OBJECTIVE To offer references and implementation paths for updating and enhancing the China’s current essential medicines list system， formulating a specific list of essential medicines for children in China， promoting the research and development of pediatric medications， and improving the accessibility and safety of pediatric medications for children. METHODS Comparative and descriptive analysis was utilized to statistically analyze the classification， dosage forms， specifications， disease spectrum， and symbolic annotations of the 9th edition of the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children （WHO EMLc）. Differences were compared among WHO EMLc， the 2018 National Essential Medicines List （NEML）， and five batches of the List of Encouraged R&D and Declaration of Pediatric Drugs issued by the National Health Commission from 2016 to 2024. The availability of drugs in the 9th edition of WHO EMLc in China was discussed. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS The differences between the two lists were relatively substantial. A total of 101 drugs overlapped， accounting for 27.98% of the total number of drugs in the 9th edition of the WHO EMLc. Compared with the 2018 NEML， the 9th edition of the WHO EMLc showed notable advantages in the diversity of pediatric-appropriate drug types， dosage form adaptability， and specification precision. The List of Encouraged R&D and Declaration of Pediatric Drugs， to some extent， had filled the gap in China’s pediatric medications， enriching the variety of drug types and dosage forms for children. However， nearly 80% of the drugs on the list were not yet marketed， still facing problems such as a low R&D conversion rate and insufficient policy incentive effects. It is recommended to establish a tiered and classified pediatric essential medicines list based on China’s national conditions， drawing on the selection experience of the WHO and developed countries/regions； strengthen support for the R&D of appropriate pediatric dosage forms and specifications； implement policy preferences throughout the entire cycle of application， review and procurement； encourage evidence-based pediatric practices， accelerate the R&D， market launch， and selection processes of pediatric essential medicines， and ensure the accessibility of pediatric medicines.

Secondary organizing pneumonia after infection is a pathological condition characterized by connective tissue filling and obstructing the alveoli and bronchioles, in which following an infection in the lung, the inflammatory response is not controlled in a timely and effective manner. The pathogenesis and treatment of this condition can be interpreted through the Sanjiao membranous tube theory and the concept of stagnation within the pulmonary micro-membrane. Sanjiao is conceptualized as a four-way membranous tube that internally connects with the zangfu organs and externally with the skin and muscles, enabling the circulation of energy and fluids throughout the body. It also maintains communication with the zangfu micro-membranes. Within the lungs, the pulmonary micro-membrane is distributed and connected to the upper jiao membranous tube, facilitating the movement of qi and fluids and supporting nutrient distribution. External pathogens may invade the Sanjiao membranous system through the external membranous tube, travel internally along this system, and transform into latent pathogens that settle within the pulmonary micro-membrane. These latent pathogens can subsequently transform into heat or dampness, leading to the depletion of lung qi and impairing the lung′s ability to regulate and transport body fluids. Consequently, fluids may seep into the pulmonary micro-membrane, where they are transformed into dampness, turbidity, and phlegm. The accumulation of damp-turbidity and phlegm obstructs the flow of qi and blood, resulting in blood stasis in the pulmonary collaterals. This stagnation occurring within both the pulmonary micro-membrane and its associated collaterals underlies the development of secondary organizing pneumonia after infection. In severe cases, this condition may progress to pulmonary interstitial fibrosis. The therapeutic approach emphasizes expelling latent pathogens, regulating and dredging the pulmonary micro-membrane, tonifying the healthy qi, and supporting health. Regulating and dredging the pulmonary micro-membrane is a crucial step, with a focus on promoting the flow of lung qi, resolving dampness and phlegm, and activating blood circulation to remove stasis.

The vasculature plays a critical role in homeostasis and health as well as in the development and progression of a wide range of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases (and their complications), chronic inflammatory diseases, ophthalmic diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. As such, the growth of the vasculature mediates normal development and physiology, as well as disease, when pathologically induced vessels are morphologically and functionally altered owing to an imbalance of angiogenesis-stimulating and angiogenesis-inhibiting factors. This review offers an overview of the angiogenic process and discusses recent findings that provide additional interesting nuances to this process, including the roles of intussusception and angiovasculogenesis, which may hold promise for future therapeutic interventions. In addition, we review the methodology, including those of in vitro and in vivo assays, which has helped build the vast amount of knowledge on angiogenesis available today and identify important remaining knowledge gaps that should be bridged through future research.
Animals ; Signal Transduction/physiology* ; Humans ; Neovascularization, Pathologic/physiopathology* ; Neovascularization, Physiologic/physiology* ; Models, Animal ; Angiogenesis

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) poses a major global health challenge, often foreshadowing poor patient outcomes. The C-reactive protein to albumin ratio (CAR) serves as a pivotal biomarker, demonstrating a strong correlation with adverse outcomes in cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study sought to examine the correlation between CAR and the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with CKD stages 3-5. METHODS: This study utilized data of CKD patients from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2010, with follow-up to December 31, 2019. The optimal CAR cutoff value was identified utilizing the method of maximally selected rank statistics. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model, restricted cubic splines (RCS) model, and subgroup analysis were employed to assess the association between CAR and mortality among CKD patients. RESULTS: During a median (with interquartile range) follow-up period of 115 (112,117) months among 2,841 CKD individuals, 1,893 deaths were observed, including 692 deaths due to CVD events. Based on the RCS analysis, a non-linear correlation was observed between CAR and mortality. Using 0.3 as the optimal CAR cutoff value, the cohort was divided into high and low groups. In the fully adjusted model, CKD patients with high CAR values exhibited an elevated risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.28-1.83, P < 0.001) and cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.48, 95% CI 1.08-2.02, P = 0.014). Compared to the population aged >65 years (HR 1.32, 95% CI 0.99-1.76, P = 0.064), the risk of cardiovascular mortality was significantly higher in those aged ≤65 years (HR 2.19, 95% CI 1.18-4.09, P = 0.014) with elevated CAR levels. CONCLUSIONS A notable correlation exists between the elevation of CAR and increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, suggesting its potential as an independent indicator for evaluating the prognosis of patients with CKD stages 3-5.
Humans ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/epidemiology* ; Cardiovascular Diseases/blood* ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; C-Reactive Protein/metabolism* ; Aged ; Biomarkers/blood* ; Nutrition Surveys ; Adult ; United States/epidemiology* ; Serum Albumin/analysis*

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disorder with a complex etiology, characterized by intestinal inflammation and barrier dysfunction. Platycodon grandiflorus polysaccharides (PGP), the primary component of Platycodon grandiflorus, and hesperidin (Hesp), a prominent active component in Citrus aurantium L. (CAL), have both demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties. This study aims to elucidate the underlying mechanism of the synergistic effect of PGP combined with Hesp on UC, focusing on the coordinated interaction between the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathways. A mouse model of UC induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and a cell model using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7/IEC6 cells were employed to investigate the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of PGP combined with Hesp on UC and its potential mechanism of action. The results indicated that compared to the effects of either drug alone, the combination of PGP and Hesp significantly modulated inflammatory factor levels, inhibited oxidative stress, regulated colonic mucosal immunity, suppressed apoptosis, and restored intestinal barrier function in vitro and in vivo. Further in vitro studies revealed that PGP significantly inhibited the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, while Hesp significantly inhibited the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. The use of inhibitors and activators targeting both pathways validated the synergistic effects of PGP combined with Hesp on the PI3K/AKT and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways. These findings suggest that PGP combined with Hesp exhibits a synergistic effect on DSS-induced colitis, potentially mediated through the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)/PI3K/AKT and interleukin-6 (IL-6)/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways.
Animals ; STAT3 Transcription Factor/genetics* ; Janus Kinase 2/genetics* ; Polysaccharides/administration & dosage* ; Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced* ; Mice ; Signal Transduction/drug effects* ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics* ; Drug Synergism ; Male ; Hesperidin/administration & dosage* ; Platycodon/chemistry* ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics* ; Disease Models, Animal ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Mice, Inbred C57BL

Objective Based on the efficacy of Ranae Oviductus in reinforcing the kidney and replenishing essence,a biological titer assay for Ranae Oviductus was developed using anti-ageing vitality as an indicator,and this was used to evaluate the quality of Ranae Oviductus from different origins and to provide a reference for improving its quality standard.Methods MRC-5 cells were used as the study target and H2O2 was used as the acute senescence model-inducing drug to verify the anti-aging effect of Ranae Oviductus by cell viability and β-galactosidase staining rate.Vc was selected as the reference and CCK-8 method was used as the biological titer assay for Ranae Oviductus.Results In the cell viability assay,compared to the model group,the Ranae Oviductus group was able to up-regulate cell viability,with the best effect at 250.0 μg·mL-1,up-regulating by 20.01％.The percentage of SA-β-gal positive cells was reduced by 17.70％in the cells pretreated with Ranae Oviductus.The results of the biological titer of anti-aging determination showed that the biological titer of anti-aging of Ranae Oviductus from different origins ranged from 218.03 to 1152.04 U·mg-1,with an extreme difference of 934.01 U·mg-1.Conclusion The established biological titer assay for Ranae Oviductus can clearly distinguish the differences in the quality of Ranae Oviductus and provide a certain reference for the quality evaluation and control of Ranae Oviductus.

Objective:To investigate the level of functional fitness of elderly hypertensive patients in the community and to analyze its influencing factors.Methods:A cross-sectional survey was used from November 2021 to September 2022, questionnaire survey and Senior Functional Fitness Test (SFT) were conducted on 189 elderly hypertensive patients in the community by convenience sampling method, multiple linear regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of SFT in elderly hypertensive patients in the community.Results:Totally 189 cases of community-aged hypertensive patients completed the investigation, 88 cases were male and 101 were female. The total SFT score of community-aged hypertensive patients was (58.61 ± 16.07). Single factor analysis showed that there were significant differences in SFT scores among patients with different gender, age and education ( t=-2.57, F=6.24, 7.54, all P<0.05). Multifactorial analysis revealed that age ( t=-5.55), gender ( t=2.63), and literacy ( t=5.69) were influential factors in the total SFT scores of community-dwelling elderly hypertensive patients (all P<0.05). Conclusions:Age, gender, and literacy level are the main factors affecting the total SFT scores of elderly hypertensive patients in the community, and community caregivers should pay close attention to the above elderly hypertensive population.

Objective This study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of Liraglutide on high glucose-induced vascular endothelial cell injury.Methods Human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs)were cultured and divided into 4 groups:control,high glucose stimulation(HG),Liraglutide,and Liraglutide+HG group.ELISA was used to detect the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in each group,kits the levels of intracellu-lar reactive oxygen species(ROS),the activity of SOD2 and Gpx4,and the level of MDA,and Western blot and immun of luorescence method nuclear translocation of Nrf2.Results The HG groupexhibited a significantly higher levels of tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α),interleukin(IL-1),IL-6,as well as the levels of intracellular ROS and MDA,but less activity of SOD2 and Gpx4,less contents of NO,and less nuclear translocation of Nrf2,as com-pared with the control group.Compared with the HG group,the Liraglutide+HG grouppresented significantly higher levels of TNF-α,IL-1,and IL-6,but lower levels of intracellular ROS and MDA,less activities of SOD2 and Gpx4,less contents of NO and less nuclear translocation of Nrf2.Conclusion Liraglutide suppresses high glucose-induced endothelial cell injury by increasing the nuclear translocation of Nrf2.

Anti-angiogenic drugs (AADs), which mainly target the vascular endothelial growth factor-A signaling pathway, have become a therapeutic option for cancer patients for two decades. During this period, tremendous clinical experience of anti-angiogenic therapy has been acquired, new AADs have been developed, and the clinical indications for AAD treatment of various cancers have been expanded using monotherapy and combination therapy. However, improvements in the therapeutic outcomes of clinically available AADs and the development of more effective next-generation AADs are still urgently required. This review aims to provide historical and perspective views on tumor angiogenesis to allow readers to gain mechanistic insights and learn new therapeutic development. We revisit the history of concept initiation and AAD discovery, and summarize the up-to-date clinical translation of anti-angiogenic cancer therapy in this field.

【Objective】 To establish a blood quality monitoring indicator system, in order to continuously improve blood quality and standardized management. 【Methods】 Based on the research of literature and standards, and guided by the key control points of blood collection and supply process, the blood quality monitoring indicator system was developed. Through two rounds of Delphi expert consultation, the indicator content was further revised and improved according to expert opinions after six months of trial implementation. The indicator weight was calculated by questionnaire and analytic hierarchy process. 【Results】 A blood quality monitoring indicator system covering the whole process of blood collection and supply was constructed, including five primary indicators, namely blood donation service, blood component preparation, blood testing, blood supply and quality control, as well as 72 secondary indicators, including definitions, calculation formulas, etc. Two rounds of expert consultation and two rounds of feasibility study meeting were held to revise 17 items and the weight of each indicator was obtained through the analytic hierarchy process. After partial adjustments, a blood quality monitoring indicator system was formed. 【Conclusion】 A blood quality monitoring indicator system covering the whole process of blood collection and supply has been established for the first time, which can effectively evaluate the quality management level of blood banks and coordinate blood quality control activities of blood banks in Shandong like pieces in a chess game, thus improving the standardized management level