BACKGROUND: The urban-rural disparities in overweight and obesity among children and adolescents are narrowing, and there is a need for long-term and updated data to explain this inequality, understand the underlying mechanisms, and identify priority groups for interventions. METHODS: We analyzed data from seven rounds of the Chinese National Survey on Students Constitution and Health (CNSSCH) conducted from 1985 to 2019, focusing on school-age children and adolescents aged 7-18 years. Joinpoint regression was used to identify inflection points (indicating a change in the trend) in the prevalence of overweight and obesity during the study period, stratified by urban/rural areas and sex. Annual percent change (APC), average annual percent change (AAPC), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to describe changes in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Polynomial regression models were used to predict the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in 2025 and 2030, considering urban/rural areas, sex, and age groups. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in urban boys and girls showed an inflection point of 2000, with AAPC values of 10.09% (95% CI: 7.33-12.92%, t = 7.414, P <0.001) and 8.67% (95% CI: 6.10-11.30%, t = 6.809, P <0.001), respectively. The APC for urban boys decreased from 18.31% (95% CI: 4.72-33.67%, t = 5.926, P = 0.027) to 4.01% (95% CI: 1.33-6.75%, t = 6.486, P = 0.023), while the APC for urban girls decreased from 13.88% (95% CI: 1.82-27.38%, t = 4.994, P = 0.038) to 4.72% (95% CI: 1.43-8.12%, t = 6.215, P = 0.025). However, no inflection points were observed in the best-fit models for rural boys and girls during the period 1985-2019. The prevalence of overweight and obesity for both urban and rural boys is expected to converge at 35.76% by approximately 2027. A similar pattern is observed for urban and rural girls, with a prevalence of overweight and obesity reaching 20.86% in 2025. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of overweight and obesity among Chinese children and adolescents has been steadily increasing from 1985 to 2019. A complete reversal in urban-rural prevalence is expected by 2027, with a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity in rural areas. Urgent action is needed to address health inequities and increase investments, particularly policies targeting rural children and adolescents.
Humans ; Child ; Adolescent ; Female ; Male ; Rural Population/statistics & numerical data* ; Overweight/epidemiology* ; Prevalence ; China/epidemiology* ; Pediatric Obesity/epidemiology* ; Obesity/epidemiology* ; Urban Population

Among tumor microenvironment (TME), the entire metabolic characteristics of tumor-resident cells are reprogrammed to benefit the expansion of tumor cells, which count on glutamine in large part to fuel the tricarboxylic acid cycle for energy generation and anabolic metabolism support. Endothelial cells that are abducted by tumor cells to form a pathological tumor vascular network for constructing the hypoxic immunosuppressive TME, also rely on glutaminolysis as the "engine" of angiogenesis. Additionally, the glutamine metabolic preference benefits the polarization of TAMs towards pro-tumoral M2 phenotype as well. Herein, we developed a type of siRNA micelleplexes (MH@siGLS1) to reverse immunosuppressive TME by targeting glutaminolysis within tumor-resident cells for tumor vasculature normalization- and TAMs repolarization-enhanced photo-immunotherapy. Tumor cell starvation and antioxidant system destruction achieved by MH@siGLS1-mediated glutaminolysis inhibition could promote photodynamic therapy efficacy, which was available to trigger immunogenic cell death for adaptive antitumor immune responses. Meanwhile, glutaminolysis inhibition of tumor endothelial cells and TAMs could realize tumor vascular normalization and TAMs repolarization for antitumor immunity amplification. This study provides a unique perspective on cancer treatments by focusing on the interrelations of metabolic characteristics and the biofunctions of various cell types within TME.

Diabetic kidney disease （DKD）， one of the leading causes of end-stage renal disease， shows increasing prevalence and mortality， seriously affecting the physical and mental health of patients. As a crucial link in the occurrence and development of DKD， pyroptosis can lead to kidney cell injury and inflammation through the abnormal activation of reactive oxygen species （ROS）/thioredoxin-interacting protein （TXNIP）/NOD-like receptor protein 3 （NLRP3）， Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4）/nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB）/NLRP3， nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 （Nrf2）/heme oxygenase-1 （HO-1）， mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK）/NLRP3， and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α （HIF-1α）/NLRP3 signaling pathways， which accelerate the progression of DKD. In recent years， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has demonstrated definite efficacy in the treatment of DKD via multiple targets and pathways. Studies have shown that various TCM active components， including glycosides， flavonoids， polyphenols， terpenoids， and alkaloids， as well as TCM compound prescriptions for clearing heat and detoxifying， tonifying deficiency and consolidating root， and eliminating stasis and descending turbidity， can target relevant signaling pathways to inhibit pyroptosis and intervene in the development of DKD， providing new possibilities for precision treatment of DKD. This article systematically reviews the relevant pathways of pyroptosis and summarizes the research achievements and mechanisms of TCM active components and compound prescriptions in the treatment of DKD via pyroptosis in recent years. This review aims to provide new directions and ideas for the treatment and research of DKD with TCM and promote the modernization and development of TCM.

Large B-cell lymphoma(LBCL),formerly known as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL),is the most common type of lymphoma,characterized by high invasiveness and strong heterogeneity.The World Health Organ-ization(WHO)lymphoma classification has been continually updated to better differentiate the biological behaviors of various subtypes of DLBCL.These updated classifications are increasingly important for prognosis stratification and treatment decisions for oncologists.The increasingly refined classification of DLBCL will inevitably require pathologists to make more precise diagnoses.Furthermore,the advances and growing diversity in lymphoma treatment also create a demand for precision diagnosis in LBCL,including therapy-target evaluation.Based on our own experience,we have systematically reviewed and summarized the current knowledge and progress in precision diagnosis of LBCL.This re-view aims to emphasize the importance of precision diagnosis in LBCL,help readers understand the relevant concepts more comprehensively and accurately,and promote the adoption of more reasonable diagnostic procedures.

Objective:To investigate the epidemiological dynamics and spatiotemporal diffusion trend of brucellosis in China from 2010 to 2024.Methods:Data on reported human brucellosis cases in mainland China from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2024, were collected via the"China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention", including detailed information on the date of onset, gender, age, occupation, and residential address of the cases. The Joinpoint regression and spatial interpolation techniques were used to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics and population distribution characteristics of human brucellosis in pastoral/semi-pastoral areas and other regions, as well as urban and rural areas, and explore the epidemic trends of the disease.Results:From 2010 to 2024, pastoral/semi-pastoral regions reported 252 094 brucellosis cases, with a mean annual incidence rate of 36.57±7.28 per 100 000. In contrast, other regions cumulatively recorded 519 748 cases during the same period, demonstrating a significantly lower mean annual incidence rate of 2.54±0.74 per 100 000. The incidence rate of human brucellosis in pastoral/semi-pastoral regions exhibited a declining-rebounding-declining trend. Specifically, the incidence rate decreased significantly from 2010 to 2017 (APC=-7.20; P<0.001) and increased notably from 2017 to 2021 (APC=18.00; P=0.015) with a decline again from 2021 to 2024 (APC=-7.53; P=0.027). In other regions, the incidence rate showed a fluctuating upward trend. Specifically, the incidence rate increased significantly from 2010 to 2015 (APC=20.37; P<0.001) and decreased notably from 2015 to 2018 (APC=-21.78; P<0.001), followed by an increase again from 2018 to 2024, a significant upward trend in incidence rate from 2018 to 2021 (APC=26.73; P<0.001) and a non-significant decline from 2021 to 2024 (APC=-0.99; P=0.735), resulting in the maintenance of a relatively high incidence level. Rural areas demonstrated significantly higher brucellosis incidence rates than urban settings (all P<0.001). Brucellosis exhibited a diffusion trend from the northern epidemic areas of China to neighboring regions, along with sporadic diffusion in southern regions between 2010 and 2024. The age structure of patients in pastoral/semi-pastoral areas differed significantly from that in other regions. Specifically, in pastoral/semi-pastoral areas, the incidence rate was higher among the 35-49 age groups, while in other regions, the incidence rate was higher among those aged 55-64. Conclusion:There are notable disparities in the incidence of human brucellosis between pastoral/semi-pastoral areas and other regions in China. Human brucellosis exhibits a diffusion trend from the northern epidemic areas of China to neighboring regions, along with sporadic diffusion in southern regions.

Mesangial cell proliferation is an early pathological indicator of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Growing evidence highlights the pivotal role of paired-related homeobox 1 (Prrx1), a key regulator of cellular proliferation and tissue differentiation, in various disease pathogenesis. Notably, Prrx1 is highly expressed in mesangial cells under DN conditions. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that Prrx1 overexpression promotes mesangial cell proliferation and contributes to renal fibrosis in db/m mice. Conversely, Prrx1 knockdown markedly suppresses hyperglycemia-induced mesangial cell proliferation and mitigates renal fibrosis in db/db mice. Mechanistically, Prrx1 directly interacts with the Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP) promoter, leading to the upregulation of YAP expression. This upregulation promotes mesangial cell proliferation and exacerbates renal fibrosis. These findings emphasize the crucial role of Prrx1 upregulation in high glucose-induced mesangial cell proliferation, ultimately leading to renal fibrosis in DN. Therefore, targeting Prrx1 to downregulate its expression presents a promising therapeutic strategy for treating renal fibrosis associated with DN.

Objective:To investigate impacts of paeoniflorin on inflammation and nuclear transcription factor-κB(NF-κB)/nucleotide-binding oligomeric domain-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)signal pathway in knee osteoarthritis(KOA)model rats.Meth-ods:SD rats were randomly grouped into model group,glucosamine group,paeoniflorin low-dose group,paeoniflorin high-dose group,paeoniflorin high-dose+phorbol ester(PMA)(NF-κB activator)group,with 10 rats in each group,another 10 rats were regarded as control group,and only knee joint capsule was cut,after treatment with glucosamine,paeoniflorin and PMA,joint pain symptoms of rats were detected by mechanical stimulation method and thermal radiation method;knee joint width,joint swelling and synovial thick-ness were measured;HE staining was applied to detect joint tissue structure and morphology of rats in each group;levels of inflamma-tory factors IL-1β,monocyte chemoattractant protein 1(MCP-1)and IL-9 in joint fluid and serum of rats were detected by ELISA;and Western blot was applied to detect expressions of NF-κB/NLRP3 signal pathway related proteins in rat joint tissue.Results:Com-pared with control group,joint tissue structure of model group was significantly damaged,mechanical pain threshold and thermal sen-sitivity pain threshold were significantly lower(P<0.05),knee joint width,joint swelling and synovial thickness,levels of IL-1β,MCP-1 and IL-9 in joint fluid and serum,and expression of p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65 and NLRP3 proteins in joint tissue were higher(P<0.05).Compared with model group,joint tissue damage of rats in glucosamine group,paeoniflorin low-dose group and paeoniflorin high-dose group was reduced,mechanical pain threshold and thermal sensitivity pain threshold were higher(P<0.05),knee joint width,joint swelling and synovial thickness,levels of IL-1β,MCP-1 and IL-9 in joint fluid and serum,and expressions of p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65 and NLRP3 proteins in joint tissue were lower(P<0.05);joint tissue injury of rats in paeoniflorin high-dose group was further reduced compared with paeoniflorin low-dose group,mechanical pain threshold and thermal sensitivity pain threshold were further higher(P<0.05),knee joint width,joint swelling and synovial thickness,levels of IL-1β,MCP-1 and IL-9 in joint fluid and serum,and expression of p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65 and NLRP3 proteins in joint tissue were further lower(P<0.05).Compared with paeoniflorin high-dose group,joint tissue damage of rats in paeoniflorin high-dose+PMA group was increased,mechanical pain threshold and thermal sensitivity pain threshold were lower(P<0.05),knee joint width,joint swelling and synovial thickness,levels of IL-1β,MCP-1 and IL-9 in joint fluid and serum,and expression of p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65 and NLRP3 proteins in joint tissue were higher(P<0.05);there was no significant change in all indexes of rats in glucosamine group(P>0.05).Conclusion:Paeoniflorin can play an anti-inflammatory role by down-regulating the NF-κB/NLRP3 signal pathway,thus alleviating joint injury and joint pain symptoms of KOA rats.

Objective:To detect the expression of sialylated CD15 (CD15s) in the tumor cells of classical Hodgkin lymphoma using a modified immunohistochemical approach.Methods:From 2009 to 2024, 53 cases of classical Hodgkin lymphoma were collected in the Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital, in which 21 cases that were CD15-negative or showed only focal weak positivity were selected. Immunohistochemical staining for CD15 was performed on a Leica automated stainer using three different antibody clones (MMA, Carb3, and IHC527). Tissue sections were digested with sialidase at varying concentrations and incubation times, followed by immunohistochemical staining with the MMA clone. Multiplex immunofluorescence was applied for co-staining of CD15 (MMA) and CD30 (JCM182), and analysis was conducted using APTIME and HALO software.Results:There were 30 male patients and 23 female patients, with an age range of 14 to 73 years and a median age of 32(26,46) years. None of the three CD15 antibody clones significantly improved the CD15 positive rate in the 14 completely negative and 7 weakly positive cases, with no notable differences observed among the clones( P>0.05). After sialidase digestion, tissue morphology remained well-preserved. Optimal CD15 staining was achieved with a 1∶1 diluted sialidase incubated at 37 ℃ for one hour. This treatment significantly enhanced the detection rate of CD15 antigen in Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells ( P<0.001). Conclusion:Sialidase digestion effectively unveils sialylated CD15 expression in classical Hodgkin lymphoma, markedly improving its detection in HRS cells.

Objective:To develop outcome indicators for the implementation of comprehensive inter-ventions targeting the multimorbidity of myopia and obesity in children and adolescents,providing a basis for the co-prevention of multimorbidity and the outcome measurement of implementation research in children and adolescents.Methods:Based on the RE-AIM framework,a preliminary set of indicators was constructed.The Delphi method was employed,with experts scoring and providing feedback on the proposed indicators via questionnaires.After each round of consultation,expert enthusiasm index,authority coefficient,coordination degree,and consensus level were calculated.Expert opinions were col-lected and analyzed to modify,delete,or add indicators based on consultation results and screening crite-ria.Two Delphi rounds were conducted until consensus was achieved.Results:A total of 28 experts par-ticipated actually in both rounds.The Kendall's W coefficients for the two rounds of expert consultation were0.352(x2=413.952,P＜0.001)and 0.499(x2=405.044,P＜0.001),both statistically sig-nificant.The final outcome indicators for implementation research on comprehensive interventions for myopia and obesity comorbidity in children and adolescents included five primary dimensions with 13 secondary and 20 tertiary indicators.The dimension of reach included the number of children and adoles-cents involved,participant representativeness,and full-course participation representativeness.The di-mension of effectiveness included multimorbidity incidence,myopia incidence,spherical equivalent,body mass index(BMI),overweight and obesity prevalence,waist-to-height ratio,comprehensive health knowledge score,and comprehensive health behavior score.The dimension of adoption covered school representativeness and representativeness of school nurses and teachers involved in implementation.The dimension of implementation included fidelity,content modification,and cost.The dimension of mainte-nance included individual health outcomes and organizational sustainment.Conclusion:This study developed implementation outcome indicators for comprehensive interventions targeting multimorbidity of myopia and obesity among the children and adolescents based on the RE-AIM framework.These indica-tors can serve as a reference for optimizing intervention research strategies related to common multimor-bidity among children and adolescents in China.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and trend of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) in China from 2015 to 2022, and to provide evidence for the adjustment of prevention and control strategies and measures for AHC.Methods:The case data of AHC reported by national notifiable disease information system from 2015 to 2022 were collected, and descriptive analysis method were used to analyze the population distribution characteristics, temporal epidemiological trends and spatial clusters of AHC in China.Results:From 2015 to 2022, the incidence of AHC in China ranged from 1.85/100 000 to 2.97/100 000, with a fluctuating downward trend. The average annual percent change (AAPC) was -4.91 (95% CI: -7.74 to -2.00, P<0.05), with an annual percent change (APC) of 2.73 (95% CI: -2.34 to 8.06, P=0.189) for 2015—2019 and an APC of -14.23 (95% CI: -21.78 to -5.94, P<0.05). The age-specific incidence rate was highest in children aged 0-4 years (fluctuating between 4.69 and 5.67/100 000 from 2015 to 2019; It decreased significantly during 2020—2022, fluctuating between 1.93 and 2.72 per 100 000).The proportion of cases in children at 0-4 years of age showed a fluctuating downward trend from 8.68% in 2015 to 3.76% in 2020, with an increase in 2021—2022 to 5.74%. After 2020, the proportion of the population aged 60 years and above has increased, reaching 33.59% in 2022. Cases were mainly farmers, with a fluctuating upward trend of around 50% per year, with the highest percentage of 60.96% in 2020. The peak seasonal incidence of AHC was obvious from May to September from 2015 to 2019, but it was not obvious in 2020—2022. The cases were mainly distributed in Guangxi, Hainan and other provinces in the southwestern part of China. The high incidence counties were concentrated in Leye County of Guangxi, Maojian District of Hubei, Fuchuan Yao Autonomous County of Guangxi, Funing County of Yunnan, and Pulan County of Tibet every year. Conclusions:The overall epidemic rate of AHC in China showed a fluctuating downward trend from 2015 to 2022, with a pronounced decline observed between 2020 and 2022, potentially linked to non-pharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Increased attention needs to be given to farmers and people above 60 years of age to reduce the risk of morbidity. Moreover, prevention and control efforts should be strengthened in high-risk areas of southwestern China, and comprehensive measures should be implemented in counties with high incidence, including enhanced health education campaigns and improved allocation of sanitary facilities, to reduce the risk of AHC infection. This study is the first to highlight the potential impact of public health policies on AHC epidemiology, thereby offering a scientific foundation for population- and region-specific precision prevention strategies, particularly guiding the refinement of control measures in high-burden areas.