Objective:To establish an HPLC characteristic chromatogram method to simultaneously determine the content of 6 components in Bombyx Batryticatus and its processed products; To provide a scientific means for quality evaluation.Methods:The HPLC analysis was performed on a Waters Xselect HSS T3 column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm), with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate solution (adjust pH to 4.5 with acetic acid) in gradient mode at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The column temperature was 30 ℃. The detection wavelength was 260 nm. The injection volume was 10 μl. The SIMCA-P 14.0 software was used for cluster analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis to evaluate the quality of Bombyx Batryticatus and its processed products.Results:Nine common peaks were identified in the HPLC characteristic spectra of Bombyx Batryticatus and its processed products, and seven common peaks were identified. Cluster analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis can classify Bombyx Batryticatus and its processed products into two groups, with peak 4, peak 2, peak 1, peak 6, and peak 3 as their mass difference markers. Uric Acid, Hypoxanthine, Uridine, Adenine, Guanosine, and Adenosine showed good linearity ( R2≥0.999 9) within 43.95-879.04, 2.05-41.07, 2.35-47.09, 2.02-40.36, 2.32-46.43, 2.32-46.43 μg/ml, respectively. The precision, stability (24 h), repeatability relative standard deviation (RSD) were all <3.00%. The average spiked recoveries were all in the range of 94.57%-102.01%, and the RSDs were all in the range of 0.96%-3.32%. In 15 batches of Bombyx Batryticatus, the content of the above 6 components, was determined to be 11.51, 0.33, 0.38, 0.42, 0.35, 0.36 mg/g in the following order. And in 15 batches of fried Bombyx Batryticatus, the content of components was determined to be 12.06, 0.35, 0.36, 0.18, 0.21, 0.24 mg/g in the following order. Conclusions:The method established in this study is simple, rapid, and repeatable. PLS-DA can distinguish Bombyx Batryticatus and its processed products, which can provide a reference for the quality evaluation of Bombyx Batryticatus and its processed products.

Objective:To establish a mass spectrometry method for the determination of characteristic peptides of Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum that can identify the authenticity of Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum as well as its preparations; To evaluate their quality.Methods:Ultra performance chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) with the mode of multiple reaction monitoring quantification (MRM) was employed to monitor the ion pairs of m/z 379.21(charge: +2)→571.36, m/z 379.21(charge: +2)→385.26, m/z 785.41(charge: +2)→941.51 and m/z 785.41(charge: +2)→245.08, in order to detect the Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum crude drug and its preparations. Results:Chicken specific peptide I and chicken specific peptide Ⅱ could be detected in the 18 batches of Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum from different regions, their corresponding extractions and 4 batches of prescription preparations, while the chicken specific peptides were not detected in the 8 batches of endothelium corneums from ducks, geese and pigeons.Conclusions:The method established in this study can effectively supplement the deficiencies in standards of Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum and its decoction pieces, improve the quality control standard, and provide a reference for the safety and effectiveness of Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum in clinical medication.

Objective:To establish fingerprints of Faeces Bombycis and simultaneously determine the content of four amino acids; To evaluate the quality of Faeces Bombycis from different regions. The fingerprint of Faeces Bombycis was established and the contents of 4 amino acids were determined.Methods:Kromasil 100-5 C18 (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) column was used for phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC) pre-column derivation-high performance liquid chromatography with acetonitrile-0.1 mol/L sodium acetate solution (pH adjusted to 6.5 with acetic acid) (7:93) mixed solution, and acetonitrile-water (4:1) mixed solution were mobile phase for gradient elution. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min; the column temperature was 35 ℃; the detection wavelength was 254 nm; the injection amount was 5 μl. The fingerprints of 17 batches of Faeces Bombycis were established, the common peaks were identified by comparison of reference materials, and the similarity evaluation and principal component analysis (PCA) were carried out. The contents of glycine, alanine, proline and phenylalanine were determined simultaneously.Results:A total of 12 common peaks were identified from the fingerprints of Faeces Bombycis, and 12 amino acids were identified. The similarity of 17 batches of samples was greater than 0.95. PCA analysis showed that the regional difference of the quality of Faeces Bombycis was not significant. Faeces Bombycis produced in Qujing city in Yunnan Province had the highest total contents of 4 amino acids.Conclusion:The method has good repeatability and can provide reference for the quality evaluation and standard improvement of Faeces Bombycis.

Objective To investigate the value of multi-slice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) features, along with the expression levels of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant adrenal cortical tumors. Methods A total of 98 patients with adrenal cortical tumors admitted to Zibo Municipal Central Hospital from January 2020 to July 2024 were included in this study. All subjects underwent MSCT scans of the adrenal gland. The CT values of tumor parenchyma on plain scans and at arterial and venous phases were estimated. The surgical tumor specimens were collected for immunohistochemical staining and measurement of EGFR and IGF1R expression. The MSCT features and EGFR and IGF1R expression levels were compared among patients with different pathological types of adrenal cortical tumors. Results Of the 98 patients with adrenal cortical tumors, there were 18 cases with cortical carcinoma, 10 cases with metastatic tumors, 31 cases with pheochromocytoma, 25 cases with aldosterone-producing adenomas, and 14 cases with cortisol adenomas. The CT values of adrenal aldosterone-producing adenomas were significantly lower than other pathological types of adrenal cortical tumors on plain scans and at arterial and venous phases (P < 0.05). The CT values of metastatic tumors and cortical carcinoma were significantly lower than those of pheochromocytoma and cortisol adenomas at arterial and venous phases (P < 0.05). Specifically, at arterial and venous phases, the CT values of metastatic tumors were lower than those of cortical carcinoma, and the CT values of cortisol adenomas were lower than those of pheochromocytoma (P < 0.05). The positive expression levels of EGFR and IGF1R were higher in tumor specimens from patients with metastatic tumors and cortical carcinomas than from pheochromocytoma, aldosterone-producing adenomas, and cortisol adenomas (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between patients with metastatic tumors and cortical carcinomas in terms of positive EGFR and IGF1R expression (P > 0.05). In addition, there were no significant differences in the proportions of positive EGFR and IGF1R expression among patients with malignant adrenal cortical tumors in terms of ages, genders, tumor sizes, and TNM stages (P > 0.05). Conclusion The CT values of MSCT scans at arterial and venous phases as well as EGFR and IGF1R expression levels correlate with the pathological types of adrenal cortical tumors.

Background Ozone (O₃), a key air pollutant, significantly contributes to cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related mortality, with particularly pronounced effects in the elderly. Objective To explore the association between acute O₃ exposure and mortality from CVD and its subtypes in the elderly population in Jinan, and to investigate the modifying effects of gender,age, and seasonal factors on O₃-related effects, as well as to clarify the interaction with other air pollutants. Methods Daily mortality data for CVD, air pollutants, and meteorological parameters were collected in Jinan from 2015 to 2023. Generalized additive models (GAM) combined with distributed lag nonlinear models (DLNM) were used to analyze the lag effects of acute O₃ exposure on mortalities from CVD, ischemic heart disease (IHD), and stroke in elderly individuals aged ≥60 years. Subgroup analyses were conducted to explore effect differences by gender (male vs. female), age (non-high-aged elderly<80 years vs. high-aged elderly ≥80 years), and season (warm season: April–September vs. cold season: October–March of the following year). Relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable proportion of interaction (API), and Synergy index (SI) were used to assess the interactions of O₃ with PM_2.5 and NO₂. Results During the study period, the mean daily concentration of ozone reached (105.01 ± 54.18) μg·m⁻³, exceeding the Grade I limit value specified in Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB 3095–2012). Among the 203834 CVD deaths, IHD (53.07%) and stroke (33.33%) were the predominant mortality subtypes. The single-day lag analysis revealed peak excess risk (ER) for CVD mortality at lag0 (ER=0.64%, 95%CI: 0.29%, 1.00%) per 10 μg·m⁻³ O₃ increase. The cumulative effects peaked at lag04 (ER=1.61%, 95%CI: 0.77%, 2.46%). The subtype-specific analyses showed the maximal single-day effects at lag0 were identified for both IHD (ER=0.61%, 95%CI: 0.20%, 1.03%) and stroke (ER=0.65%, 95%CI: 0.19%, 1.11%), while the cumulative risks peaked at lag04 for IHD (ER=1.54%, 95%CI: 0.56%, 2.54%) and lag03 for stroke (ER=1.74%, 95%CI: 0.76%, 2.73%). The gender subgroup analyses suggested that both male and female subgroups showed the most significant impact on CVD mortality at lag0, with ER values of 0.53% (95%CI: 0.11%, 0.95%) and 0.75% (95%CI: 0.33%, 1.18%), respectively, but the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). No statistically significant difference in effect values was found between high-aged and non-high-aged elderly (P>0.05) after age subgroup analyses. The seasonal subgroup analyses indicated that the effects of O₃ on CVD and its subtypes in the warm season were significantly higher than those in the cold season (P<0.05). At lag0 in the warm season, the ER values for CVD, IHD, and stroke mortality were 0.86% (95%CI: 0.57%, 1.14%), 0.84% (95%CI: 0.49%, 1.19%), and 0.84% (95%CI: 0.43%, 1.26%), respectively. The interaction analyses revealed an antagonistic effect between O₃ and PM_2.5 on stroke mortality in the elderly [RERI=−4.64% (95%CI: −9.27%, −0.01%), API=−4.39% (95%CI: −8.77%, −0.01%), SI=0.55 (95%CI: 0.26, 0.84)]. The O₃ effect remained robust in the multi-pollutant models (P<0.05). Conclusion Acute O₃ exposure increases the risk of mortality from CVD and its subtypes in the elderly, and this effect is amplified in the warm season. Additionally, O₃ and PM_2.5 have an antagonistic effect on stroke mortality in the elderly.

Objective:To analyze the incidence and risk factors of ocular surface disease among power grid construction workers in plateau.Methods:A total of 11 132 construction personnel from the Ngari prefecture-central Tibet power grid interconnection project were included from 2019 to 2020.Baseline characteristics including age, gender, body mass index, developmental and nutritional status, relevant clinical indicators, etc.and follow-up data regarding incidence of ocular surface diseases were obtained from the medical records of Ali interconnection project staff medical station.The altitude of workplace and residence of the study population were obtained from the website (https: //zh-cn.topographic-map.com/legal/).The mean age of the subjects was (36.17±10.48) years, of which 95.33%(10, 612 subjects) were male.The median follow-up time was 1.53 years.The altitude of the residence and workplace were (1 954.77±940.64) and (4 535.09±232.71) meters, respectively.The incidence of ocular surface diseases in groups with different characteristics was calculated.Differential variables for the incidence of ocular surface diseases were screened by univariate Cox proportional hazards regression model.Influencing factors of ocular surface diseases multivariate were explored by Cox proportional hazards model.This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University Health Science Center (No.IRB00001052-21066).Results:During the follow-up period, the incidence of ocular surface disease was 9.27% (1 032 cases), and the incidence of conjunctivitis and keratitis was 6.58% (733 cases) and 1.80% (200 cases), respectively.Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that for every 1 000 meters increase in altitude of residence, the risk of ocular surface disease decreased by 15% ( HR[95% CI]: 0.85[0.80~0.91], P<0.001).For every 100 meters increase in altitude of workplace, the risk of ocular surface disease increased by 5% ( HR[95% CI]: 1.04[1.01~1.07], P=0.006).Decreased blood oxygen saturation ( HR[95% CI]: 1.09[1.02~1.16], P=0.007), hearing pulmonary dry rales (hazard ratio ( HR)[95% CI]: 1.53[1.12~2.09], P=0.007) and heart murmurs ( HR[95% CI]: 4.44[1.43~13.83], P=0.010) were associated with ocular surface disease. Conclusions:The incidence of ocular surface disease in personnel engaged in electric grid construction at high altitudes should not be ignored.High working altitude, low residence altitude, pulmonary dry rales, heart murmurs and low blood oxygen saturation are factors associated with the incidence of ocular surface disease.

Objective:To analyze the incidence and risk factors of ocular surface disease among power grid construction workers in plateau.Methods:A total of 11 132 construction personnel from the Ngari prefecture-central Tibet power grid interconnection project were included from 2019 to 2020.Baseline characteristics including age, gender, body mass index, developmental and nutritional status, relevant clinical indicators, etc.and follow-up data regarding incidence of ocular surface diseases were obtained from the medical records of Ali interconnection project staff medical station.The altitude of workplace and residence of the study population were obtained from the website (https: //zh-cn.topographic-map.com/legal/).The mean age of the subjects was (36.17±10.48) years, of which 95.33%(10, 612 subjects) were male.The median follow-up time was 1.53 years.The altitude of the residence and workplace were (1 954.77±940.64) and (4 535.09±232.71) meters, respectively.The incidence of ocular surface diseases in groups with different characteristics was calculated.Differential variables for the incidence of ocular surface diseases were screened by univariate Cox proportional hazards regression model.Influencing factors of ocular surface diseases multivariate were explored by Cox proportional hazards model.This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University Health Science Center (No.IRB00001052-21066).Results:During the follow-up period, the incidence of ocular surface disease was 9.27% (1 032 cases), and the incidence of conjunctivitis and keratitis was 6.58% (733 cases) and 1.80% (200 cases), respectively.Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that for every 1 000 meters increase in altitude of residence, the risk of ocular surface disease decreased by 15% ( HR[95% CI]: 0.85[0.80~0.91], P<0.001).For every 100 meters increase in altitude of workplace, the risk of ocular surface disease increased by 5% ( HR[95% CI]: 1.04[1.01~1.07], P=0.006).Decreased blood oxygen saturation ( HR[95% CI]: 1.09[1.02~1.16], P=0.007), hearing pulmonary dry rales (hazard ratio ( HR)[95% CI]: 1.53[1.12~2.09], P=0.007) and heart murmurs ( HR[95% CI]: 4.44[1.43~13.83], P=0.010) were associated with ocular surface disease. Conclusions:The incidence of ocular surface disease in personnel engaged in electric grid construction at high altitudes should not be ignored.High working altitude, low residence altitude, pulmonary dry rales, heart murmurs and low blood oxygen saturation are factors associated with the incidence of ocular surface disease.

Objective:To analyze the differentially expressed genes and related functional pathways of mouse sciatic nerves of Schwann cells(SCs)in early in vitro Wallerian degeneration(WD).Methods:The sciatic nerves of adult male C57BL/6J mice were Wallerian degeneration in vitro,and total RNA was extracted and transcriptome sequencing was performed at 3 h and 6 h after degeneration,respectively.The differentially expressed genes(DEGs),gene ontology(GO)and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment were analyzed by bioinformatics.Results:Compared with the Control group,3961 and 5538 DEGs were screened in the WD 3 h group(WD3h)and the 6 h group(WD6h)of in vitro,respectively.The most significantly up-regulated genes mainly included molecules related to inflammation and immunity and neurotrophic factors.GO analysis showed that DEGs in both groups were enriched in positive transcriptional regulation and metabolic processes.KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs were mainly concentrated in TNF signaling pathway,MAPK signaling pathway and ribosome production.Conclusion:At the early stage of WD,SCs up-regulates the genes related to inflammation and immunity to promote the progression of WD and secrete neurotrophic factors to support the survival of neurons,accompanied by the activation of TNF signaling path-way and MAPK signaling pathway.

Objective:To analyze the differentially expressed genes and related functional pathways of mouse sciatic nerves of Schwann cells(SCs)in early in vitro Wallerian degeneration(WD).Methods:The sciatic nerves of adult male C57BL/6J mice were Wallerian degeneration in vitro,and total RNA was extracted and transcriptome sequencing was performed at 3 h and 6 h after degeneration,respectively.The differentially expressed genes(DEGs),gene ontology(GO)and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment were analyzed by bioinformatics.Results:Compared with the Control group,3961 and 5538 DEGs were screened in the WD 3 h group(WD3h)and the 6 h group(WD6h)of in vitro,respectively.The most significantly up-regulated genes mainly included molecules related to inflammation and immunity and neurotrophic factors.GO analysis showed that DEGs in both groups were enriched in positive transcriptional regulation and metabolic processes.KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs were mainly concentrated in TNF signaling pathway,MAPK signaling pathway and ribosome production.Conclusion:At the early stage of WD,SCs up-regulates the genes related to inflammation and immunity to promote the progression of WD and secrete neurotrophic factors to support the survival of neurons,accompanied by the activation of TNF signaling path-way and MAPK signaling pathway.

Objective:To investigate the co-occurrence patterns of psychosocial and behavioral problems among children and to identify associated influencing factors.Methods:A multicenter cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2023. A cluster random sample of 19 176 children aged 6-16 years was recruited from middle-income areas across 10 provincial capitals and municipalities in China. Psychological and behavioral problems, including anxiety, compulsive behavior, social withdrawal, depression, somatic complaints, social problems, schizoid, delinquent behaviors, hyperactivity, sexual issues, and aggression, were assessed using the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist parent version. Co-occurrence was defined as ≥2 concurrent problems. Children were divided into 4 groups by gender and age: boys aged 6-11 years, girls aged 6-11 years, boys aged 12-16 years, and girls aged 12-16 years. Those children who had psychosocial and behavioral problems were further categorized into the single-problem group, and the co-occurrence group based on assessment results. High-frequency co-occurrence phenotypes of children′s psychosocial and behavioral problems were identified. Demographic factors, such as parental employment, education, as well as psychosocial factors like parent-child relationship, screen time and outdoor activity, were investigated. χ 2 test was used to analyze differences between groups. Multivariate Logistic regression modeling was conducted to identify potential factors. Results:Among 14 711 children (7 501 boys, 7 210 girls) who provided effective questionnaires, the detection rates of single problem in the boys aged 6-11 years, girls aged 6-11 years, boys aged 12-16 years, and girls aged 12-16 years groups were 4.9% (171/3 461), 6.2% (193/3 120), 3.9% (158/4 040), and 5.1% (208/4 090), respectively; the detection rates of co-occurrence were 7.6% (262/3 461), 7.7% (241/3 120), 4.9% (199/4 040), and 5.7% (234/4 090), respectively. The overall detection rates of co-occurrence was higher than that of single problem ( χ2=25.47, P<0.001). Among children with co-occurrence, there were varied manifestations: in the boys aged 6-11 years group, the detection rates of social withdrawal (69.8% (183/262)), schizoid-like behavior (68.3% (179/262)), and compulsive behavior (67.6% (177/262)) were relatively high; in the girls aged 6-11 years group, the detection rates of schizoid-compulsive behavior (69.3% (167/241)), delinquent behavior (65.6% (158/241)), and hyperactivity (58.9% (142/241)) were relatively high; in the boys aged 12-16 years group, the detection rates of hyperactivity (78.9% (157/199)), compulsive behavior (67.3% (134/199)), and immature behavior (57.3% (114/199)) were relatively high; in the girls aged 12-16 years group, the detection rates of schizoid-like behavior (89.7% (210/234)), immature behavior (59.0% (138/234)), and cruelty (57.7% (135/234)) were relatively high. Maternal bachelor′s degree or higher ( OR=0.78, 95% CI 0.61-0.99, P=0.038) served as co-occurrence protective factors, whereas having 1 or more siblings, increased parent-child conflict and decreased parent-child interaction time ( OR=1.24, 1.41, 1.36; 95% CI 1.02-1.52, 1.15-1.73, 1.02-1.82, all P<0.05) were co-occurrence risk factors. Conclusions:Children exhibit strong co-occurrence tendencies in psychosocial and behavioral problems. Compulsive and schizoid traits are the predominant co-occurring phenotypes for childhood and girls respectively. ?Familial environment plays a critical role, necessitating ?multidimensional clinical assessments and ?family-centered interventions.