Objective:To present an evaluation indicator system for access to cancer screening services.Methods:The evaluation indicator pool was constructed through a scoping review. The theoretical framework was constructed based on the multi-source indicators, and the qualitative expert consultation method was employed to form the initial version of the three-level evaluation indicator system. Delphi expert consultation method was conducted in two rounds to evaluate the relevance, importance, and availability of the proposed evaluation indicator system. The expert positive coefficient, authority coefficient, coordination degree of expert opinions, and concentration of expert opinions were subjected to analysis. Subsequently, the three-level evaluation indicator system for access to cancer screening services was adjusted and determined based on the boundary value method and the open opinions of experts. Finally, the combination weight method was employed to determine the weight.Results:The initial version of the indicator system comprised 3 primary (first-level) indicators, 11 secondary (second-level) indicators, and 46 tertiary (third-level) indicators. Delphi expert consultation was conducted for the initial version, and 17 experts ultimately completed it, exhibiting a positive coefficient of 100% and an authority coefficient of 0.87. In comparison to the initial round of consultation, Kendall's W coefficient ranges (0.15-0.43, all P<0.05) of relevance, importance, and availability scores for each tertiary indicator in the second round exhibited an improvement. The analysis of the importance dimension indicates that expert opinions are also more concentrated, as evidenced by an increase of 8.5% and 7.0% in the proportion of the tertiary indicators with an arithmetic mean above 8 and a full mark ratio above 0.5, respectively. The final evaluation indicator system comprises three primary indicators, with the weights of structure evaluation, process evaluation, and outcome evaluation being 0.338, 0.378, and 0.285, respectively. It also comprises 11 secondary indicators and 45 tertiary indicators. Conclusions:The evaluation indicator system developed in this article can be an effective evaluation tool for quantitative comparison of access to cancer screening services across different populations, cancer types, and before and after intervention. Furthermore, it is recommended that the system undergo continuous optimization concerning its application.

Traditionally, type 2 diabetes was regarded as a chronic, progressive metabolic disorder, with its pathogenesis considered a continuous and irreversible process. However, with advancements in diabetes research, treatment options have become more diverse, offering the potential for " diabetes remission". Achieving remission holds substantial significance for patients, their families, and society as a whole. This article provides an overview of the latest research progress on the remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE To observe the in vitro induced drug resistance mechanisms of polymyxin B-resistant Acin-etobacter baumannii and explore the in vitro antimicrobial activity of polymyxin B combined with melatonin.METHODS Totally 10 strains of polymyxin B-sensitive A.baumannii were clinically isolated from the Affiliated Li Huili Hospital of Ningbo university between Jan.2021 to Dec.2021 and were induced to the polymyxin B-resistant strains by means of in vitro induction method.The drug resistance mechanisms of the polymyxin B-resistant A.baumannii strains were explored by polymerase chain reaction(PCR)combined with sequencing analysis.The minimum inhibitory concentrations(MICs)of the single and joint use of polymyxin B and melatonin were detected by using broth microdilution checkerboard.The antibacterial effect of polymyxin combined with melatonin was e-valuated by calculating fractional inhibitory concentration index(FICI).The strains that showed the remarkable synergistic effect for the antimicrobial activity were chosen to determine the time-kill curves.RESULTS Among the polymyxin B-induced drug-resistant A.baumannii strains,there were gene mutations at various loci of polymyxin resistance genes pmrB,lpxA and lpxD.The MIC of polymyxin B against A.baumannii strains declined after the combined use of polymyxin B and melatonin.The combined use of the two drugs that showed synergistic effect for antimicrobial activity accounted for 80.00％(8/10),the additive effect 20.00％(2/10).The time-kill curve showed that the combined use of polymyxin B and melatonin showed remarkable antibacterial effect at the 24th hour.CONCLUSIONS The drug resistance gene mutations that are mediated by chromosomes are the major drug resist-ance mechanisms of the A.baumannii strains to polymyxin B.The combined use of polymyxin B and melatonin may reverse the drug resistance of the A.baumannii to polymyxin B.

Objective To investigate the correlation between novel bone metabolism markers and the degree of aortic calcification as well as cardiovascular event risk in elderly patients treated by PD.Methods A prospective trial was conducted on 230 elderly patients receiving continuous am-bulatory PD in our department from February 2022 to February 2024.According to the occur-rence of cardiovascular events during dialysis treatment,they were divided into a cardiovascular event group(n=92)and a control group(n=138).Relevant clinical data were collected,aortic calcification was assessed using AAC scores,and serum levels of bone metabolism markers,inclu-ding osteoprotegerin,TRACP,and PINP were measured.Results The serum levels of osteoprote-gerin,TRACP and PINP were significantly higher in the cardiovascular event group than the con-trol group(P＜0.01).The cardiovascular event group had obviously severe calcification and higher AAC score than the control group(P＜0.01).The serum levels of the three bone metabolism markers were notably higher in the patients with severe calcification than those with moderate calcification,followed by mild calcification in turn(P＜0.01).Spearman correlation analysis indi-cated that the levels of the three indicators were positively correlated with the degree of aortic cal-cification in elderly PD patients(r=0.465,P=0.000;r=0.396,P=0.000;r=0.434,P=0.000).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that these three indicators were risk factors for cardiovascular events in elderly PD patients(P＜0.01).Conclusion The three bone metabolism markers are significantly correlated with aortic calcification severity and cardiovascular event risk in elderly PD patients.Monitoring these marker levels may be helpful for the assessment and man-agement of cardiovascular risk.

Objective To investigate the influencing factors for stroke-associated pneumonia(SAP)in acute ischemic stroke(AIS)patients after endovascular treatment(EVT).Methods A retrospective case-control trial was conducted on 426 AIS patients with large vessel occlusion(LVO)in anterior circulation admitted in the neurological departments from First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University and Zigong Third People's Hospital during January 2017 and April 2021.Based on SAP occurrence or not,they were divided into an SAP group and a non-SAP group.Demographic information(gender and age),TOAST stroke subtypes(large artery atherosclerosis type,cardiac embolism type,others),vascular risk factors(hypertension,hyperlipidemia,diabetes,atrial fibrillation,smoking,prior stroke history,smoking),and post-onset clinical data[dysphagia,LDL cholesterol,white blood cells,neutrophils,baseline and postoperative NIHSS scores,endovascular outcomes(mTICI grade 2b or 3),90-day good prognosis(mRS 0-1)]were collected and compared between the 2 groups.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed using the parameters with P<0.1 in univariate analysis as independent variables to investigate factors influencing SAP occurrence after EVT in AIS patients.Results Among the 426 participants,SAP occurred in 194 cases(45.5%).Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that admission white blood cell count(OR=1.125,95%CI:1.043～1.213,P=0.000 2),postoperative NIHSS score(OR=1.019,95%CI:1.001～1.037,P=0.041),and male(OR=1.687,95%CI:1.078～2.638,P=0.022)were associated with SAP occurrence after EVT in AIS patients.Conclusion Higher admission white blood cell count,elevated postoperative NIHSS score,and male gender are risk factors for SAP in AIS patients after EVT.These risk factors should be focused on clinical practice to control SAP incidence.

AIM:To investigate the modulatory effects of electroacupuncture(EA)on spinal cord neurons au-tophagy in rats with bone cancer pain.METHODS:(1)Verification of autophagy-related protein expression at different time points in a bone cancer pain model:a total of 56 female Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into a sham-operated(sham)group and a model group.The model group was further subdivided into 6 subgroups corresponding to time points of 3,6,9,12,15,and 18 d,with 8 rats per subgroup.Thermal and mechanical pain thresholds,tibial bone destruction,and spinal neuron marker neuronal nuclear antigen(NeuN)co-localized with LC3B,Beclin1,and P62 were examined in rats at each designated time point.(2)Changes in spinal autophagy proteins following EA intervention:an additional 40 rats were randomly assigned to sham group,model group,EA group,sham EA(SEA)group,and autoph-agy agonist rapamycin(Rap)group,with 8 animals per group.EA was administered to the rats in EA group beginning on day 6 after modeling,the rats in SEA group received needle insertion without electrical stimulation,while those in Rap group received intraperitoneal injections of rapamycin(5 mg/kg).Thermal pain thresholds were assessed at designated in-tervals,followed by mechanical pain threshold assessments conducted on the subsequent day.Treatment continued until day 21,with rapamycin administered at the end of each intervention day.Tibial bone destruction was evaluated using he-matoxylin-eosin(HE)staining.Expression levels of LC3B Ⅱ/LC3B I,Beclin1,and P62 proteins in the spinal cord were determined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry.RESULTS:(1)Compared with the Sham group,thermal and mechanical pain thresholds were significantly decreased in the model group starting from day 6(P<0.01).Rat tibial bones exhibited notable damage,with severity progressively increasing over time.Protein expression levels of LC3B Ⅱ/LC3B I,Beclin1,and P62 were significantly elevated in the spinal cord at various time points(P<0.01),and these pro-teins were co-localized with spinal cord neurons.(2)Compared with the model group,mechanical and thermal pain thresholds in the EA and Rap groups gradually increased,with statistically significant differences observed from days 8 and 6 onward,respectively(P<0.01).In addition,LC3B Ⅱ/LC3B I and Beclin1 protein expression levels were signifi-cantly upregulated(P<0.01),whereas P62 expression was markedly downregulated(P<0.01).Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated significantly enhanced positive staining for LC3B Ⅱ/LC3B I and Beclin1 and significantly decreased positive staining for P62 in the spinal cord of rats in the EA and Rap groups(P<0.05).Notably,no significant differences were observed in the SEA group(P>0.05).CONCLUSION:EA promotes spinal cord neurons autophagy in rats with bone cancer pain.The enhancement of autophagy may represent a potential mechanism underlying the analgesic effect of EA in bone cancer pain.

Objective To investigate the correlation between novel bone metabolism markers and the degree of aortic calcification as well as cardiovascular event risk in elderly patients treated by PD.Methods A prospective trial was conducted on 230 elderly patients receiving continuous am-bulatory PD in our department from February 2022 to February 2024.According to the occur-rence of cardiovascular events during dialysis treatment,they were divided into a cardiovascular event group(n=92)and a control group(n=138).Relevant clinical data were collected,aortic calcification was assessed using AAC scores,and serum levels of bone metabolism markers,inclu-ding osteoprotegerin,TRACP,and PINP were measured.Results The serum levels of osteoprote-gerin,TRACP and PINP were significantly higher in the cardiovascular event group than the con-trol group(P＜0.01).The cardiovascular event group had obviously severe calcification and higher AAC score than the control group(P＜0.01).The serum levels of the three bone metabolism markers were notably higher in the patients with severe calcification than those with moderate calcification,followed by mild calcification in turn(P＜0.01).Spearman correlation analysis indi-cated that the levels of the three indicators were positively correlated with the degree of aortic cal-cification in elderly PD patients(r=0.465,P=0.000;r=0.396,P=0.000;r=0.434,P=0.000).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that these three indicators were risk factors for cardiovascular events in elderly PD patients(P＜0.01).Conclusion The three bone metabolism markers are significantly correlated with aortic calcification severity and cardiovascular event risk in elderly PD patients.Monitoring these marker levels may be helpful for the assessment and man-agement of cardiovascular risk.

AIM:To investigate the modulatory effects of electroacupuncture(EA)on spinal cord neurons au-tophagy in rats with bone cancer pain.METHODS:(1)Verification of autophagy-related protein expression at different time points in a bone cancer pain model:a total of 56 female Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into a sham-operated(sham)group and a model group.The model group was further subdivided into 6 subgroups corresponding to time points of 3,6,9,12,15,and 18 d,with 8 rats per subgroup.Thermal and mechanical pain thresholds,tibial bone destruction,and spinal neuron marker neuronal nuclear antigen(NeuN)co-localized with LC3B,Beclin1,and P62 were examined in rats at each designated time point.(2)Changes in spinal autophagy proteins following EA intervention:an additional 40 rats were randomly assigned to sham group,model group,EA group,sham EA(SEA)group,and autoph-agy agonist rapamycin(Rap)group,with 8 animals per group.EA was administered to the rats in EA group beginning on day 6 after modeling,the rats in SEA group received needle insertion without electrical stimulation,while those in Rap group received intraperitoneal injections of rapamycin(5 mg/kg).Thermal pain thresholds were assessed at designated in-tervals,followed by mechanical pain threshold assessments conducted on the subsequent day.Treatment continued until day 21,with rapamycin administered at the end of each intervention day.Tibial bone destruction was evaluated using he-matoxylin-eosin(HE)staining.Expression levels of LC3B Ⅱ/LC3B I,Beclin1,and P62 proteins in the spinal cord were determined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry.RESULTS:(1)Compared with the Sham group,thermal and mechanical pain thresholds were significantly decreased in the model group starting from day 6(P<0.01).Rat tibial bones exhibited notable damage,with severity progressively increasing over time.Protein expression levels of LC3B Ⅱ/LC3B I,Beclin1,and P62 were significantly elevated in the spinal cord at various time points(P<0.01),and these pro-teins were co-localized with spinal cord neurons.(2)Compared with the model group,mechanical and thermal pain thresholds in the EA and Rap groups gradually increased,with statistically significant differences observed from days 8 and 6 onward,respectively(P<0.01).In addition,LC3B Ⅱ/LC3B I and Beclin1 protein expression levels were signifi-cantly upregulated(P<0.01),whereas P62 expression was markedly downregulated(P<0.01).Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated significantly enhanced positive staining for LC3B Ⅱ/LC3B I and Beclin1 and significantly decreased positive staining for P62 in the spinal cord of rats in the EA and Rap groups(P<0.05).Notably,no significant differences were observed in the SEA group(P>0.05).CONCLUSION:EA promotes spinal cord neurons autophagy in rats with bone cancer pain.The enhancement of autophagy may represent a potential mechanism underlying the analgesic effect of EA in bone cancer pain.

Objective:To present an evaluation indicator system for access to cancer screening services.Methods:The evaluation indicator pool was constructed through a scoping review. The theoretical framework was constructed based on the multi-source indicators, and the qualitative expert consultation method was employed to form the initial version of the three-level evaluation indicator system. Delphi expert consultation method was conducted in two rounds to evaluate the relevance, importance, and availability of the proposed evaluation indicator system. The expert positive coefficient, authority coefficient, coordination degree of expert opinions, and concentration of expert opinions were subjected to analysis. Subsequently, the three-level evaluation indicator system for access to cancer screening services was adjusted and determined based on the boundary value method and the open opinions of experts. Finally, the combination weight method was employed to determine the weight.Results:The initial version of the indicator system comprised 3 primary (first-level) indicators, 11 secondary (second-level) indicators, and 46 tertiary (third-level) indicators. Delphi expert consultation was conducted for the initial version, and 17 experts ultimately completed it, exhibiting a positive coefficient of 100% and an authority coefficient of 0.87. In comparison to the initial round of consultation, Kendall's W coefficient ranges (0.15-0.43, all P<0.05) of relevance, importance, and availability scores for each tertiary indicator in the second round exhibited an improvement. The analysis of the importance dimension indicates that expert opinions are also more concentrated, as evidenced by an increase of 8.5% and 7.0% in the proportion of the tertiary indicators with an arithmetic mean above 8 and a full mark ratio above 0.5, respectively. The final evaluation indicator system comprises three primary indicators, with the weights of structure evaluation, process evaluation, and outcome evaluation being 0.338, 0.378, and 0.285, respectively. It also comprises 11 secondary indicators and 45 tertiary indicators. Conclusions:The evaluation indicator system developed in this article can be an effective evaluation tool for quantitative comparison of access to cancer screening services across different populations, cancer types, and before and after intervention. Furthermore, it is recommended that the system undergo continuous optimization concerning its application.

Objective To develop a risk prediction model for moderate-to-severe catheter-related bladder discomfort(CRBD)after non-transurethral surgery based on various machine-learning algorithms and to compare the performance of the models,so as to provide a reference for accurately identification and prevention of the postoperative moderate-to-severe CRBD.Methods A convenience sampling method was employed to recruit 719 patients as study subjects.The patients received non-transurethral surgery and intraoperative urinary catheterisation in a Tier-ⅢA hospital in Shanxi Province between January and May 2024.The clinical data were collected,with 70％of the randomly selected data was assigned to a training dataset(n=503)for the model building and the rest of 30％of data was used as the testing dataset(n=216)for internal model validation.Predictors were determined using least absolute shrinkage and selection operators(LASSO).Seven machine learning methods of logistic regression,K-nearest neighbours,random forest,artificial neural network,decision tree,light gradient boosting machine(LightGBM)and elastic net were employed to establish the risk prediction models.Performance of the models was evaluated based on the area under receiver operating characteristic curve(AUR-ROC),accuracy,precision,recall and F1 score.Results A total of 719 patients who underwent non-transurethral surgery were included in the study.It was found that 154(21.4％)patients presented with moderate to severe CRBD and 565(78.6％)patients were without or only with a mild CRBD.The predictors were deduced to six variables:gender,abdominal surgery,type of surgery,administration of dexmedetomidine before surgery,intraoperative administration of flurbiprofenate,and use of tramadol by the completion of surgery.It was found that the LightGBM model demonstrated a high stability,with 0.793 in AUC-ROC,0.763 in accuracy,0.879 in precision,0.747 in recall and 0.808 in F1.Conclusion The risk prediction model established through LightGBM for moderate-to-severe CRBD after a non-transurethral surgery exhibits a high stability.It offers a reference for medical practitioners to identify the patients with high-risk of moderate-to-severe CRBD and prepares for relevant interventions.