Meniere's disease represents an idiopathic inner ear disorder characterized by endolymphatic hy-drops.Currently,the research methods for identifying genes associated with this disease mainly involve first-genera-tion sequencing and second-generation sequencing.This article reviews research on the genetic study of Meniere's disease,mainly summarizing the candidate genes with repeated pedigree validation in familial Meniere's disease,as well as those frequently reported in sporadic Meniere's disease.

Objective:To investigate the change of cortical activation pattem during wrist extension in health subjects in-duced by neuromuscular electrical stimulation(NMES)and peripheral magnetic stimulation(PMS),using func-tional near infrared spectroscopy(fNIRS).Method:Fifteen health adults received 2 randomly ordered interventions(NMES and PMS),which were applied to the dominant wrist extensor muscle to induce wrist extention.Qxy-hemoglobin(HbO2)and deoxygenated he-moglobin(HbR)were measured in seven regions of interest(ROI)during NMES and PMS stimulation.The difference between these two non-invasive peripheral stimulation on the cortical activation was recorded in the changes of HbO2 and HbR concentrations.Result:During NMES motor phase,HbO2 values of 38 channels in ROI except bilateral S1 region showed a significant decreased compared with the rest period(P＜0.05).The HbO2 values of six channels were significant-ly changed in PMS motor phase,and the activated channels were concentrated on M1 region.The HbO2 val-ues of the left M1 region of hand movement area(channel 35)were higher than other ROI(P＜0.05).The acti-vation of HbO2 in the left M1 hand movement area(channels 23 and 35)was significantly stronger in PMS motor phase than in NMES motor phase(P＜0.05).Based on HbR values,both NMES and PMS activated the same number of channels compared to the rest period.Conclusion:The results showed that NMES induced wrist extension could lead to decreased cortical activation in multiple brain regions,and PMS induced more concentrated and effective cortical activation than NMES.PMS likely via massive inflows of'pure'proprioceptive information.Both PMS and NMES can increase the stimulation of functional activity in parts of muscle-innervated cortex based on changes in HbO2 values,with PMS stimulating cortical functional activity regionally.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of low-dose Prednisone combined with Tacrolimus in children with refractory nephrotic syndrome(RNS).Methods A total of 106 children with RNS admitted from March 2022 to September 2023 were included and evenly divided into the monotherapy group and the combination therapy group according to the random number table method.The monotherapy group was given low-dose Prednisone tablets,while the combination therapy group was given low-dose Prednisone tablets combined with Tacrolimus.The differences in nailfold microcirculation indicators,lipid metabolism indicators,renal injury markers,clinical efficacy,and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups.Results The total effective rate of the combination therapy group was higher than that of the monotherapy group(P<0.05).At 3 months after treatment,the serum albumin,capillary flow velocity,input branch diameter and output branch diameter in the combination therapy group were all higher than those in the monotherapy group,while the levels of red blood cell aggregation,triglycerides,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,total cholesterol,serum creatinine,24-hour urine protein quantification,neutrophil gelatin enzyme-associated lipocalin,retinol binding protein,α1-microglobulin,β-N-acetylglucosaminidase,and renal injury molecule-1 were all lower than those in the monotherapy group(P<0.05).The total incidence of adverse reactions in the combination therapy group was lower than that in the monotherapy group(P<0.05).Conclusion In the treatment of children with RNS,the combination of Tacrolimus and low-dose Prednisone can improve the microcirculation status and reduce renal injury markers,with remarkable effects.

Objective:To investigate the change of cortical activation pattem during wrist extension in health subjects in-duced by neuromuscular electrical stimulation(NMES)and peripheral magnetic stimulation(PMS),using func-tional near infrared spectroscopy(fNIRS).Method:Fifteen health adults received 2 randomly ordered interventions(NMES and PMS),which were applied to the dominant wrist extensor muscle to induce wrist extention.Qxy-hemoglobin(HbO2)and deoxygenated he-moglobin(HbR)were measured in seven regions of interest(ROI)during NMES and PMS stimulation.The difference between these two non-invasive peripheral stimulation on the cortical activation was recorded in the changes of HbO2 and HbR concentrations.Result:During NMES motor phase,HbO2 values of 38 channels in ROI except bilateral S1 region showed a significant decreased compared with the rest period(P＜0.05).The HbO2 values of six channels were significant-ly changed in PMS motor phase,and the activated channels were concentrated on M1 region.The HbO2 val-ues of the left M1 region of hand movement area(channel 35)were higher than other ROI(P＜0.05).The acti-vation of HbO2 in the left M1 hand movement area(channels 23 and 35)was significantly stronger in PMS motor phase than in NMES motor phase(P＜0.05).Based on HbR values,both NMES and PMS activated the same number of channels compared to the rest period.Conclusion:The results showed that NMES induced wrist extension could lead to decreased cortical activation in multiple brain regions,and PMS induced more concentrated and effective cortical activation than NMES.PMS likely via massive inflows of'pure'proprioceptive information.Both PMS and NMES can increase the stimulation of functional activity in parts of muscle-innervated cortex based on changes in HbO2 values,with PMS stimulating cortical functional activity regionally.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of low-dose Prednisone combined with Tacrolimus in children with refractory nephrotic syndrome(RNS).Methods A total of 106 children with RNS admitted from March 2022 to September 2023 were included and evenly divided into the monotherapy group and the combination therapy group according to the random number table method.The monotherapy group was given low-dose Prednisone tablets,while the combination therapy group was given low-dose Prednisone tablets combined with Tacrolimus.The differences in nailfold microcirculation indicators,lipid metabolism indicators,renal injury markers,clinical efficacy,and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups.Results The total effective rate of the combination therapy group was higher than that of the monotherapy group(P<0.05).At 3 months after treatment,the serum albumin,capillary flow velocity,input branch diameter and output branch diameter in the combination therapy group were all higher than those in the monotherapy group,while the levels of red blood cell aggregation,triglycerides,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,total cholesterol,serum creatinine,24-hour urine protein quantification,neutrophil gelatin enzyme-associated lipocalin,retinol binding protein,α1-microglobulin,β-N-acetylglucosaminidase,and renal injury molecule-1 were all lower than those in the monotherapy group(P<0.05).The total incidence of adverse reactions in the combination therapy group was lower than that in the monotherapy group(P<0.05).Conclusion In the treatment of children with RNS,the combination of Tacrolimus and low-dose Prednisone can improve the microcirculation status and reduce renal injury markers,with remarkable effects.

Meniere's disease represents an idiopathic inner ear disorder characterized by endolymphatic hy-drops.Currently,the research methods for identifying genes associated with this disease mainly involve first-genera-tion sequencing and second-generation sequencing.This article reviews research on the genetic study of Meniere's disease,mainly summarizing the candidate genes with repeated pedigree validation in familial Meniere's disease,as well as those frequently reported in sporadic Meniere's disease.

Objective To explore the efficacy and the impact on the periodontal microenvironment of photodynamic therapy(PDT)combined with subgingival glycine powder air polishing(SubGPAP)for patients with stage Ⅲ periodontitis on residual periodontal pockets.Methods Forty patients who visited the Department of Periodontology at our hospital with stage Ⅲ periodontitis were selected.After 4-6 weeks of initial treatment,the residual periodontal pockets of＞4 mm depth with bleeding on probing,or ≥6 mm depth were randomly assigned in a split-mouth design,to receive subgingival scaling and root planning(SRP)(control group)or PDT+SubGPAP+SRP(test group).Indicators including probing depth(PD),clinical attachment loss(CAL),bleeding index(BI),plaque index(PLI),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6)and interleukin-1β(IL-1β)at baseline,6 weeks and 3 months after treatment were measured and compared.Results The clinical indicators showed significant reductions in both groups at 6 weeks and 3 months compared with those at baseline(P＜0.05).The TNF-α in test group showed no significant differ-ence at 3 months compared with 6 weeks(P＞0.05),while the other indicators in both groups showed significant reductions at 3 months compared with those at 6 weeks(P＜0.05).The PD,CAL,BI,TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1β in test group showed a significant reduction than those in the control group at 6 weeks and 3 months(P＜0.05).The PLI in test group showed a significant reduction at 6 weeks(P＜0.05).Conclusion PDT combined with SubGPAP assisted SRP for patients with stage Ⅲ periodontitis on residual periodontal pockets is conducive to enhancing the clinical efficacy and improving the microenvironment.

Objective To explore the efficacy and the impact on the periodontal microenvironment of photodynamic therapy(PDT)combined with subgingival glycine powder air polishing(SubGPAP)for patients with stage Ⅲ periodontitis on residual periodontal pockets.Methods Forty patients who visited the Department of Periodontology at our hospital with stage Ⅲ periodontitis were selected.After 4-6 weeks of initial treatment,the residual periodontal pockets of＞4 mm depth with bleeding on probing,or ≥6 mm depth were randomly assigned in a split-mouth design,to receive subgingival scaling and root planning(SRP)(control group)or PDT+SubGPAP+SRP(test group).Indicators including probing depth(PD),clinical attachment loss(CAL),bleeding index(BI),plaque index(PLI),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6)and interleukin-1β(IL-1β)at baseline,6 weeks and 3 months after treatment were measured and compared.Results The clinical indicators showed significant reductions in both groups at 6 weeks and 3 months compared with those at baseline(P＜0.05).The TNF-α in test group showed no significant differ-ence at 3 months compared with 6 weeks(P＞0.05),while the other indicators in both groups showed significant reductions at 3 months compared with those at 6 weeks(P＜0.05).The PD,CAL,BI,TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1β in test group showed a significant reduction than those in the control group at 6 weeks and 3 months(P＜0.05).The PLI in test group showed a significant reduction at 6 weeks(P＜0.05).Conclusion PDT combined with SubGPAP assisted SRP for patients with stage Ⅲ periodontitis on residual periodontal pockets is conducive to enhancing the clinical efficacy and improving the microenvironment.

Objective To explore the effect of hyperbaric oxygen combined with synchronous brain bionic electrical stimulation on patients with stroke-related sleep disorders.Methods From November,2023 to November,2024,a total of 68 stroke patients with stroke-related sleep disorders ad-mitted to Huashan Hospital,Fudan University were selected.They were randomly divided into control group(n=34)and experimental group(n=34).The control group received routine hyperbaric oxygen therapy,while the ex-perimental group received routine hyperbaric oxygen therapy combined with synchronous brain bionic electrical stimulation inside the chamber,for four weeks.Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI),sleep-monitoring wrist-bands,Self-rating Anxiety Scale(SAS)and Self-rating Depression Scale(SDS)were used to assess the outcomes before and after treatment..Results Four patients in the control group and one in the experimental group dropped out.After treatment,the scores of each factors of PSQI decreased in both groups(t>2.693,P<0.05),and were lower in the experimental group than in the control group(t>2.699,P<0.01),expect hypnotic drug use(P>0.05);the total sleep time,deep sleep time and rapid eye movement sleep time became longer in both groups(|t|>7.270,P<0.001),and they were longer in the experimental group than in the control group(|t|>5.712,P<0.001);the scores of SAS and SDS decreased in both groups(t>9.530,P<0.001),and they were less in the experimental group than in the control group(t>4.740,P<0.001).Conclusion Synchronous brain bionic electrical stimulation in hyperbaric oxygen chamber could effectively prolong the total sleep time,deep sleep time and rapid eye movement time of patients with stroke-related sleep disorders,re-lieve anxiety and depression after stroke,and improve sleep quality.

Objective Based on the best evidences to establish the practice plan of discharge preparation service for patients after receiving percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage(PTBD),and to assess its clinical application value.Methods According to the PIPOST principle the clinical questions were proposed,the best evidences of discharge preparation service for patients after receiving PTBD were retrieved and summarized.The review indicators and review methods were formulated.The baseline review was carried out,the facilitators and barrier factors were analyzed,the change strategies were developed,the clinical transforms were implemented,and the patient outcomes were evaluated.Results After application of the evidences,the implementation of the review indicators of discharge preparation services after PTBD was improved.After discharge,the incidence of catheter complications(including catheter falling-off and puncture site skin infection)was decreased,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).There were no statistically significant differences in the incidences of tube obstruction and fluid extravasation.Conclusion The evidence-based practice of discharge preparation service for patients after receiving PTBD is helpful for improving the self-care ability of patients after discharge,reducing the incidence of tubular complications and improving the clinical outcome of patients.