Objective:The objective of this study was to understand the incidence, spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and trends of bacillary dysentery in China from 2005 to 2024 in order to identify the high-risk groups and reveal the potential risk factors and to provide a scientific basis for optimizing the allocation of preventive and control resources, formulating targeted intervention strategies and assessing the effectiveness of the measures.Methods:The nationally reported incidence data of bacillary dysentery was collected from 2005 to 2024 in the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention National Notifiable Diseases Reporting Information System. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the population characteristics of bacillary dysentery cases. A Joinpoint regression model was constructed to examine long-term trends in reported incidence rates and spatial dynamic window scanning statistics were applied to detect spatial clusters of bacillary dysentery cases.Results:Between 2005 and 2024, 3 520 247 cases of bacillary dysentery were reported across China, with an average incidence rate of 12.88 per 100 000 people, after which the rate of decline decreased. The incidence rate showed a general downward trend, featuring a significant inflection point in 2016. It exhibited marked seasonality, peaking from May to October (summer-autumn), which weakened over time. From 2005 to 2024, the most likely clusters were in Beijing and Tianjin. Males, infants, the elderly, farmers, and children not in daycare showed many cases.Conclusions:The results revealed that the peak incidence of bacillary dysentery in China from 2005 to 2024 was featured in the summer-autumn months. High-incidence areas were mainly Beijing and Tianjin. The key groups, including males, infants, the elderly, farmers and children not in daycare, were identified. Enhancing surveillance, targeted health education, and preventive measures, especially in these key populations and in regions where the disease shows a high incidence should be strengthened.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and trend of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) in China from 2015 to 2022, and to provide evidence for the adjustment of prevention and control strategies and measures for AHC.Methods:The case data of AHC reported by national notifiable disease information system from 2015 to 2022 were collected, and descriptive analysis method were used to analyze the population distribution characteristics, temporal epidemiological trends and spatial clusters of AHC in China.Results:From 2015 to 2022, the incidence of AHC in China ranged from 1.85/100 000 to 2.97/100 000, with a fluctuating downward trend. The average annual percent change (AAPC) was -4.91 (95% CI: -7.74 to -2.00, P<0.05), with an annual percent change (APC) of 2.73 (95% CI: -2.34 to 8.06, P=0.189) for 2015—2019 and an APC of -14.23 (95% CI: -21.78 to -5.94, P<0.05). The age-specific incidence rate was highest in children aged 0-4 years (fluctuating between 4.69 and 5.67/100 000 from 2015 to 2019; It decreased significantly during 2020—2022, fluctuating between 1.93 and 2.72 per 100 000).The proportion of cases in children at 0-4 years of age showed a fluctuating downward trend from 8.68% in 2015 to 3.76% in 2020, with an increase in 2021—2022 to 5.74%. After 2020, the proportion of the population aged 60 years and above has increased, reaching 33.59% in 2022. Cases were mainly farmers, with a fluctuating upward trend of around 50% per year, with the highest percentage of 60.96% in 2020. The peak seasonal incidence of AHC was obvious from May to September from 2015 to 2019, but it was not obvious in 2020—2022. The cases were mainly distributed in Guangxi, Hainan and other provinces in the southwestern part of China. The high incidence counties were concentrated in Leye County of Guangxi, Maojian District of Hubei, Fuchuan Yao Autonomous County of Guangxi, Funing County of Yunnan, and Pulan County of Tibet every year. Conclusions:The overall epidemic rate of AHC in China showed a fluctuating downward trend from 2015 to 2022, with a pronounced decline observed between 2020 and 2022, potentially linked to non-pharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Increased attention needs to be given to farmers and people above 60 years of age to reduce the risk of morbidity. Moreover, prevention and control efforts should be strengthened in high-risk areas of southwestern China, and comprehensive measures should be implemented in counties with high incidence, including enhanced health education campaigns and improved allocation of sanitary facilities, to reduce the risk of AHC infection. This study is the first to highlight the potential impact of public health policies on AHC epidemiology, thereby offering a scientific foundation for population- and region-specific precision prevention strategies, particularly guiding the refinement of control measures in high-burden areas.

Objective:To investigate the epidemiological dynamics and spatiotemporal diffusion trend of brucellosis in China from 2010 to 2024.Methods:Data on reported human brucellosis cases in mainland China from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2024, were collected via the"China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention", including detailed information on the date of onset, gender, age, occupation, and residential address of the cases. The Joinpoint regression and spatial interpolation techniques were used to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics and population distribution characteristics of human brucellosis in pastoral/semi-pastoral areas and other regions, as well as urban and rural areas, and explore the epidemic trends of the disease.Results:From 2010 to 2024, pastoral/semi-pastoral regions reported 252 094 brucellosis cases, with a mean annual incidence rate of 36.57±7.28 per 100 000. In contrast, other regions cumulatively recorded 519 748 cases during the same period, demonstrating a significantly lower mean annual incidence rate of 2.54±0.74 per 100 000. The incidence rate of human brucellosis in pastoral/semi-pastoral regions exhibited a declining-rebounding-declining trend. Specifically, the incidence rate decreased significantly from 2010 to 2017 (APC=-7.20; P<0.001) and increased notably from 2017 to 2021 (APC=18.00; P=0.015) with a decline again from 2021 to 2024 (APC=-7.53; P=0.027). In other regions, the incidence rate showed a fluctuating upward trend. Specifically, the incidence rate increased significantly from 2010 to 2015 (APC=20.37; P<0.001) and decreased notably from 2015 to 2018 (APC=-21.78; P<0.001), followed by an increase again from 2018 to 2024, a significant upward trend in incidence rate from 2018 to 2021 (APC=26.73; P<0.001) and a non-significant decline from 2021 to 2024 (APC=-0.99; P=0.735), resulting in the maintenance of a relatively high incidence level. Rural areas demonstrated significantly higher brucellosis incidence rates than urban settings (all P<0.001). Brucellosis exhibited a diffusion trend from the northern epidemic areas of China to neighboring regions, along with sporadic diffusion in southern regions between 2010 and 2024. The age structure of patients in pastoral/semi-pastoral areas differed significantly from that in other regions. Specifically, in pastoral/semi-pastoral areas, the incidence rate was higher among the 35-49 age groups, while in other regions, the incidence rate was higher among those aged 55-64. Conclusion:There are notable disparities in the incidence of human brucellosis between pastoral/semi-pastoral areas and other regions in China. Human brucellosis exhibits a diffusion trend from the northern epidemic areas of China to neighboring regions, along with sporadic diffusion in southern regions.

Objective:The objective of this study was to understand the incidence, spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and trends of bacillary dysentery in China from 2005 to 2024 in order to identify the high-risk groups and reveal the potential risk factors and to provide a scientific basis for optimizing the allocation of preventive and control resources, formulating targeted intervention strategies and assessing the effectiveness of the measures.Methods:The nationally reported incidence data of bacillary dysentery was collected from 2005 to 2024 in the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention National Notifiable Diseases Reporting Information System. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the population characteristics of bacillary dysentery cases. A Joinpoint regression model was constructed to examine long-term trends in reported incidence rates and spatial dynamic window scanning statistics were applied to detect spatial clusters of bacillary dysentery cases.Results:Between 2005 and 2024, 3 520 247 cases of bacillary dysentery were reported across China, with an average incidence rate of 12.88 per 100 000 people, after which the rate of decline decreased. The incidence rate showed a general downward trend, featuring a significant inflection point in 2016. It exhibited marked seasonality, peaking from May to October (summer-autumn), which weakened over time. From 2005 to 2024, the most likely clusters were in Beijing and Tianjin. Males, infants, the elderly, farmers, and children not in daycare showed many cases.Conclusions:The results revealed that the peak incidence of bacillary dysentery in China from 2005 to 2024 was featured in the summer-autumn months. High-incidence areas were mainly Beijing and Tianjin. The key groups, including males, infants, the elderly, farmers and children not in daycare, were identified. Enhancing surveillance, targeted health education, and preventive measures, especially in these key populations and in regions where the disease shows a high incidence should be strengthened.

Objective:To investigate the epidemiological dynamics and spatiotemporal diffusion trend of brucellosis in China from 2010 to 2024.Methods:Data on reported human brucellosis cases in mainland China from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2024, were collected via the"China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention", including detailed information on the date of onset, gender, age, occupation, and residential address of the cases. The Joinpoint regression and spatial interpolation techniques were used to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics and population distribution characteristics of human brucellosis in pastoral/semi-pastoral areas and other regions, as well as urban and rural areas, and explore the epidemic trends of the disease.Results:From 2010 to 2024, pastoral/semi-pastoral regions reported 252 094 brucellosis cases, with a mean annual incidence rate of 36.57±7.28 per 100 000. In contrast, other regions cumulatively recorded 519 748 cases during the same period, demonstrating a significantly lower mean annual incidence rate of 2.54±0.74 per 100 000. The incidence rate of human brucellosis in pastoral/semi-pastoral regions exhibited a declining-rebounding-declining trend. Specifically, the incidence rate decreased significantly from 2010 to 2017 (APC=-7.20; P<0.001) and increased notably from 2017 to 2021 (APC=18.00; P=0.015) with a decline again from 2021 to 2024 (APC=-7.53; P=0.027). In other regions, the incidence rate showed a fluctuating upward trend. Specifically, the incidence rate increased significantly from 2010 to 2015 (APC=20.37; P<0.001) and decreased notably from 2015 to 2018 (APC=-21.78; P<0.001), followed by an increase again from 2018 to 2024, a significant upward trend in incidence rate from 2018 to 2021 (APC=26.73; P<0.001) and a non-significant decline from 2021 to 2024 (APC=-0.99; P=0.735), resulting in the maintenance of a relatively high incidence level. Rural areas demonstrated significantly higher brucellosis incidence rates than urban settings (all P<0.001). Brucellosis exhibited a diffusion trend from the northern epidemic areas of China to neighboring regions, along with sporadic diffusion in southern regions between 2010 and 2024. The age structure of patients in pastoral/semi-pastoral areas differed significantly from that in other regions. Specifically, in pastoral/semi-pastoral areas, the incidence rate was higher among the 35-49 age groups, while in other regions, the incidence rate was higher among those aged 55-64. Conclusion:There are notable disparities in the incidence of human brucellosis between pastoral/semi-pastoral areas and other regions in China. Human brucellosis exhibits a diffusion trend from the northern epidemic areas of China to neighboring regions, along with sporadic diffusion in southern regions.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and trend of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) in China from 2015 to 2022, and to provide evidence for the adjustment of prevention and control strategies and measures for AHC.Methods:The case data of AHC reported by national notifiable disease information system from 2015 to 2022 were collected, and descriptive analysis method were used to analyze the population distribution characteristics, temporal epidemiological trends and spatial clusters of AHC in China.Results:From 2015 to 2022, the incidence of AHC in China ranged from 1.85/100 000 to 2.97/100 000, with a fluctuating downward trend. The average annual percent change (AAPC) was -4.91 (95% CI: -7.74 to -2.00, P<0.05), with an annual percent change (APC) of 2.73 (95% CI: -2.34 to 8.06, P=0.189) for 2015—2019 and an APC of -14.23 (95% CI: -21.78 to -5.94, P<0.05). The age-specific incidence rate was highest in children aged 0-4 years (fluctuating between 4.69 and 5.67/100 000 from 2015 to 2019; It decreased significantly during 2020—2022, fluctuating between 1.93 and 2.72 per 100 000).The proportion of cases in children at 0-4 years of age showed a fluctuating downward trend from 8.68% in 2015 to 3.76% in 2020, with an increase in 2021—2022 to 5.74%. After 2020, the proportion of the population aged 60 years and above has increased, reaching 33.59% in 2022. Cases were mainly farmers, with a fluctuating upward trend of around 50% per year, with the highest percentage of 60.96% in 2020. The peak seasonal incidence of AHC was obvious from May to September from 2015 to 2019, but it was not obvious in 2020—2022. The cases were mainly distributed in Guangxi, Hainan and other provinces in the southwestern part of China. The high incidence counties were concentrated in Leye County of Guangxi, Maojian District of Hubei, Fuchuan Yao Autonomous County of Guangxi, Funing County of Yunnan, and Pulan County of Tibet every year. Conclusions:The overall epidemic rate of AHC in China showed a fluctuating downward trend from 2015 to 2022, with a pronounced decline observed between 2020 and 2022, potentially linked to non-pharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Increased attention needs to be given to farmers and people above 60 years of age to reduce the risk of morbidity. Moreover, prevention and control efforts should be strengthened in high-risk areas of southwestern China, and comprehensive measures should be implemented in counties with high incidence, including enhanced health education campaigns and improved allocation of sanitary facilities, to reduce the risk of AHC infection. This study is the first to highlight the potential impact of public health policies on AHC epidemiology, thereby offering a scientific foundation for population- and region-specific precision prevention strategies, particularly guiding the refinement of control measures in high-burden areas.

Objective To explore the characteristics of apolipoprotein E(APOE)gene polymorphism in patients with Alzheimer's disease(AD)and mild cognitive impairment(MCI)due to AD,as well as its corre-lation with baseline levels of ketone bodies.Methods A total of 110 AD patients from the outpatient and neu-rology wards of the hospital from January 2020 to October 2023 were selected as the AD group,105 patients(none of whom had used anti dementia drugs)were selected as the MCI group,and 110 healthy elderly exami-nees in the physical examination center were selected as the control group.APOE gene polymorphism,and the levels of serum β-hydroxybutyrate(HB)and urine ketone bodies were measured.The distribution of APOE genotype among the three groups was analyzed,and the differences of the levels of serum HB and urine ketone bodies were compared among those carried APOE ε4 allele and those did not.Results Among the three groups,the statistical significance was found in the differences of APOE genotype and ε2,ε3,ε4 allele(P<0.05).The proportion of APOE ε4 allele carriers in the AD group and the MCI group was higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).The levels of serum βHB in the AD group and the MCI group were lower than that in the control group(P<0.05).The levels of serum βHB in those carried APOE ε4 in the AD group were significantly lower than that in the control individuals(P<0.05).There was no statistically significant differ-ence in serum βHB levels between individuals carried and not carried APOE ε4 in the three groups(P>0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the levels of urinary ketones among the three groups(P>0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in urine ketone bodies levels between individuals carried and not carried APOE ε4 in the three groups(P>0.05).Conclusion The reduced baseline levels of serum βHB in AD patients are associated with APOE ε4 allele.

Objective:To assess the prevalence and type of tissue prolapse (TP) occurring after endovascular treatment (ET), investigate the association between TP types and plaque morphological characteristics before ET, and observe in-stent neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) using optical coherence tomography (OCT).Methods:Patients who underwent carotid artery stenting and received pre- and post-ET OCT assessment at Jinling Hospital between July 2018 and December 2019 were collected. Baseline plaque characteristics and TP features were evaluated using OCT. The TPs were classified into two categories: smooth TP (STP) and irregular and/or high attenuated TP (I/HTP). The association between I/HTP and plaque characteristics was analyzed, while NIH feature was also summarized.Results:A total of 29 patients were included in the study, of whom 23 patients (79.3%) presented with TP. Among these 23 patients, 9 were classified as I/HTP and 14 were classified as STP. Compared with STP, I/HTP was more commonly observed in lipid-rich plaques (7/9 vs 2/14, P=0.007), and lesions with cap rupture (7/9 vs 4/14, P=0.036). Additionally, the longitudinal length of TP appeared to be longer in cases with I/HTP compared to those with STP [3.0 (1.5, 4.6) mm vs 1.1 (0.7, 3.2) mm, Z=1.294, P=0.201]. Six patients underwent OCT follow-up for a mean duration of 6.7 months, of whom 3 patients with I/HTP showed severe heterogeneous NIH (50.1%-61.8%), while 1 patient with STP and 2 patients without TP only demonstrated mild NIH. Conclusions:The study observed that I/HTP was commonly found in plaques with larger lipid core and/or cap rupture, and suggested a potential relationship between I/HTP and NIH. These preliminary findings obtained from a limited sample should be verified by prospective large-scale studies.

Objective:To investigate the clinical value of gastroduodenal artery-stump pro-tection technology (GDAPT) in laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy (LPD).Methods:The retro-spective cohort study was conducted. The clinical data of 288 patients who underwent LPD in The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University from October 2021 to May 2024 were collected. There were 172 males and 116 females, aged (60±7)years. Of the 288 patients, 186 patients undergoing LPD with GDAPT were divided into the intervention group, including 78 cases with GDAPT using ligamentum teres hepatis and 108 cases with GDAPT using left-lateral lobe and hepatic caudate lobe, 102 patients undergoing LPD without GDAPT were divided into the control group. Observation indicators: (1) surgical situations; (2) postoperative complications and prognosis. Comparison of measurement data with normal distribution between groups was conducted using the independent sample t test. Comparison of measurement data with skewed distribution between groups was conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test. Comparison of count data between groups was conducted using the chi-square test. Results:(1) Surgical situations. All 288 patients completed LPD successfully. There was no significant differences in operation time, the volume of intraoperative blood loss and intraoperative blood transfusion between the two groups ( P>0.05). (2) Postoperative complications and prognosis. Cases with postoperative hemorrhage, duration of postoperative hospital stay, cases dead during postoperative 30 days were 7 in the control group, 15.0(14.0,18.0) days, 2 in the intervention group, respectively, versus 14, 17.5(15.0,19.0)days, 7 in the control group, respectively, showing significant differences between the two groups ( χ2=9.67, Z=-2.79, χ2=5.50, P<0.05). Conclusion:Compared with no GDAPT, application of GDAPT in LPD can significantly reduce the postoperative hemorrhage rate, mortality and shorten the postoperative hospital stay without increasing the surgical risk.

Objective:To investigate the clinical value of gastroduodenal artery-stump pro-tection technology (GDAPT) in laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy (LPD).Methods:The retro-spective cohort study was conducted. The clinical data of 288 patients who underwent LPD in The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University from October 2021 to May 2024 were collected. There were 172 males and 116 females, aged (60±7)years. Of the 288 patients, 186 patients undergoing LPD with GDAPT were divided into the intervention group, including 78 cases with GDAPT using ligamentum teres hepatis and 108 cases with GDAPT using left-lateral lobe and hepatic caudate lobe, 102 patients undergoing LPD without GDAPT were divided into the control group. Observation indicators: (1) surgical situations; (2) postoperative complications and prognosis. Comparison of measurement data with normal distribution between groups was conducted using the independent sample t test. Comparison of measurement data with skewed distribution between groups was conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test. Comparison of count data between groups was conducted using the chi-square test. Results:(1) Surgical situations. All 288 patients completed LPD successfully. There was no significant differences in operation time, the volume of intraoperative blood loss and intraoperative blood transfusion between the two groups ( P>0.05). (2) Postoperative complications and prognosis. Cases with postoperative hemorrhage, duration of postoperative hospital stay, cases dead during postoperative 30 days were 7 in the control group, 15.0(14.0,18.0) days, 2 in the intervention group, respectively, versus 14, 17.5(15.0,19.0)days, 7 in the control group, respectively, showing significant differences between the two groups ( χ2=9.67, Z=-2.79, χ2=5.50, P<0.05). Conclusion:Compared with no GDAPT, application of GDAPT in LPD can significantly reduce the postoperative hemorrhage rate, mortality and shorten the postoperative hospital stay without increasing the surgical risk.