05）. On day 1， 3， 5， and 7 after modeling， compared with the control virus group， the mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency of rats in the ErbB3 knockdown virus group increased （P＜0.05）. On day 5 and day 7 after modeling， compared with the inflammatory pain group 2 and the sham electroacupuncture group， the mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency of rats in the electroacupuncture group increased， and the expression of p-ErbB3 protein decreased （P＜0.05）. On day 5 and day 7 after modeling， compared with the electroacupuncture + NRG1 group， the mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency of rats in the electroacupuncture group 1 increased （P＜0.05）. ConclusionThe p-ErbB3 in the spinal dorsal horn involved in hyperalgesia in rats with inflammatory pain， and electroacupuncture at "Zusanli （ST 36）" and "Kunlun （BL 60）" can alleviate inflammatory pain by inhibiting the expression of p-ErbB3 protein in the spinal dorsal horn of rats.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of pharmaceutical services guided by root cause analysis （RCA） in a problem-oriented manner combined with knowledge-attitude-practice （KAP） theory on reducing the incidence of protocol violations of investigational medicinal products in pediatric clinical trials. METHODS A total of 617 participants from 69 drug clinical trial projects conducted in our hospital from January 2016 to December 2020 were selected as the control group， and 868 participants from 72 drug clinical trial projects from January 2022 to December 2025 as the observation group. RCA was performed on the protocol violations of investigational medicinal product in the control group to identify the types and underlying causes. The control group received routine pharmaceutical services for drug clinical trials， while the observation group was provided with precision pharmaceutical services from the three dimensions of knowledge， attitude and practice on the basis of routine pharmaceutical services， according to the root causes identified by RCA. The occurrence of investigational medicinal products protocol violations was compared between the two groups. RESULTS The total incidence of protocol violations of investigational medicinal products， as well as the incidences of minor and major protocol violations， were all significantly lower in the observation group than in the control group （ P ＜0.001）. The main types of protocol violations in both groups included missed/under-/over-dosing of medications， non-adherence to administration time， failure to adjust dosage as required， and combined medication/vaccination in violation of the protocol. Regarding the responsible subjects of protocol violations， the incidences of protocol violations attributed to participants and their guardians as well as investigators and accidental factors were significantly lower in the observation group than in the control group （ P ＜0.001， P ＜0.001， P ＝0.025）. However， there were no statistically significant differences in the incidences of protocol violations caused by sponsor-related reasons between the two groups （ P ＞0.05）. CONCLUSIONS Pharmaceutical services led by pharmacists， based on problem-oriented RCA and combined with KAP theory， can effectively reduce the protocol violations of investigational medicinal products rate in pediatric clinical trials， thereby safeguarding the safety and rights of study participants.

Objective: This prospective study evaluated the feasibility of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI for assessing disease activity in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). Materials and Methods: A total of 88 patients with active TAO, 76 with inactive TAO, and 30 healthy controls were enrolled. CEST MRI-derived magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) and MTR asymmetry (MTRasym) at 1 ppm, 2 ppm, and 3.5 ppm were calculated. Clinical data, MTR, and MTRasym values for the extraocular muscles (one representative muscle per eye, yielding two measurements per participant) were compared among the groups. Spearman’s correlation was used to examine associations between imaging parameters and the clinical activity score (CAS) in patients with TAO. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent associations between imaging parameters and disease activity in patients with TAO (active vs. inactive). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic performance for discriminating active from inactive TAO. Results: Patients with active TAO showed lower MTR values (P < 0.001) and higher MTRasym (1 ppm), MTRasym (2 ppm), and MTRasym (3.5 ppm) (all P < 0.001) compared with those with inactive TAO. MTR was negatively correlated with CAS (r = -0.402; P < 0.001), while MTRasym (1 ppm), MTRasym (2 ppm), and MTRasym (3.5 ppm) were positively correlated with CAS (r = 0.369, 0.350, and 0.349, respectively;all P < 0.001). MTR and MTRasym (1 ppm) were independently associated with TAO activity. The areas under the ROC curve (AUCs) for MTR and MTRasym (1 ppm) in discriminating active from inactive TAO were 0.772 and 0.730, respectively. Combining MTR with MTRasym (1 ppm) significantly improved diagnostic performance compared with either parameter alone, achieving an AUC of 0.805 (P = 0.029 and 0.001). Conclusion MTR and MTRasym (1 ppm) were independently associated with TAO activity. Their combination further enhanced diagnostic performance in distinguishing active from inactive TAO, suggesting their potential as quantitative imaging biomarkers to guide treatment in patients with TAO.

Objective: To examine the prevalence of e-cigarette use and associated factors among primary and secondary school students in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, and to explore the pathways linking harm perception of e-cigarettes, interpersonal social influence, and attitudes toward e-cigarette use with experimentation behavior, in order to provide scientific basis for further optimizing the prevention and control strategies of e-cigarette among adolescents. Methods: From September to October 2025, a multi stage cluster random sampling method was used to select 5 144 primary and secondary school students aged 8-19 years from 47 primary and secondary schools in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, to conduct an anonymous questionnaire survey. The questionnaire collected information on e-cigarette use, harm perception of e-cigarette, interpersonal social influence, and attitudes toward e-cigarette use. The Chi-square test was applied to analyze the differences in cigarette and e-cigarette use behavior among primary and secondary school students with different demographic characteristics. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was constructed using Mplus 8.3 software, and the bootstrap method was utilized to test the mediating effects. Results: The reported rates of cigarette experimentation, e-cigarette experimentation, and current e-cigarette use among primary and secondary school students were 1.85%, 2.10%, and 0.70%, respectively. Higher reporting rates of e-cigarette experimentation were observed among boys (2.82%), secondary school students aged 16-19 (3.39%), senior high school students (3.05%), and those with weekly pocket money >100 yuan ( 6.11% ) ( χ 2=11.67, 8.61, 8.00, 54.18, all P <0.05). Structural pathway analysis results demonstrated that e-cigarette harm perception positively predicted interpersonal social influence ( β =0.61) and e-cigarette use attitude ( β = 0.53 ), and interpersonal social influence ( β =0.65) and e-cigarette use attitude ( β =0.25) further promoted e-cigarette experimentation behavior among primary and secondary school students (all P <0.01), with interpersonal social influence playing a major mediating role (indirect effect=0.40). Conclusions E-cigarette experimentation behavior among primary and secondary school students in Pudong New Area is jointly influenced by multiple psychosocial factors. Intervention strategies should strengthen interpersonal social factors such as family and peers on the basis of health education, thereby constructing a comprehensive prevention and control strategy for e-cigarette use among primary and secondary school students.

The Chinese Pharmacopoeia is the legal technical standard which should be followed during the research, production, use, and administration of drugs. At present, the new edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia is planned to be promulgated and implemented. This article summarizes and analyzes the main characteristics and the content of updates and amendments of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition(Volume Ⅰ), to provide a reference for the correct understanding and accurate implementation the new edition of the pharmacopoeia.

Recent studies have indicated that the expression of ubiquitin-specific protease 51 (USP51), a novel deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) that mediates protein degradation as part of the ubiquitin‒proteasome system (UPS), is associated with tumor progression and therapeutic resistance in multiple malignancies. However, the underlying mechanisms and signaling networks involved in USP51-mediated regulation of malignant phenotypes remain largely unknown. The present study provides evidence of USP51's functions as the prominent DUB in chemoresistant triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. At the molecular level, ectopic expression of USP51 stabilized the 78 kDa Glucose-Regulated Protein (GRP78) protein through deubiquitination, thereby increasing its expression and localization on the cell surface. Furthermore, the upregulation of cell surface GRP78 increased the activity of ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1), the main efflux pump of doxorubicin (DOX), ultimately decreasing its accumulation in TNBC cells and promoting the development of drug resistance both in vitro and in vivo. Clinically, we found significant correlations among USP51, GRP78, and ABCB1 expression in TNBC patients with chemoresistance. Elevated USP51, GRP78, and ABCB1 levels were also strongly associated with a poor patient prognosis. Importantly, we revealed an alternative intervention for specific pharmacological targeting of USP51 for TNBC cell chemosensitization. In conclusion, these findings collectively indicate that the USP51/GRP78/ABCB1 network is a key contributor to the malignant progression and chemotherapeutic resistance of TNBC cells, underscoring the pivotal role of USP51 as a novel therapeutic target for cancer management.

The biological activity of chitinase in degrading chitin has garnered extensive attention,particularly for its potential applications in biological control.This study utilized four spore-form-ing Bacillus strains isolated from Dermacentor nuttalli ticks collected in the Hulunbuir region.Traditional bacterial culture methods were employed for isolation and identification,followed by 16S rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the purified cultures.chitin-hydrolyzing strains were screened using colloidal chitin plates,and specific chitinase genes were detected via PCR.Fer-mentation was conducted at 37.0 ℃ for 4 d,and the supernatants were subjected to enzyme activity analysis using the DNS method.Four Gram-positive Bacillus strains were successfully isolated from tick tissue samples,they were identified as B.proteolyticus,B.paramycoides,B.thuringien-sis,and B.cereus,and renamed IMH/B-1,IMH/P-1,IMH/T-1,and IMH/C-1,respectively.PCR a-nalysis detected chitinase genes in B.proteolyticus and B.thuringiensis,while B.cereus and B.pa-ramycoides lacked these genes.However,three strains B.proteolyticus,B.thuringiensis,and B.ce-reus demonstrated significant(P＜0.01)chitin degradation activity on colloidal chitin.Enzyme ac-tivity assays revealed that chitinase activity ranged from 1.292 to 2.032 U/mL,with B.proteolytic-us exhibiting the highest activity 2.032 U/mL,followed by B.cereus 1.496 U/mL and B.thuring-iensis 1.324 U/mL.This study provides a foundation for further research and application of chiti-nase-producing Bacillus strains.

Objective:To evaluate the role of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) in the spinal membrane in electroacupuncture (EA)-induced alleviation of morphine-triggered opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) and the relationship with phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2) in rats.Methods:Forty-eight clean-grade healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 2-3 months, weighing 240-260 g, in which intrathecal catheters were successfully implanted, were divided into 4 groups ( n=12 each) using a random number table method: normal saline group (NS group), morphine group (M group), morphine+ EA group (ME group), and morphine+ EA+ CB1 antagonist group (MEA group). The OIH model was established by intrathecal injection of morphine 15 μg (10 μl) twice a day for 7 consecutive days. The equal volume of normal saline 10 μl was given instead in NS group. EA of the " Yanglingquan" (GB34) and " Zusanli" (ST36) acupoints lasting 30 min was performed after the first administration of medication each day, with a current intensity of 2 mA and frequency of 2 Hz in ME group. In MEA group, morphine (15 μg) and CB1 antagonist AM251 30 μg (10 μl) were intrathecally injected twice a day for 7 consecutive days, with other treatments similar to those previously described in ME group. The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal paw withdrawal latency (TWL) were measured at 1 day before administration (T 0) and on days 1, 3, 5 and 7 after administration (T 1-4). Rats were deeply anesthetized and sacrificed at T 3, 4 after administration, and the L 4-6 spinal cord tissues were collected for determination of the expression of membrane CB1, ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2 by Western blot. Results:Compared with NS group, the MWT was significantly decreased and the TWL was shortened at T 3, 4 in M, ME and MEA groups, the expression of spinal membrane CB1 and p-ERK1/2 was significantly up-regulated at T 4 after administration in M group, and the expression of spinal membrane CB1 was significantly up-regulated at T 3, 4 after administration in ME and MEA groups ( P<0.05). Compared with M group, the MWT was significantly increased and the TWL was prolonged at T 3, 4, and the expression of p-ERK1/2 was down-regulated at T 4 after administration in ME group ( P<0.05), no significant change was found in MWT or TWL at T 3, 4 in MEA group ( P>0.05), and the expression of spinal membrane CB1 was significantly up-regulated at T 3, 4 after administration in ME and MEA groups ( P<0.05). Compared with ME group, the MWT was significantly decreased and the TWL was shortened at T 3, 4, and the expression of spinal membrane CB1 and p-ERK1/2 was up-regulated at T 4 after administration in MEA group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Up-regulation of spinal membrane CB1 expression is involved in EA-mediated alleviation of morphine-induced OIH, which is associated with the inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation in rats.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has historically played a pivotal role in the prevention and treatment of warm diseases, establishing a comprehensive theoretical framework that underpins its practices. The distinctive and indispensable contributions of aromatic Chinese herbs in dispelling harmful influences and mitigating the spread of these diseases are well recognized; however, further investigation is warranted to elucidate their systematic properties and regularities, and the theory of aromatic Chinese herbs in preventing and treating warm diseases still needs to be comprehensively summarized. This study employs the principles rooted in TCM, with particular emphasis on the framework for warm diseases. An analysis of the disease mechanisms, transmission dynamics, and preventive strategies is conducted during the early stage of infection, throughout the course of the disease, and in the post-illness phase. Furthermore, the characteristics and applications of aromatic Chinese herbs are integrated with insights drawn from modern pharmacological research to explore their specific roles in the prevention and management of warm diseases. The utilization of aromatic Chinese herbs manifests in a variety of therapeutic effects: aromatic medicinals purging filth and dispelling pathogens for preventing epidemic disease, aromatic medicinals regulation for relieving superficies syndrome and dispersing evils, aromatic medicinals ventilation the lung to relieve cough and asthma, aromatic medicinals resolving the dampness to awaken the spleen and stomach, aromatic medicinals opening the orifices to restore consciousness, aromatic and pungent medicinals to regulate qi, aromatic medicinals dredging the vessels to activate blood circulation and dissipate blood stasis, and aromatic medicinals clearing latent heat from the yin level. These properties facilitate tailored approaches to address the diverse manifestations of warm diseases and their associated symptoms, providing clear guidance for clinical application to achieve pre-disease prevention, active disease treatment, complication prevention, and post-recovery relapse avoidance. The use of aromatic Chinese herbs in preventing and treating warm diseases demonstrates theoretical, practical, systematic, and regular characteristics. The theory of the properties of aromatic Chinese herbs has been expanded and sublimated in clinical practice, and its scientific connotation has been expounded in modern research. Under the guidance of the theory of treatment based on syndrome differentiation, and by taking into account the distinct stages and pathologies of warm diseases, the rational selection of aromatic Chinese herbs can improve the clinical efficacy.

Objective To investigate the value of ultrasound for differentiating pancreatoblastoma(PB)and solid pseudopapillary tumor of pancreas(SPT)in children.Methods Data of 7 children with PB(PB group)and 22 with SPT(SPT group)were retrospectively analyzed.The clinical data and lesion's ultrasonic manifestations were compared between groups.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves of clinical and ultrasound related parameters being significantly different between groups showed by univariate analysis were draw,and the area under the curve(AUC)were calculated to evaluate their efficacy for differentiating PB and SPT.Ultrasound parameters with P＜0.05 in univariate analysis were incorporated into binary logistic analysis,and a ultrasound regression model was constructed to distinguish PB and SPT,and its diagnostic efficacy was evaluated.Results Significant differences of children'age,gender,serum alpha fetoprotein level,and the shape,maximum diameter,texture,calcification and local invasion of lesions were found between groups(all P＜0.05).AUC of single serum alpha fetoprotein level,the shape,maximum diameter,texture,calcification and local invasion of lesion for differentiating PB and SPT was 1.000,0.766,0.854,0.776,0.789 and 0.714,respectively(all P＜0.05).The shape(OR=8.704,P=0.075)and maximum diameter of lesions(OR=1.695,P=0.042)showed with ultrasound were both important differentiating factors for PB and SPT,and AUC of the ultrasound regression model constructed based on them was 0.886.Conclusion Ultrasound could effectively differentiate PB and SPT in children.