ObjectiveTo identify the pathogen species responsible for the wilt disease of Tetradium ruticarpum in Chongqing， investigate there biological characteristics， and screen effective fungicides， so as to provide a theoretical basis for disease control in production. MethodsThe pathogen was isolated via the tissue culture method. Pathogenicity was verified according to Koch's postulates. The pathogen was identified based on morphological characteristics and multi-gene phylogenetic analysis. The mycelial growth rate method was used for biological characterization of the pathogen and fungicide screening. ResultsThe pathogen colonies were nearly circular with irregular edges， white， short， velvety aerial hyphae， and pale purple undersides. Macroconidia were colorless， sickle-shaped， with 3-5 septa， while microconidia were transparent， elliptical， aseptate or with 1-2 septa. Multi-gene phylogenetic analysis showed that the pathogen clustered in the same clade as Fusarium fujikuroi with 100% support， which， combined with morphological characteristics， identified the pathogen causing wilt of T. ruticarpum in Chongqing as F. fujikuroi. The optimal conditions for the mycelial growth of F. fujikuroi were mung bean agar （MBA） with glucose as the carbon source， beef extract and yeast powder as nitrogen sources， 28 ℃， pH 7.0， and alternating light/dark conditions. The optimal conditions for sporulation were potato dextrose agar （PDA） with glucose as the carbon source， beef extract as the nitrogen source， 28 ℃， pH 7.0， and complete darkness. Among chemical fungicides， phenazine-1-carboxylic acid exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on F. fujikuroi. Shenqinmycin and tetramycin were the most effective bio-fungicides. ConclusionThis study is the first to report F. fujikuroi as the causal agent of wilt disease in T. rutaecarpa. The chemical fungicide phenazine-1-carboxylic acid and the bio-fungicides shenqinmycin and tetramycin showed strong inhibitory effects against F. fujikuroi.

ObjectiveTo address the challenges of unstructured classical Chinese expressions， nested entity relationships， and limited annotated data in famous traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） case records， this study proposes a joint relation extraction framework that integrates data augmentation and entity mapping， aiming to support the construction of TCM diagnostic knowledge graphs and clinical pattern mining. MethodsWe developed an annotation structure for entities and their relationships in TCM case texts and applied a data augmentation strategy by incorporating multiple ancient texts to expand the relation extraction dataset. A cascade binary tagging framework for relation triple extraction（CasRel） model for TCM semantics was designed， integrating a pre-trained bidirectional encoder representations from transformers（BERT） layer for classical TCM texts to enhance semantic representation， and using a head entity-relation-tail entity mapping mechanism to address entity nesting and relation overlapping issues. ResultsExperimental results showed that the CasRel model， combining data augmentation and entity mapping， outperformed the pipeline-based Bert-Radical-Lexicon（BRL）-bidirectional long short-term memory（BiLSTM）-Attention model. The overall precision， recall， and F₁-score across 12 relation types reached 65.73%， 64.03%， and 64.87%， which represent improvements of 14.26%， 7.98%， and 11.21% compared to the BRL-BiLSTM-Attention model， respectively. Notably， the F₁-score for tongue syndrome relations increased by 22.68%（69.32%）， and the prescription-syndrome relations performed the best with the F₁-score of 70.10%. ConclusionThe proposed framework significantly improves the semantic representation and complex dependencies in TCM texts， offering a reusable technical framework for structured mining of TCM case records. The constructed knowledge graph can support clinical syndrome differentiation， prescription optimization， and drug compatibility， providing a methodological reference for TCM artificial intelligence research.

The inflammatory microenvironment is closely associated with the initiation and progression of osteoarthritis （OA）， specifically manifesting as macrophage activation， dysregulation of inflammatory cytokines， and redox imbalance. Following an overview of the pathological characteristics of the OA inflammatory microenvironment， this paper reviews the research progress on the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） intervening in OA by modulating the inflammatory microenvironment. It has been found that TCM monomers/active ingredients （such as total alkaloids from Strychnos nux-vomica ， quercetin， triptolide， etc.）， herb pairs （e.g. Angelica pubescens - Gentiana macrophylla ， Carthami Flos-Lycopodii Herba）， and TCM formulas （such as Zhuanggu jianxi formula， Duhuo jisheng decoction and Rongjin niantong formula， etc.） can inhibit macrophage activation， reduce the release of proinflammatory cytokines and the generation of reactive oxygen species by inhibiting multiple signaling pathways， including nuclear factor-κB， Wnt/ β -catenin， and mitogen-activated protein kinase， thereby alleviating the articular inflammatory microenvironment， restoring local joint homeostasis， and slowing the progression of OA.

OBJECTIVE:It has been confirmed that neuromodulation technology can improve the clinical symptoms of patients with Parkinson's disease,and there are differences in the efficacy of different neuromodulation stimulation methods.Herein,a network meta-analysis was used to evaluate the efficacy of different neuromodulation stimulation modalities in improving non-motor symptoms such as sleep disorders and depression and anxiety in patients with Parkinson's disease,thereby exploring the optimal neuromodulation stimulation regimen.METHODS:The Chinese Biomedical Literature Database,WanFang Database,VIP Database,CNKI Database,Web of Science,PubMed,The Cochrane Library,and EMbase databases were searched for randomized controlled trials on neuromodulation techniques to improve sleep disorders,depression and anxiety in patients with Parkinson's disease.The control group was treated with conventional treatments(drugs,conventional rehabilitation therapy,etc.)or sham stimulation,and the experimental group was supplemented with neuromodulation technology on the basis of the control group.The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the PEDro scale and the deviation risk assessment tool recommended by the Cochrane Collaboration.RevMan 5.4 and Stata 17.0 were used for network meta-analysis of the four outcomes(sleep disorders,anxiety symptoms,depressive symptoms,and quality of life).RESULTS:(1)Twenty-nine randomized controlled trials involving six neuromodulation stimulation modalities were included.These modalities were transcranial direct current stimulation,high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus,deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus,multi-target deep brain stimulation.(2)The results of network meta-analysis showed that compared with conventional treatment,transcranial direct current stimulation[standardized mean difference(SMD)=-2.57,95％confidence interval(CI)=-4.52 to-0.63,P＜0.05)had the best effect in improving sleep disorders in patients with Parkinson's disease.In terms of improving depressive symptoms,deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus(SMD=-1.00,95％CI=-1.87 to-0.14,P＜0.05)had the best effect,followed by low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(SMD=-0.91,95％CI=-1.60 to-0.23,P＜0.05),deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus(SMD=-0.82,95％CI=-1.56 to-0.08,P＜0.05),and high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(SMD=-0.75,95％CI=-0.97 to-0.53,P＜0.05).In terms of improving anxiety symptoms,high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(SMD=-0.86,95％CI=-1.54 to-0.18,P＜0.05)had the best effect.In terms of improving the quality of life,deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus(SMD=-0.79,95％CI=-1.55 to-0.04,P＜0.05)had the best efficacy,followed by high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(SMD=-0.63,95％CI=-0.90 to-0.36,P＜0.05)and transcranial direct current stimulation(SMD=-0.50,95％CI=-0.80 to-0.19,P＜0.05).CONCLUSION:Neuromodulation technology has significant efficacy in improving non-motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease.Transcranial direct current stimulation has the best efficacy in improving sleep disorders,deep electrical stimulation of the medial cerebral part of the globus pallidus has the best efficacy in improving depressive symptoms,high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has the best efficacy in improving anxiety symptoms,and deep electrical stimulation of the globus pallidus has the best efficacy in improving quality of life.

OBJECTIVE:It has been confirmed that neuromodulation technology can improve the clinical symptoms of patients with Parkinson's disease,and there are differences in the efficacy of different neuromodulation stimulation methods.Herein,a network meta-analysis was used to evaluate the efficacy of different neuromodulation stimulation modalities in improving non-motor symptoms such as sleep disorders and depression and anxiety in patients with Parkinson's disease,thereby exploring the optimal neuromodulation stimulation regimen.METHODS:The Chinese Biomedical Literature Database,WanFang Database,VIP Database,CNKI Database,Web of Science,PubMed,The Cochrane Library,and EMbase databases were searched for randomized controlled trials on neuromodulation techniques to improve sleep disorders,depression and anxiety in patients with Parkinson's disease.The control group was treated with conventional treatments(drugs,conventional rehabilitation therapy,etc.)or sham stimulation,and the experimental group was supplemented with neuromodulation technology on the basis of the control group.The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the PEDro scale and the deviation risk assessment tool recommended by the Cochrane Collaboration.RevMan 5.4 and Stata 17.0 were used for network meta-analysis of the four outcomes(sleep disorders,anxiety symptoms,depressive symptoms,and quality of life).RESULTS:(1)Twenty-nine randomized controlled trials involving six neuromodulation stimulation modalities were included.These modalities were transcranial direct current stimulation,high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus,deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus,multi-target deep brain stimulation.(2)The results of network meta-analysis showed that compared with conventional treatment,transcranial direct current stimulation[standardized mean difference(SMD)=-2.57,95％confidence interval(CI)=-4.52 to-0.63,P＜0.05)had the best effect in improving sleep disorders in patients with Parkinson's disease.In terms of improving depressive symptoms,deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus(SMD=-1.00,95％CI=-1.87 to-0.14,P＜0.05)had the best effect,followed by low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(SMD=-0.91,95％CI=-1.60 to-0.23,P＜0.05),deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus(SMD=-0.82,95％CI=-1.56 to-0.08,P＜0.05),and high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(SMD=-0.75,95％CI=-0.97 to-0.53,P＜0.05).In terms of improving anxiety symptoms,high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(SMD=-0.86,95％CI=-1.54 to-0.18,P＜0.05)had the best effect.In terms of improving the quality of life,deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus(SMD=-0.79,95％CI=-1.55 to-0.04,P＜0.05)had the best efficacy,followed by high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(SMD=-0.63,95％CI=-0.90 to-0.36,P＜0.05)and transcranial direct current stimulation(SMD=-0.50,95％CI=-0.80 to-0.19,P＜0.05).CONCLUSION:Neuromodulation technology has significant efficacy in improving non-motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease.Transcranial direct current stimulation has the best efficacy in improving sleep disorders,deep electrical stimulation of the medial cerebral part of the globus pallidus has the best efficacy in improving depressive symptoms,high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has the best efficacy in improving anxiety symptoms,and deep electrical stimulation of the globus pallidus has the best efficacy in improving quality of life.

This paper summarizes Professor WANG Yaoxian's experience in treating diabetic kidney disease （DKD） from the perspective of spleen and stomach based on the "internal heat leading to concretions" theory. It is considered that internal heat leading to concretions constitutes the core pathogenesis of DKD， with the spleen and stomach serving as the source of internal heat； therefore， treatment should be based on regulating the spleen and stomach. In the early stage of DKD， dysfunction of the spleen and stomach leads to the initial generation of internal heat. Common syndrome patterns include gastrointestinal heat accumulation and constrained heat in the liver and stomach， for which modified Gegen Qinlian Decoction （葛根芩连汤） can be used to clear heat bind while modified Dachaihu Decoction （大柴胡汤） is used to clear stomach and soothe liver， respectively. In the middle stage of DKD， weakness of the spleen and stomach results in the initial formation of concretions and conglomerations. Common patterns include spleen deficiency with prevalence of dampness and deficiency of both the spleen and kidney. Treatment emphasizes strengthening the spleen and resolving dampness， raising yang and boosting the stomach with modified Shengyang Yiwei Decoction （升阳益胃汤）， or supplementing spleen and boosting kidney， dissipating bind and dispe-ring concretions with modified Shenqi Dihuang Decoction （参芪地黄汤）， respectively. In the late stage of DKD， it is characterized by spleen and stomach depletion， and rampant accumulation of turbidity and toxin， and the common syndrome patterns are damp-turbidity obstruction in the middle jiao （焦） and spleen-kidney yang deficiency. Treatment aims to remove turbidity and harmonize the stomach， or to warm the kidney and strengthen the spleen while elimina-ting turbidity， using modified Dahuang Gancao Decoction（大黄甘草汤） and Jupi Zhuru Decoction （橘皮竹茹汤） or modified Baoyuan Decoction （保元汤） and Lizhong Decoction （理中汤）， respectively. In clinical practice， appropriate formulas and medications are flexibly selected according to specific syndromes.

This paper proposes a five-in-one diagnosis and treatment model of "disease-mechanism-syndrome-symptom-method" based on treatment guided by mechanism differentiation. The model consists of five component including disease identification， mechanism differentiation， syndrome differentiation， symptom differentiation， and the formulation of therapeutic strategies. Disease identification refers to the diagnosis of diseases in both traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and western medicine， aiming to clarify disease progression rules. Mechanism differentiation focuses on grasping the essential characteristics of the disease. Syndrome differentiation emphasizes the stage-specific features of disease evolution. Symptom differentiation highlights the patient's most urgent complaints and suffering. Finally， a comprehensive therapeutic strategy is developed， including internal medication， external applications， and non-pharmacological therapies. The five components of "disease-mechanism-syndrome-symptom-method" are organized in a sequential and progressive manner， forming an integrated whole that spans the entire diagnostic and therapeutic process.Disease identification represents the starting point， while mechanism differentiation serves as the core， and therapeutic formulation is the endpoint of the model， with the aim of achieving more precise treatment and improving clinical efficacy.

This paper proposes a five-in-one diagnosis and treatment model of "disease-mechanism-syndrome-symptom-method" based on treatment guided by mechanism differentiation. The model consists of five component including disease identification， mechanism differentiation， syndrome differentiation， symptom differentiation， and the formulation of therapeutic strategies. Disease identification refers to the diagnosis of diseases in both traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and western medicine， aiming to clarify disease progression rules. Mechanism differentiation focuses on grasping the essential characteristics of the disease. Syndrome differentiation emphasizes the stage-specific features of disease evolution. Symptom differentiation highlights the patient's most urgent complaints and suffering. Finally， a comprehensive therapeutic strategy is developed， including internal medication， external applications， and non-pharmacological therapies. The five components of "disease-mechanism-syndrome-symptom-method" are organized in a sequential and progressive manner， forming an integrated whole that spans the entire diagnostic and therapeutic process.Disease identification represents the starting point， while mechanism differentiation serves as the core， and therapeutic formulation is the endpoint of the model， with the aim of achieving more precise treatment and improving clinical efficacy.

This paper summarizes Professor LI Diangui's experience in treating vitiligo from the perspective of turbid toxins latent in the collaterals. Based on the theory of turbid-toxin， professor LI proposes that turbid toxins latent in the collaterals and qi-blood disharmony constitute the core pathogenesis of the onset and progression of the disease， and that resolving turbidity and removing toxins while harmonizing qi and blood should serve as the fundamental therapeutic principles. In clinical practice， treatment is tailored according to the evolution of the pathogenesis and syndrome differentiation. When stagnation of qi movement leads to the endogenous accumulation of turbid pathogens， treatment focuses on relieving constraint， dispersing turbidity， soothing the liver， and regulating qi， with a modified self-formulated Kaiyu Sanzhuo Decoction （开郁散浊汤）. When turbid pathogens overflow to the superficial tissues and obstruct the cutaneous collaterals， treatment aims to resolve blood stasis， disperse turbidity， regulate qi， and unblock the collaterals， using a modified self-formulated Tongluo Huazhuo Decoction （通络化浊汤）. When deficiency of healthy qi allows toxins to remain latent and the disease becomes prolonged， treatment emphasizes reinforcing healthy qi， eliminating turbidity， tonifying qi， and nourishing blood， with a modified self-formulated Fuzheng Quzhuo Decoction （扶正祛浊汤）.

OBJECTIVE To quantitatively evaluate the policies for the commercialization of traditional Chinese medicine preparations in medical institutions into new drugs， and to provide a reference for improving and optimizing China’s policy system for the commercialization of such preparations into new drugs.METHODS Relevant policy documents were retrieved from the PKULaw database and official websites of relevant departments. After collection and screening， the policy texts were text-mined with ROST-CM 6.0 software. A policy modeling consistency （PMC） evaluation index system was constructed by combining the analysis of policy instruments with relevant literature. The PMC indices were calculated through binary assignment， and the evaluation grades were classified. MATLAB R2024a software was used to draw PMC surface maps， so as to reveal the structural characteristics and weak links of the policy system and put forward optimization suggestions. RESULTS &CONCLUSIONS A total of 44 policies related to the commercialization of traditional Chinese medicine preparations in medical institutions into new drugs were included， and a PMC index model containing 10 first-level variables and 44 second-level variables was constructed. The mean PMC index of the 44 policies was 6.07， and the overall evaluation grade was acceptable. Among the first-level variables， “policy nature”“policy approach”“policy evaluation” scored relatively high， whereas “policy instruments”“policy targets” scored relatively low. These findings were mainly reflected in insufficient support measures for funding， professionals and intellectual property rights transformation， limited coverage of policy targets， and relatively inadequate systematic support for commercialization. It is recommended that relevant departments strengthen financial， talent and intellectual property support， enhance local adaptability， expand the coverage of target entities， and formulate special support policies， so as to promote the commercialization of more traditional Chinese medicine preparations with high clinical value and distinctive advantages into new drugs.