With the rapid development of artificial intelligence, computational pathology has been seamlessly integrated into the entire clinical workflow, which encompasses diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and biomarker discovery. This integration has significantly enhanced clinical accuracy and efficiency while reducing the workload for clinicians. Traditionally, research in this field has depended on the collection and labeling of large datasets for specific tasks, followed by the development of task-specific computational pathology models. However, this approach is labor intensive and does not scale efficiently for open-set identification or rare diseases. Given the diversity of clinical tasks, training individual models from scratch to address the whole spectrum of clinical tasks in the pathology workflow is impractical, which highlights the urgent need to transition from task-specific models to foundation models (FMs). In recent years, pathological FMs have proliferated. These FMs can be classified into three categories, namely, pathology image FMs, pathology image-text FMs, and pathology image-gene FMs, each of which results in distinct functionalities and application scenarios. This review provides an overview of the latest research advancements in pathological FMs, with a particular emphasis on their applications in oncology. The key challenges and opportunities presented by pathological FMs in precision oncology are also explored.
Humans ; Precision Medicine/methods* ; Medical Oncology/methods* ; Artificial Intelligence ; Neoplasms/pathology* ; Computational Biology/methods*

Objective:To explore the function of temperature difference stimulation oral nursing for the patients with mild to moderate dysphagia after oral cancer operation.Methods:A total of 64 patients with mild to moderate dysphagia after oral cancer surgery admitted to our hospital from January 2019 to June 2021 were selected as the research subjects by convenient sampling method, and divided into control group ( n=32) and observation group ( n=32) according to random number table method. The grouping method was random number table method. The control group was treated with traditional ice-water stimulation rehabilitation training, and the observation group was treated with temperature difference stimulation oral care. The degree of dysphagia, nutritional status, postoperative complications and quality of life were analyzed and compared between the two groups. Results:After the intervention, the degree of dysphagia in the observation group (water swallow test) fromⅠto Ⅳ degree were 2, 11, 13 and 6 cases, while in the control group were 9, 17, 4 and 2 cases, the difference was significant ( Z=-3.41, P<0.05). After the intervention, the serum albumin of the observation group was (38.74 ± 4.87) g/L, which was significantly higher than that of the control group (35.81 ± 5.14) g/L. there was significant difference between the two groups ( t=2.34, P<0.05). After the intervention, the self scores of chewing, swallowing, anxiety, emotion and quality of life in the Chinese version of the University of Washington quality of life scale in the observation group were 70.28 ± 10.39, 68.20 ± 9.43, 72.39 ± 12.28, 65.30 ± 15.33 and 78.05 ± 9.47, which were significantly higher than those in the control group 64.29 ± 9.26, 61.42 ± 12.38, 64.50 ± 10.43, 58.08 ± 11.62 and 72.92 ± 10.40, The difference was statistically significant ( t values were 2.06-2.77, all P<0.05). Conclusions:Oral nursing with temperature difference stimulation can effectively improve the swallowing disorder of patients after oral cancer surgery, reduce the incidence of aspiration and malnutrition, and improve the quality of life of patients.

Objective:To analyze the weight score and clinical application of 2019 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology (EULAR/ACR) systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) classification criteria in lupus nephritis patients.Methods:Lupus nephritis patients with renal biopsy results who were admitted in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine between January 2014 and December 2018 were enrolled retrospectively. According to whether these patients were treated with glucocorticoids and/or immunosuppressants at the time of renal biopsy, they were divided into untreated group and post-treatment group. The weight scores were compared between the two groups, and the relationship between each weight score and remission after treatment was analyzed. Taking no remission as the end event, Cox regression analysis was used to analyze the influence of each weighted integral on the end event.Results:A total of 153 patients were enrolled, including 131 (85.6%) females. These were 70 (45.8%) patients in the untreated group and 83 (54.2%) patients in the post-treatment group. The patients in the untreated group had higher scores of fever (>38.3℃), blood system involvement, low complement and positive specific antibodies than those in post-treated group (all P<0.05). In a median follow-up of 34 (6-50) months, 99 patients (64.7%) achieved complete remission, 38 patients (24.8%) achieved partial remission and 16 patients (10.5%) had no remission. With no remission as the endpoint event, univariate Cox regression analysis showed that proliferative lupus nephritis (renal score of 10 points vs 8 points) and neuropsychiatric involvement were the risk factors (both P<0.05), while multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that neuropsychiatric involvement ( HR=4.758, 95% CI 1.324-17.101, P=0.017) was an independent risk factor. Conclusion:The weight scores of 2019 EULAR/ACR SLE classification diagnostic criteria have certain predictive value for remission of patients with lupus nephritis.

Objective To investigate the effect of NS-398 combined with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on apoptosis of cholangiocarcinoma QBC939 cells and its mechanism.Methods In vitro,cultured cholangiocarcinoma QBC939 cells were exposed to 0,25,50,100,150 and 200 μmol/L NS-398 with 0,15,30,45,60 and 75 μg/ml DHA respectively.The absorbance of the QBC939 cells were measured by CCK8 and its growth inhibition ratio were calculated.Flow cytometry was applied to detect cell apoptosis.The level of β-catenin and c-myc mRNA and protein were measured by real-time PCR,Western blot and enzyme-linked immunoabsordent assay respectively.Results Exposure to NS-398 combined with DHA suppressed the growth of QBC939 cells.When NS-398 was at 100 μmol/L and DHA at 45 pμg/ml,the relative growth inhibition rate of QBC939 cells was 90％ (F =5.85,P ＜ 0.05).NS-398 combined with DHA promoted QBC939 cells apoptosis at the early stage (F =8.16,P ＜ 0.01).Real-time PCR could detect low β-catenin and c-myc expression in QBC939 cells disposed by NS-398 combined with DHA (F =7.61,P ＜0.01),(F =7.92,P ＜0.01).NS-398 combined with DHA decreased β-catenin (F =7.75,P ＜ 0.01),(F=8.17,P＜0.01) and c-myc (F=8.76,P＜0.01),(F=8.12,P＜0.01) protein expression in QBC939 cells.Conclusion NS-398 combined with DHA promoted apoptosis and inhibit proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma cells QBC939 in vitro possibly through downregulated mRNA and protein expression of β-catenin and c-myc.

Objective To analyze the influence of total thyroidectomy (TT) on quality of life of patients with nodular goiter with iodine deficiency.Methods 70 patients who received TT in the hospital from June 2014 to July 2015 were randomly divided into two groups, 35 cases in each.Control group received subtotal thyroidectomy and observation group received total thyroidectomy.The situation of operation, thyroid function, therapeutic effects and quality of life in two groups were compared.Results Operation time and hospital stays of observation group were significantly longer than that of control group (P<0.05);There was no significant difference in intraoperative bleeding volume and curative effective rate between the two groups;Before surgery, there was no significant difference in thyroid function between the two groups;After surgery, thyroid function of both two groups decreased compared with pre-operation, but there was no significant difference;There was significant difference in VAS and health description system scores between the two groups.Conclusion TT in treatment of patients with nodular goiter with iodine deficiency has significant clinical efficacy with high cure rate and less complication, and it can improve quality of life of patients, which is beneficial to postoperative recovery and worthy of generalization in clinical application.

The body mass index (BMI)is one of the important indexes to evaluate the nutrition / health status.BMI is weight in kilograms divided by height in per square meter (unit of kg/m2).BMI is changing with age.However,there are no BMI guidelines for the elderly.It is really necessary to set up a proper BMI range for the elderly.This research analyzed the relationship of BMI with all-cause mortality,cardiovascular mortality and body composition change in the elderly.The result showed that an appropriate higher BMI could help to decrease the all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in the elderly and could also increase bone density and lean body mass,which could prevent the geriatric fracture and sarcopenia.Furthermore,underweight-related mortality was much higher than overweight-related mortality.

Objective To explore the significance of multiple microelectrode guided technique in determining the sensory?motor area of the sub?thalamic nucleus(STN)in deep brain stimulation(DBS)surgeries. Methods A total of 22 electrophysiological recording data of STNs recorded by multiple microelectrode was retrospectively analyzed ,while another 20 electrophysiological recording data of STNs recorded by a single micro?electrode was recruited as the control group. Results A total of 64 microelectrodes were used in 22 STNs guided by multiple electrophysiological recording electrodes. Sensory or motor activated potentials were recorded in 21 sides(95.5%),while regular discharge was recorded in one side. The average length of typical STN activity on the optimal channel of multiple electrophysiological recording electrodes was 5.58±0.53 mm,and the average length of sensory or motor activated potentials was 3.27±1.54 mm. In contrast,the average length of typical STN activity recorded by single microelectrode was 5.02±1.01 mm. However,sensory or motor activated potentials were recorded in 13 sides(65.0%)with the average length of 1.36±0.98 mm. Among the 22 STNs guided by multiple electrophysiological recording electrodes,the final implanted target was consistent with the initially selected anatomic target in 13 sides(coincidence rate,59.1%). In 9 sides,the electrophysiological target was inconsistent with the initially selected anatomic target. Conclusion STN DBS performed with multiple electrophysiological recording electrodes resulted in better outcomes of recording of the average length of typical STN activity or the average length of sensory or motor activated potentials of STN ,final confirmation of STN sensory motor area and determination of the optimal channel of implantation. Application of multiple electrophysiological recording electrodes provides a premise for the precise electrode placement in STN DBS surgeries.